Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of cooling time on the properties of crystal formed directly on cooling the melt, we have prepared the KCl1−xBrx crystals [with x = 0.0 (pure KCl), 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 (pure KBr)] by cooling their melts directly with different cooling times (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 h) in each case. The prepared crystals have been characterized structurally, optically, mechanically, thermally and electrically by carrying out X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopic (AFM), optical absorption, micro-hardness, specific heat capacity and electrical conductivity measurements. XRD analysis indicates halite structure for all the crystals formed. AFM results show an increase of grain size with the cooling time. Optical absorption spectra obtained have illustrated the presence of peak at 229 nm for the KCl crystal and 342.2 nm for the mixed crystals, the peak gradually shifts to shorter wavelengths with the increase of cooling time. Hardness analysis shows nonlinear variation with the cooling time, KCl0.5Br0.5 crystal having the maximum value when the cooling time is 4 h. Temperature and composition have influences on the thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity and thermal diffusivity, while the cooling time has a little influence on the thermal performance. Electrical conductivity measurement indicates a little influence of cooling time and strong influences of temperature and composition on the electrical conductivity and activation energy.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
D.B. Sirdeshmukh, L. Sirdeshmukh, K.G. Subhadra, Alkali Halides: A Handbook of Physical Properties in Springer Series in Materials Science (Springer, Heidelberg, 2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04341-7
L. Guo, W. Jin, Z. Chen, J. Liu, P. Murugasen, C.K. Mahadevan, Large size crystal growth and structural, thermal, optical and electrical properties of KCl1-xBrx mixed crystals. J. Cryst. Growth 480, 154–163 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2017.10.005
Y. Li, Y. Li, Z. Yang, X. Zhang, J. Liu, F. Zeng, J. Yao, C. Li, H. Lin, Z. Su, C.K. Mahadevan, Structural, optical and mechanical properties and cracking factors of large-sized KBr:Ce3+ single crystal. J. Electron. Mater. 49, 4785–4793 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-020-08173-z
Y. Li, Y. Li, C. Li, X. Zhang, F. Zeng, H. Lin, Z. Su, C.K. Mahadevan, Structural, mechanical, thermal and optical properties of NaCl:Ce3+ single crystals grown in large size by the Czochralski method. J. Alloys Compd. 849, 156592 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.156592
M. Priya, C.K. Mahadevan, Studies on multiphased mixed crystals of NaCl, KCl and KI. Cryst. Res. Technol. 44, 92–102 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1002/crat.200800220
Y.C. Venudhar, L. Iyengar, K.V. Krishna Rao, Thermal expansion and Debye temperatures of KCl-KBr mixed crystals by an X-ray method. J. Mater. Sci. 21, 110–116 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01144707
X. Sahaya Shajan, K. Sivaraman, C. Mahadevan, D. Chandrasekharam, Lattice variation and stability of NaCl-KCl mixed crystals grown from aqueous solution. Cryst. Res. Technol. 27, K79–K82 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1002/crat.2170270433
Y. Li, Y. Li, C. Li, X. Zhang, F. Zeng, H. Lin, Z. Su, C.K. Mahadevan, Luminescent and mechanical properties of cerium doped potassium chloride single crystal. Cryst. Res. Technol. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/crat.202000060
A. Jankowska-Frydel, B. Kuklinski, T. Nowosielski, M. Grinberg, The influence of the heat treatment on luminescence and EPR spectra of mixed NaxK1-xCl single crystals. Radiat. Meas. 33, 773–777 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1350-4487(01)00105-6
R.R. Mijangos, A. Cordero-Borboa, E. Alvarez, M. Cervantes, Optical study in a novel quaternary ionic crystal doped with europium. Phys. Lett. A 282, 195–200 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0375-9601(01)00184-0
W.T. Barrett, W.E. Wallace, Studies of NaCl-KCl solid solutions. I. Heats of formation, lattice spacings, densities, Schottky defects and mutual solubilities. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76, 366–369 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01631a014
