Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Clinical effectiveness of adjunctive diode laser on scaling and root planing in the treatment of periodontitis: is there an optimal combination of usage mode and application regimen? A systematic review and meta-analysis

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Lasers in Medical Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This review aims to evaluate the adjunctive clinical effectiveness of diode laser (DL) to scaling and root planing (SRP) in the treatment of periodontitis, and identify the optimal combination of usage mode and application regimen of DL. Eight electronic databases were searched up to January 2021. Probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), plaque index (PI), and gingival index (GI) were assessed at short-term (4–6 weeks), 3-month, and 6-month follow-ups. Based on DL usage mode, studies were divided into three groups: inside, outside pocket, and combined modes. As for application regimen, studies in each group were further subdivided into single- and multiple-session subgroups. Thirty randomized controlled trials with 825 participants were included. For inside mode, single-session DL showed significant improvements for PPD (short-term, and 3-month, p < 0.05), CAL (short-term, and 3-month, p < 0.05), PI (3- and 6-month, p < 0.05), and GI (short-term, 3-month, and 6-month, p < 0.05). For outside mode, multiple-session DL showed notable improvements for most clinical outcomes (p < 0.05). The effect of combined mode was still uncertain. Adjunctive DL had additional clinical benefits in the treatment of periodontitis. One session laser treatment is suggested when DL is applied inside pocket in future clinical practice. Meanwhile, more than one session laser treatment presents better outcomes when DL is used outside pocket. PROSPERO: CRD42020156162

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

All data and materials support our published claims.

References

  1. Papapanou PN, Sanz M, Buduneli N, Dietrich T, Feres M, Fine DH et al (2018) Periodontitis: consensus report of workgroup 2 of the 2017 world workshop on the classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions. J Clin Periodontol 45(Suppl 20):S162–S170. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.12946

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Peres MA, Macpherson LMD, Weyant RJ, Daly B, Venturelli R, Mathur MR et al (2019) Oral diseases: a global public health challenge. Lancet 394:249–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31146-8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Sanz M, D'Aiuto F, Deanfield J, Fernandez-Avilés F (2010) European workshop in periodontal health and cardiovascular disease—scientific evidence on the association between periodontal and cardiovascular diseases: a review of the literature. Eur Heart J Suppl 12:B3–B12. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/suq003

  4. Teles RP, Haffajee AD, Socransky SS (2006) Microbiological goals of periodontal therapy. Periodontol 2000(42):180–218. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0757.2006.00192.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Cobb CM (2002) Clinical significance of non-surgical periodontal therapy: an evidence-based perspective of scaling and root planing. J Clin Periodontol 29(Suppl 2):6–16. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-051X.29.s2.4.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Cheng Y, Chen JW, Ge MK, Zhou ZY, Yin X, Zou SJ (2016) Efficacy of adjunctive laser in non-surgical periodontal treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lasers Med Sci 31:151–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-015-1795-5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Passanezi E, Damante CA, de Rezende ML, Greghi SL (2015) Lasers in periodontal therapy. Periodontol 2000(67):268–291. https://doi.org/10.1111/prd.12067

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Cobb CM (2000) (2017) Lasers and the treatment of periodontitis: the essence and the noise. Periodontol 75:205–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/prd.12137

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Slot DE, Jorritsma KH, Cobb CM, Van der Weijden FA (2014) The effect of the thermal diode laser (wavelength 808–980 nm) in non-surgical periodontal therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol 41:681–692. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.12233

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Porteous MS, Rowe DJ (2014) Adjunctive use of the diode laser in non-surgical periodontal therapy: exploring the controversy. J Dent Hyg 88:78–86

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Pawelczyk-Madalińska M, Benedicenti S, Sălăgean T, Bordea IR, Hanna R (2021) Impact of adjunctive diode laser application to non-surgical periodontal therapy on clinical, microbiological and immunological outcomes in management of chronic periodontitis: a systematic review of human randomized controlled clinical trials. J Inflamm Res 14:2515–2545. https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S304946

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Aoki A, Mizutani K, Schwarz F, Sculean A, Yukna RA, Takasaki AA et al (2000) (2015) Periodontal and peri-implant wound healing following laser therapy. Periodontol 68:217–269. https://doi.org/10.1111/prd.12080

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Dalvi S, Benedicenti S, Hanna R (2021) Effectiveness of photobiomodulation as an adjunct to nonsurgical periodontal therapy in the management of periodontitis—a systematic review of in vivo human studies. Photochem Photobiol 97:223–242. https://doi.org/10.1111/php.13348

