Abstract
Nanocellulose has become a research hotspot in the field of green, sustainable materials owing to its abundant availability and excellent properties, such as renewability, biocompatibility, outstanding mechanical properties, and surface chemical tunability. However, the inherent hydrophilicity of nanocellulose hinders its combination with hydrophobic polymers, restricting its functional applications. Graft copolymerization of nanocellulose can fine-tune its surface properties and impart a variety of physicochemical properties such as stimulus responsiveness, reactivity, and electrical conductivity. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is a powerful tool for the preparation of functional materials with controlled molecular structures that enables the precise control of the density, chain length, molecular weight, and molecular weight distribution of nanocellulose graft copolymers and is an important modification strategy for the high-value utilization of nanocellulose. This review first describes the advantages and applications of ATRP in the design of polymer molecular structures and summarizes the status of research on the modification of nanocellulose using traditional ATRP methods under heterogeneous and homogeneous conditions. A new ATRP strategy for the modification of nanocellulose that has catalyst concentrations in the parts per million (ppm) range is then presented, and the functionalization of ATRP-modified nanocellulose in emerging materials, such as responsive smart biomaterials, adsorbent environmental materials, nano-enhanced and self-healing materials, antibacterial and biomedical materials, and organic electronic and dielectric materials, is further summarized. The paper concludes with a discussion of the challenges of the ATRP method for nanocellulose functionalization applications and potential future research perspectives.
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Copyright 2022, Elsevier; Copyright 2017, Springer Nature. B Schematic representation for the isolation of nanocellulose with different approaches from different biomass (Patil et al. 2022). Copyright 2022, Elsevier
Copyright 2012, American Chemical Society
Copyright 2015, Elsiver
Copyright 2019, Springer Nature
Copyright 2006, Springer Nature. B Schematic representation of the proposed mechanism to account for the differences with SI-ATRP and SI-ARGET ATRP (Zhang et al. 2019). Copyright 2019, Elsevier
Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. B a Synthesis route of CNC-g-(PCL-b-PDMAEMA); b 1H NMR spectra of CNC-g-PCL, CNC-g-PCL-Br, and CNC-g-(PCL-b-PDMAEMA); c, d AFM images of (c) CNCs and d CNC-g-(PCL-b-PDMAEMA); e Size distribution of CNCs and CNC-g-(PCL-b-PDMAEMA) determined by DLS (Xu et al. 2022a, b). Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society
Copyright 2013, American Chemical Society
Copyright 2017, Royal Society of Chemistry; Copyright 2015, John Wiley and Sons; Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society
Copyright 2017, Elsevier; Copyright 2012, American Chemical Society
Copyright 2020, Springer Nature
Copyright 2017, Springer Nature
Copyright 2019, Elsevier
Copyright 2015, Elsevier
Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society
Copyright 2016, Elsevier
Copyright 2014, John Wiley and Sons
Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to acknowledge Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Centre of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, and Nanjing Forestry University for their support.
Funding
This work was financially supported by grants from Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20200779), Youth Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Nanjing Forestry University (CX2019015), the Natural Science Research Project of Jiangsu Colleges and Universities (19KJB220004).
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QW: Formal analysis, conceptualization, writing—original draft, visualization; XF: Methodology, writing – review and editing, funding acquisition; XL: Validation, supervision, project administration.
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Wang, Q., Feng, X. & Liu, X. Functionalization of nanocellulose using atom transfer radical polymerization and applications: a review. Cellulose 30, 8495–8537 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05403-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05403-5