Abstract
Here, electrically conductive polyaniline/polyvinyl alcohol (PANI/PVA) hydrogels were prepared. Subsequently, the PANI/PVA hydrogels were used as electrodes to perform electrodeposition of polysaccharides. The experimental results indicate that the resulting PANI/PVA hydrogel is homogeneous and stable. FTIR results suggest the existence of PANI in the hydrogel. XRD analysis suggests an amorphous structure of PANI in the hydrogel. EIS spectrum shows that the PANI/PVA hydrogel is conductive. SEM observation reveals that the PANI/PVA hydrogel presents a porous microstructure. The results from electrodeposition of polysaccharides illustrate that when using the PANI/PVA hydrogels as electrodes, both cathodic electrodeposition of chitosan and anodic electrodeposition of sodium alginate can be achieved, and codeposition of carbon dots (or sodium fluorescein) with polysaccharides can be conducted to obtain nanocomposite films (or fluorescent films). Moreover, the PANI/PVA hydrogel electrodes present good flexibility and formability, which can be conveniently employed to produce electrodeposited polysaccharide films with special shapes and three-dimensional shapes. In this study, for the first time the PANI/PVA hydrogel is utilized as electrode for electrodeposition of polysaccharides. Thus, this study develops a novel flexible electrode based on the electrically conductive hydrogel to perform electrodeposition of polysaccharides, which is promising for applications in functional films and flexible devices.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Zhang, W, Feng, P, Chen, J, Sun, ZM, Zhao, BX, “Electrically Conductive Hydrogels for Flexible Energy Storage Systems.” Prog. Polym. Sci., 88 220–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.09.001 (2019)
Apollo, NV, Maturana, MI, Tong, W, Nayagam, DAX, Shivdasani, MN, Foroughi, J, Wallace, GG, Prawer, S, Ibbotson, MR, Garrett, DJ, “Soft, Flexible Freestanding Neural Stimulation and Recording Electrodes Fabricated from Reduced Graphene Oxide.” Adv. Funct. Mater., 25 (23) 3551–3559. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201500110 (2015)
Qin, M, Yuan, WF, Zhang, XM, Cheng, YZ, Xu, MJ, Wei, Y, Chen, WY, Huang, D, “Preparation of PAA/PAM/MXene/TA Hydrogel with Antioxidant, Healable Ability as Strain Sensor.” Colloids Surf. B, 214 112482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112482 (2022)
Xu, DW, Feng, XJ, Niu, DM, Zhu, XF, Song, Y, “PEDOT: PSS Hydrogel Film for Supercapacitors via AlCl3-Induced Crosslinking and Subsequent Organic Solvent Treatments.” Mater. Today Commun., 24 101090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.101090 (2020)
Baker, CO, Huang, XW, Nelson, W, Kaner, RB, “Polyaniline Nanofibers: Broadening Applications for Conducting Polymers.” Chem. Soc. Rev., 46 (5) 1510–1525. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cs00555a (2017)
Wang, YM, “Preparation and Application of Polyaniline Nanofibers: An Overview.” Polym. Int., 67 (6) 650–669. https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.5562 (2018)
Sajjad, S, Fariba, G, “In Situ Oxidative Polymerization of Aniline in the Presence of Manganese Dioxide and Preparation of Polyaniline/MnO2 Nanocomposite.” J. Nanostruct. Chem., 3 65. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-8865-3-65 (2013)
Sajjad, S, “Synthesis and Characterization of New Biocompatible Copolymer: Chitosan-Graft-Polyaniline.” Int. Nano Lett., 4 99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40089-014-0099-2 (2014)
Sun, XY, Wang, HX, Ding, Y, Yao, YQ, Liu, YQ, Tang, J, “Fe3+-Coordination Mediated Synergistic Dual-Network Conductive Hydrogel as a Sensitive and Highly-Stretchable Strain Sensor with Adjustable Mechanical Properties.” J. Mater. Chem. B, 10 (9) 1442–1452. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1tb02199k (2022)
Huang, HB, Yao, JL, Li, L, Zhu, F, Liu, ZT, Zeng, XP, Yu, XH, Huang, ZL, “Reinforced Polyaniline/Polyvinyl Alcohol Conducting Hydrogel from a Freezing-Thawing Method as Self-Supported Electrode for Supercapacitors.” J. Mater. Sci., 51 (18) 8728–8736. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-0137-8 (2016)