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Mizutani K, Aoki A, Coluzzi D, Yukna R, Wang CY, Pavlic V et al (2000) (2016) Lasers in minimally invasive periodontal and peri-implant therapy. Periodontol 71:185–212. https://doi.org/10.1111/prd.12123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Dompe C, Moncrieff L, Matys J, Grzech-Leśniak K, Kocherova I, Bryja A et al (2020) Photobiomodulation—underlying mechanism and clinical applications. J Clin Med 9:1724. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061724

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Cobb CM (2006) Lasers in periodontics: a review of the literature. J Periodontol 77:545–564. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2006.050417

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Cobb CM, Low SB, Coluzzi DJ (2010) Lasers and the treatment of chronic periodontitis. Dent Clin North Am 54:35–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cden.2009.08.007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Angiero F, Ugolini A, Cattoni F, Bova F, Blasi S, Gallo F et al (2019) Evaluation of bradykinin, VEGF, and EGF biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid and comparison of photobiomodulation with conventional techniques in periodontitis: a split-mouth randomized clinical trial. Lasers Med Sci 35:965–970. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-019-02919-w

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Petrović MS, Kannosh IY, Milašin JM, Mihailović DS, Obradović RR, Bubanj SR et al (2018) Clinical, microbiological and cytomorphometric evaluation of low-level laser therapy as an adjunct to periodontal therapy in patients with chronic periodontitis. Int J Dent Hyg 16:e120–e127. https://doi.org/10.1111/idh.12328

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Talmac AC, Calisir M, Eroglu EG, Ertugrul AS (2019) Effects of Er, Cr:YSGG and diode lasers on clinical parameters and gingival crevicular fluid IL-1β and IL-37 levels in generalized aggressive periodontitis. Mediators Inflamm 2019:2780794. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2780794

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Sgolastra F, Severino M, Gatto R, Monaco A (2013) Effectiveness of diode laser as adjunctive therapy to scaling root planning in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: a meta-analysis. Lasers Med Sci 28:1393–1402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-012-1181-5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Jia L, Jia J, Xie M, Zhang X, Li T, Shi L et al (2019) Clinical attachment level gain of lasers in scaling and root planing of chronic periodontitis: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Lasers Med Sci 35:473–485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-019-02875-5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Calderín S, García-Núñez JA, Gómez C (2013) Short-term clinical and osteoimmunological effects of scaling and root planing complemented by simple or repeated laser phototherapy in chronic periodontitis. Lasers Med Sci 28:157–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-012-1104-5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M et al (2015) Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev 4:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-4053-4-1

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Ainamo J, Bay I (1975) Problems and proposals for recording gingivitis and plaque. Int Dent J 25:229–235

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Silness J, Löe H (1964) Periodontal disease in pregnancy. II. Correlation between oral hygiene and periodontal condtion. Acta Odontol Scand 22:121–135. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016356408993968

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Löe H (1967) The gingival index, the plaque index and the retention index systems. J Periodontol 38(Suppl):610–616. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1967.38.6.610

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page M et al. (2019) Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Version 6. The Cochrane collaboration Available: www.handbook.cochrane.org. Accessed 1 Mar 2020

  29. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P et al (2008) GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 336:924–926. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.AD

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Dersimonian R, Laird N (1986) Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials 7:177–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Alzoman HA, Diab HM (2016) Effect of gallium aluminium arsenide diode laser therapy on Porphyromonas gingivalis in chronic periodontitis: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Dent Hyg 14:261–266. https://doi.org/10.1111/idh.12169

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Annaji S, Sarkar I, Rajan P, Pai J, Malagi S, Bharmappa R et al (2016) Efficacy of photodynamic therapy and lasers as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in the treatment of aggressive periodontitis—a clinical and microbiologic short term study. J Clin Diagn Res 10:ZC08-12. https://doi.org/10.7860/jcdr/2016/13844.7165

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Balasubramaniam AS, Thomas LJ, Ramakrishnanan T, Ambalavanan N (2014) Short-term effects of nonsurgical periodontal treatment with and without use of diode laser (980 nm) on serum levels of reactive oxygen metabolites and clinical periodontal parameters in patients with chronic periodontitis: a randomized controlled trial. Quintessence Int 45:193–201. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.qi.a31206

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Bansal V, Gupta R, Dahiya P, Kumar M, Samlok JK (2019) A clinico-microbiologic study comparing the efficacy of locally delivered chlorhexidine chip and diode laser as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal therapy. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 9:67–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobcr.2018.09.001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Caruso U, Nastri L, Piccolomini R, d'Ercole S, Mazza C, Guida L (2008) Use of diode laser 980 nm as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. A randomized controlled clinical trial. New Microbiol 31:513–518