Y. Li, Y. Li, C. Li, X. Zhang, F. Zeng, H. Lin, Z. Su, Optical and mechanical properties of NaCl:Ce3+ crystal grown by the Czochralski method. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 31, 13070–13077 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-03857-y
K. Jayakumari, C. Mahadevan, Growth and X-ray studies of (NaCl)x(KCl)y−x(KBr)1−y single crystals. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 66, 1705–1713 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2005.07.008
S. Perumal, C.K. Mahadevan, Growth and characterization of multiphased mixed crystals of KCl, KBr and KI—Part 1: growth and X-ray diffraction studies. Phys. B 369, 89–99 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2005.07.034
S. Perumal, C.K. Mahadevan, Growth and characterization of multiphased mixed crystals of KCl, KBr and KI—Part 2: electrical measurements. Phys. B 367, 172–181 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2005.06.013
A.E. Cordero-Barboa, R.R. Mijangos, P.S. Schabes-Retchkiman, Structural characterization of a novel spatially coherent crystalline nanocomposite obtained from a melt of KBr, RbCl, RbBr, KI and RbI salts. J. Mater. Sci. 41, 7119–7129 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0932-8
G. Selvarajan, C.K. Mahadevan, Studies on (NaCl)x(KBr)y-x(KI)1-y solid solutions: 1. Lattice and thermal parameters. J. Mater. Sci. 41, 8211–8217 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0999-2
G. Selvarajan, C.K. Mahadevan, Studies on (NaCl)x(KBr)y-x(KI)1-y solid solutions. 2. Electrical measurements. J. Mater. Sci. 41, 8218–8225 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-31843-9_4
C.M. Padma, C.K. Mahadevan, On the preparation of multiphased mixed crystals from NaBr and KCl. Mater. Manuf. Processes 22, 362–365 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1080/10426910701190808
N. Neelakanda Pillai, C.K. Mahadevan, Preparation and electrical properties of (NaCl)x(NaBr)y-x(NaI)1-y crystals. Mater. Manuf. Processes. 22, 393–399 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1080/10426910701190972
C.M. Padma, C.K. Mahadevan, Growth and characterization of multiphased mixed crystals of NaBr and KBr. Mater. Manuf. Processes. 23, 144–151 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1080/10426910701774585
M. Priya, C.K. Mahadevan, Formation of multiphased mixed crystals from miscible NaBr, KBr and KCl. Cryst. Res. Technol. 43, 1069–1073 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1002/crat.200800189
M. Priya, C.K. Mahadevan, Preparation and dielectric properties of oxide added NaCl-KCl polycrystals. Phys. B 403, 67–74 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2007.08.009
C.M. Padma, C.K. Mahadevan, Studies on mutiphased mixed crystals grown from NaBr and KCl. Phys. B 403, 1708–1714 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2007.09.092
N. Neelakanda Pillai, C.K. Mahadevan, X-ray diffraction studies on (NaCl)x(NaBr)y-x(NaI)1-y crystals. Phys. B 403, 2168–2172 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2007.10.009
C.K. Mahadevan, K. Jayakumari, Electrical measurements on multiphased (NaCl)x(KCl)y-x(KBr)1-y single crystals. Phys. B 403, 3990–3996 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2008.07.041
P. Easwaran, A. Anbagi, S. Nagarajan, Optical studies on KBr: Tl and KCl-Br: Tl mixed crystals. E-J. Chem. 7, 425–432 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/971465
F. Samavat, E. Haji-Ali, S. Shahmaleki, S. Solgi, Growth of KCl1-xBrx mixed crystals with different composition percent and study of KBr concentration effect on optical characteristics of mixed crystals. Adv. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2, 19978 (2012). https://doi.org/10.4236/ampc.2012.22015
V.M. Nagaveena, C. Ningappa, S. Prashantha, R. Ananda Kumari, Thermolouminescence studies in ternary alkali halide mixed crystals (KCl)0.9-x(KBr)x (NaI)0.1 doped with lithium sulphate. Mater. Today Proc. 4, 11260–11264 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.09.048
C.K. Mahadevan, Mixed crystals of alkali halides—an overview. Adv. Mater. Appl. 5, 31–45 (2020)
E. Hannachi, Y. Slimani, F. Ben Azzouz, A. Ekicibil, Higher intra-granular and inter-granular performances of YBCO superconductor with TiO2 nano-sized particles addition. Ceram. Int. 44, 20075–20083 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.07.118