Tang, CY, Thomas, B, Ramirez-Hernandez, M, Mikmekova, EM, Asefa, T, “Metal-Functionalized Hydrogels as Efficient Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts.” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 14 (18) 20919–20929. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c01667 (2022)
Wu, H, Yu, GH, Pan, LJ, Liu, N, McDowell, MT, Bao, ZN, Cui, Y, “Stable Li-ion Battery Anodes by In-Situ Polymerization of Conducting Hydrogel to Conformally Coat Silicon Nanoparticles.” Nat. Commun., 4 1943. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2941 (2012)
Postolovic, K, Ljujic, B, Kovacevic, MM, Dordevic, S, Nikolic, S, Zivanovic, S, Stanic, Z, “Optimization, Characterization, and Evaluation of Carrageenan/Alginate/Poloxamer/Curcumin Hydrogel Film as a Functional Wound Dressing Material.” Mater. Today Commun., 31 103528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.103528 (2022)
Vaz, JM, Taketa, TB, Hernandez-Montelongo, J, Fiuza, LMCG, Rodrigues, C, Beppu, MM, Vieira, RS, “Antibacterial Noncytotoxic Chitosan Coatings on Polytetrafluoroethylene Films by Plasma Grafting for Medical Device Applications.” J. Coat. Technol. Res., 19 (3) 829–838. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-021-00560-3 (2022)
Francis, AA, Abdel-Gawad, SA, Shoeib, MA, “Toward CNT-Reinforced Chitosan-Based Ceramic Composite Coatings on Biodegradable Magnesium for Surgical Implants.” J. Coat. Technol. Res., 18 (4) 971–988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-021-00468-y (2021)
Soradech, S, Kengkwasingh, P, Williams, AC, Khutoryanskiy, VV, “Synthesis and Evaluation of Poly(3-hydroxypropyl Ethylene-imine) and Its Blends with Chitosan Forming Novel Elastic Films for Delivery of Haloperidol.” Pharmaceutics, 14 (12) 2671. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14122671 (2022)
Pandoli, OG, Martins, RS, De Toni, KLG, Paciornik, S, Mauricio, MHP, Lima, RMC, Padilha, NB, Letichevsky, S, Avillez, RR, Rodrigues, EJR, Ghavami, K, “A Regioselective Coating onto Microarray Channels of Bamboo with Chitosan-Based Silver Nanoparticles.” J. Coat. Technol. Res., 16 (4) 999–1011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-018-00175-1 (2019)
Liu, Y, Kim, E, Ghodssi, R, Rubloff, GW, Culver, JN, Bentley, WE, Payne, GF, “Biofabrication to Build the Biology-Device Interface.” Biofabrication., 2 (2) 022002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5082/2/2/022002 (2010)
Liu, J, Xia, CJ, Wang, KL, Li, DM, Wang, QH, Zhou, JJ, Tao, Q, Wang, YF, “Preparation of ZnO Quantum Dots and Composite Films Based on Sodium Alginate Electrodeposition and Applications on Detection.” Acta Polym. Sin., 53 (2) 145–152 (2022)
Bartmanski, M, Pawlowski, L, “Properties of Chitosan/CuNPs Coatings Electrophoretically Deposited on TiO2 Nanotubular Oxide Layer of Ti13Zr13Nb Alloy.” Mater. Lett., 308 130982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2021.130982 (2021)
Meyer, WL, Liu, Y, Shi, XW, Yang, XH, Bentley, WE, Payne, GF, “Chitosan-Coated Wires: Conferring Electrical Properties to Chitosan Fibers.” Biomacromolecules, 10 (4) 858–864. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm801364h (2009)
Du, Y, Luo, XL, Xu, JJ, Chen, HY, “A Simple Method to Fabricate a Chitosan-Gold Nanoparticles Film and Its Application in Glucose Biosensor.” Bioelectrochemistry, 70 (2) 342–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2006.05.002 (2007)
Liu, H, Yang, YF, Cao, KY, Yin, J, Xiong, YF, Shi, CD, Wang, YF, “Electrodeposition of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Dots/Alginate Nanocomposite Fabricated by Microwave Method.” Acta Polym. Sin., 52 (7) 741–749 (2021)
Liu, ZY, Takeuchi, M, Nakajima, M, Hasegawa, Y, Huang, Q, Fukuda, T, “Shape-Controlled High Cell-Density Microcapsules by Electrodeposition.” Acta Biomater., 37 93–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2016.03.045 (2016)