  36. Giannopoulou C, Cappuyns I, Cancela J, Cionca N, Mombelli A (2012) Effect of photodynamic therapy, diode laser, and deep scaling on cytokine and acute-phase protein levels in gingival crevicular fluid of residual periodontal pockets. J Periodontol 83:1018–1027. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2011.110281

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Jose KA, Ambooken M, Mathew JJ, Issac AV, Kunju AP, RAParameshwaran (2016) Management of chronic periodontitis using chlorhexidine chip and diode laser—a clinical study. J Clin Diagn Res 10:ZC76-80. https://doi.org/10.7860/jcdr/2016/13241.7669

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Manjunath S, Singla D, Singh R (2020) Clinical and microbiological evaluation of the synergistic effects of diode laser with nonsurgical periodontal therapy: a randomized clinical trial. J Indian Soc Periodontol 24:145–149. https://doi.org/10.4103/jisp.jisp_101_19

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Matarese G, Ramaglia L, Cicciù M, Cordasco G, Isola G (2017) The effects of diode laser therapy as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in the treatment of aggressive periodontitis: a 1-year randomized controlled clinical trial. Photomed Laser Surg 35:702–709. https://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2017.4288

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Nguyen NT, Byarlay MR, Reinhardt RA, Marx DB, Meinberg TA, Kaldahl WB (2015) Adjunctive non-surgical therapy of inflamed periodontal pockets during maintenance therapy using diode laser: a randomized clinical trial. J Periodontol 86:1133–1140. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2015.150152

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Saglam M, Kantarci A, Dundar N, Hakki SS (2014) Clinical and biochemical effects of diode laser as an adjunct to nonsurgical treatment of chronic periodontitis: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Lasers Med Sci 29:37–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-012-1230-0

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Üstün K, Erciyas K, Sezer U, Şenyurt SZ, Gündoğar H, Üstün Ö et al (2014) Clinical and biochemical effects of 810 nm diode laser as an adjunct to periodontal therapy: a randomized split-mouth clinical trial. Photomed Laser Surg 32:61–66. https://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2013.3506

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Borrajo JL, Varela LG, Castro GL, Rodriguez-Nuñez I, Torreira MG (2004) Diode laser (980 nm) as adjunct to scaling and root planing. Photomed Laser Surg 22:509–512. https://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2004.22.509

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. De Micheli G, De Andrade AKP, Alves VTE, Seto M, Pannuti CM, Cai S (2011) Efficacy of high intensity diode laser as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal treatment: a randomized controlled trial. Lasers Med Sci 26:43–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-009-0753-5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Dukić W, Bago I, Aurer A, Roguljić M (2013) Clinical effectiveness of diode laser therapy as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal treatment: a randomized clinical study. J Periodontol 84:1111–1117. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2012.110708

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Euzebio Alves VT, de Andrade AKP, Toaliar JM, Conde MC, Zezell DM, Cai S et al (2013) Clinical and microbiological evaluation of high intensity diode laser adjutant to non-surgical periodontal treatment: a 6-month clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig 17:87–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-012-0703-7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Lin J, Bi L, Song Y, Ma W, Wang N (2009) [Gingival curettage with diode laser: clinical study]. Zhongguo Ji Guang Yi Xue Za Zhi/Chin J Laser Med Surg (in Chinese) 18:353–357. https://doi.org/10.13480/j.issn1003-9430.2009.06.016

  48. Shi Z, Jiang C, Xu Y, Sun Y (2014) [Effects of diode laser on the treatment for moderate to severe chronic periodontitis]. Kou Qiang Yi Xue/Stomatology (in Chinese) 34:245–248. https://doi.org/10.13591/j.cnki.kqyx.2014.04.002

  49. Wang Q (2019) [Clinical observation of semiconductor laser adjuctive to treatment of chronic periodontitis]. Zhi Hui Jian Kang/Smart Healthc (in Chinese) 5:93–94. https://doi.org/10.19335/j.cnki.2096-1219.2019.16.041

  50. Zhang L, Shi J, Guo J, Zhang N (2018) Clinical evaluation of diode laser adjunctive to treatment of chronic periodontitis. Shi Yong Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi/J Pract Stomatol (in Chinese) 34:404–406. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-3733.2018.03.026