Y. Slimani, M.A. Almessiere, S.E. Shirsath, E. Hannachi, G. Yasin, A. Baykal, B. Ozçelik, I. Ercan, Investigation of structural, morphological, optical, magnetic and dielectric properties of (1-x)BaTiO3/xSr0.92Ca0.04Mg0.04Fe12O19 composites. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 510, 166933 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2020.166933
K. Seevakan, A. Manikandan, P. Devendran, Y. Slimani, A. Baykal, T. Alagesan, Structural, morphological and magneto-optical properties of CuMoO4 electrochemical nanocatalyst as supercapacitor electrode. Ceram. Int. 46, 28877–28886 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.07.282
Y. Slimani, M.A. Almessiere, E. Hannachi, M. Mumtaz, A. Manikandan, A. Baykal, F. Ben Azzouz, Improvement of flux pinning ability by tungsten oxide nanoparticles added in YBa2Cu3Oy superconductor. Ceram. Int. 45, 6828–6835 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.12.176
M.H.A. Mhareb, Y. Slimani, Y.S. Alajerami, M.I. Sayyed, E. Lacomme, M.A. Almessiere, Structural and radiation shielding properties of BaTiO3 ceramic with different concentrations of bismuth and ytterbium. Ceram. Int. 44, 18836–18843 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.08.055
Y. Slimani, A. Selmi, E. Hannachi, M.A. Almessiere, M. Mumtaz, A. Baykal, I. Ercan, Study of tungsten oxide effect on the performance of BaTiO3 ceramics. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 30, 13509–13518 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-019-01718-x
H. Lipson, H. Steeple, Interpretation of X-Ray Powder Diffraction Patterns (Macmillan, New York, 1970).
H.P. Klug, L.E. Alexander, X-Ray Diffraction Procedures for Polycrystalline and Amorphous Materials (Wiley, New York, 1974).
X.H. Pan, W.J. Jin, Y. Liu, F. Ai, Y. Zhang, The interface morphology and surface step morphology of BaB2O4 single crystal during rapid growth. Chin. Sci. 7, 403–408 (2007). https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-7275.2007.03.017
K. Hisatsune, M. Ohta, M. Yamane, Effect of cooling rate on ordering behavior in a CuPt alloy. Dent. Mater. J. 1, 1–7 (1982). https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.1.1
Y. Slimani, B. Unal, M.A. Almessiere, E. Hannachi, G. Yasin, A. Baykal, I. Ercan, Role of WO3 nanoparticles in electrical and dielectric properties of BaTiO3-SrTiO3 ceramics. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 31, 7786–7797 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-03317-7
Y. Slimani, A. Selmi, E. Hannachi, M.A. Almessiere, A. Baykal, I. Ercan, Impact of ZnO addition on structural, morphological, optical, dielectric and electrical performances of BaTiO3 ceramics. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 30, 9520–9530 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-019-01284-2
X. Li, L.G. Tabil, I.N. Oguocha, S. Panigrahi, Thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity, and specific heat of flax fiber-hdpe biocomposites at processing temperatures. Compos. Sci. Technol. 68, 1753–1758 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.02.016
M.W. Woo, P. Wong, Y. Tang, V. Triacca, P.E. Gloor, A.N. Hrymak, Melting behavior and thermal properties of high density polyethylene. Polym Eng Sci. 35, 151–156 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.760350205
V. Hari Babu, U.V. Subbarao, Dislocations and ionic conductivity in KCl-KBr mixed crystals. Phys. Status Solidi A 28, 269–277 (1975). https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.2210280131
I. Bunget, M. Popescu, Physics of Solid Dielectrics (Elsevier, New York, 1984).
G. Sathaiah, Ph.D. Thesis, Kakathia University, Warangal (1988)
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Science and Technology Department of Jilin Province (20200801038GH, 20200403158SF), Education Department of Jilin Province (202010191150, JJKH20200271KJ, JJKH20200272KJ).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Li, Y., Li, Y., Meng, F. et al. Effect of cooling time on the structural, optical, mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of KCl1−xBrx crystals formed directly on cooling the melt. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 32, 15425–15440 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-06091-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-06091-2