Pang, X, Zhitomirsky, I, “Electrodeposition of Composite Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan Films.” Mater. Chem. Phys., 94 (2–3) 245–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2005.04.040 (2005)
Gong, JM, Wang, LY, Zhao, K, Song, DD, “One-Step Fabrication of Chitosan-Hematite Nanotubes Composite Film and Its Biosensing for Hydrogen Peroxide.” Electrochem. Commun., 10 (1) 123–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2007.10.017 (2008)
Dai, GL, Wan, WF, Zhao, YL, Wang, ZX, Li, WJ, Shi, P, Shen, YJ, “Controllable 3D Alginate Hydrogel Patterning via Visible-Light Induced Electrodeposition.” Biofabrication, 8 (2) 025004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/8/2/025004 (2016)
Bao, LP, Dai, JY, Yang, L, Ma, JF, Tao, YX, Deng, LH, Kong, Y, “Electrochemical Recognition of Tyrosine Enantiomers Based on Chiral Ligand Exchange with Sodium Alginate as the Chiral Selector.” J. Electrochem. Soc., 162 (7) H486–H491. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0051508jes (2015)
Cao, L, Huang, SY, Lai, FL, Fang, ZM, Cui, J, Du, XS, Li, W, Lin, ZD, Zhang, P, Huang, ZR, “Sucrose in Situ Physically Cross-Linked of Polyaniline and Polyvinyl Alcohol to Prepare Three-Dimensional Nanocomposite Hydrogel with Flexibility and High Capacitance.” Ionics, 27 (8) 3431–3441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-021-04010-3 (2021)
Bekri-Abbes, I, Srasra, E, “Characterization and AC Conductivity of Polyaniline-Montmorillonite Nanocomposites Synthesized by Mechanical/Chemical Reaction.” React. Funct. Polym., 70 (1) 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2009.09.008 (2010)
Goswami, RN, Mourya, P, Behera, B, Khatri, OP, Ray, A, “Graphene-Polyaniline Nanocomposite Based Coatings: Role of Convertible Forms of Polyaniline to Mitigate Steel Corrosion.” Appl. Surf. Sci., 599 153939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2022.153939 (2022)
Wang, SX, Tan, ZC, Li, YS, Sun, LX, Zhang, T, “Synthesis, Characterization and Thermal Analysis of Polyaniline/ZrO2 Composites.” Thermochim. Acta, 441 (2) 191–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2005.05.020 (2005)
Hu, RF, Zheng, JP, “Preparation of High Strain Porous Polyvinyl Alcohol/Polyaniline Composite and Its Applications in All-Solid-State Supercapacitor.” J. Power Sour., 364 200–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.08.022 (2017)
Wu, ZQ, Chen, XD, Zhu, SB, Zhou, ZW, Yao, Y, Quan, W, Liu, B, “Enhanced Sensitivity of Ammonia Sensor Using Graphene/Polyaniline Nanocomposite.” Sens. Act. B, 178 485–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2013.01.014 (2013)
Li, AX, Zhu, AP, “Preparation of Fe3O4/PANI Nanocomposite and Its Metal Anticorrosive Activity.” Prog. Org. Coat., 161 106477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2021.106477 (2021)
Peng, M, Xiao, GH, Tang, XL, Zhou, Y, “Hydrogen-Bonding Assembly of Rigid-Rod Poly(p-Sulfophenylene Terephthalamide) and Flexible-Chain Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) for Transparent, Strong, and Tough Molecular Composites.” Macromolecules, 47 (23) 8411–8419. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma501590x (2014)
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51873167) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (WUT: 2022-CL-A1-04).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Conceptualization: QW, ZX, ZC; Methodology: YW, QW, YY, XZ; Formal analysis and investigation: QW, YY, XZ, TL, JT; Writing–original draft preparation: QW; Writing–review and editing: YW; Supervision: YW.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, Q., Yang, Y., Zhang, X. et al. Using electrically conductive polyaniline/polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel electrodes to perform electrodeposition of polysaccharides. J Coat Technol Res 20, 2081–2089 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-023-00803-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-023-00803-5