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Gündoğar H, Şenyurt SZ, Erciyas K, Yalım M, Üstün K (2016) The effect of low-level laser therapy on non-surgical periodontal treatment: a randomized controlled, single-blind, split-mouth clinical trial. Lasers Med Sci 31:1767–1773. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-016-2047-z

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Makhlouf M, Dahaba MM, Tunér J, Eissa SA, Harhash TA (2012) Effect of adjunctive low level laser therapy (LLLT) on nonsurgical treatment of chronic periodontitis. Photomed Laser Surg 30:160–166. https://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2011.3069

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Pamuk F, Lütfioğlu M, Aydoğdu A, Koyuncuoglu CZ, Cifcibasi E, Badur OS (2017) The effect of low-level laser therapy as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal treatment on gingival crevicular fluid levels of transforming growth factor-beta 1, tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 in smoking and non-smoking chronic periodontitis patients: a split-mouth, randomized control study. J Periodontal Res 52:872–882. https://doi.org/10.1111/jre.12457

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Pejcic A, Mirkovic D (2011) Anti-inflammatory effect of low level laser treatment on chronic periodontitis. Med Laser Appl 26:27–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mla.2010.04.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Birang R, Shahaboui M, Kiani S, Shadmehr E, Naghsh N (2015) Effect of nonsurgical periodontal treatment combined with diode laser or photodynamic therapy on chronic periodontitis: a randomized controlled split-mouth clinical trial. J Lasers Med Sci 6:112–119. https://doi.org/10.15171/jlms.2015.04

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Gandhi KK, Pavaskar R, Cappetta EG, Drew HJ (2019) Effectiveness of adjunctive use of low-level laser therapy and photodynamic therapy after scaling and root planing in patients with chronic periodontitis. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 39:837–843. https://doi.org/10.11607/prd.4252

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Zhao P, Song X, Wang Q, Zhang P, Nie L, Ding Y et al (2021) Effect of adjunctive diode laser in the non-surgical periodontal treatment in patients with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lasers Med Sci 36:939–950. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-020-03208-7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Ren C, McGrath C, Jin L, Zhang C, Yang Y (2016) Effect of diode low-level lasers on fibroblasts derived from human periodontal tissue: a systematic review of in vitro studies. Lasers Med Sci 31:1493–1510. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-016-2026-4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Huang YY, Sharma SK, Carroll J, Hamblin MR (2011) Biphasic dose response in low level light therapy—an update. Dose Response 9:602–618. https://doi.org/10.2203/dose-response.11-009.Hamblin

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Aoki A, Sasaki KM, Watanabe H, Ishikawa I (2004) Lasers in nonsurgical periodontal therapy Periodontol 2000(36):59–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0757.2004.03679.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Silveira PC, Streck EL, Pinho RA (2007) Evaluation of mitochondrial respiratory chain activity in wound healing by low-level laser therapy. J Photochem Photobiol B 86:279–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2006.10.002

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Pereira AN, Eduardo Cde P, Matson E, Marques MM (2002) Effect of low-power laser irradiation on cell growth and procollagen synthesis of cultured fibroblasts. Lasers Surg Med 31:263–267. https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.10107

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Hawkins D, Abrahamse H (2006) Effect of multiple exposures of low-level laser therapy on the cellular responses of wounded human skin fibroblasts. Photomed Laser Surg 24:705–714. https://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2006.24.705

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This research received funding from National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 81870798, 8167041128).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Shuchen Yu and Xiaodan Zhao contributed to the work equally and should be regarded as co-first authors.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 98 Xiwu Road, Xi’an, 710004, China

    Shuchen Yu, Xiaodan Zhao, Yuchen Zhang, Ang Li & Dandan Pei

  2. School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Yujiao Liu

  3. Department of Periodontology, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China

    Ang Li

  4. Department of Prosthodontics, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China

    Dandan Pei

Authors
  1. Shuchen Yu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Xiaodan Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yuchen Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yujiao Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ang Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Dandan Pei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

SY, XZ, DP, and AL conceived the ideas and contributed to the study design. SY and XZ collected the data. SY, XZ, YZ, and YL contributed to the statistical analysis. SY, XZ, and YZ interpreted the data. SY, XZ, YZ, YL, DP, and AL prepared the manuscript. DP and AL contributed to the funds’ collection.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Ang Li or Dandan Pei.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval

Not applicable.

Informed consent

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Yu, S., Zhao, X., Zhang, Y. et al. Clinical effectiveness of adjunctive diode laser on scaling and root planing in the treatment of periodontitis: is there an optimal combination of usage mode and application regimen? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lasers Med Sci 37, 759–769 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-021-03412-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-021-03412-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation