Abstract
The Arctic tundra is characterised by harsh conditions and environmental gradients are especially pronounced. Variation in functional traits along such gradients provide insights into the drivers of species abundance and distribution and are particularly valuable in this region currently experiencing strong climate warming. Over three consecutive years, we analysed the interacting effect of two environmental factors, habitat and elevation, on the abundance, body size, and clutch size in two common Low-Arctic invertebrate predators (Lycosidae, Araneae), Pardosa furcifera (Thorell 1875) and Pardosa hyperborea (Thorell 1872). Using generalised linear models, we firstly showed a habitat partitioning between P. furcifera, which dominated wet habitats, like fens, and P. hyperborea, which was more associated with drier habitats, like shrubs. Secondly, we found smaller body sizes at high elevation in P. hyperborea, a species that has a southern distribution in Greenland, and we identified season length as a major driver of the development in this species. In P. furcifera, a species likely more cold adapted, we found no body size difference between elevations, suggesting that local conditions (e.g. prey availability or snowmelt timing) are more important in explaining body size variations. Finally, body size and clutch size were strongly correlated in both species, but clutch size was not affected by habitat or elevation. We argue that fecundity is likely influenced by trade-offs and that considering additional complementary trait measurements would allow for a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying patterns in species life-history traits along environmental gradients.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Data to reproduce figures and models.
Code availability
R code are available upon request.
References
Ahrens L, Kraus JM (2006) Wolf spider (Araneae, Lycosidae) movement along a pond edge. J Arachnol 34:532–539. https://doi.org/10.1636/05-85.1
Ameline C, Puzin C, Bowden JJ et al (2017) Habitat specialization and climate affect arthropod fitness: a comparison of generalist vs. specialist spider species in Arctic and temperate biomes. Biol J Linn Soc 121:592–599. https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blx014
Ameline C, Høye TT, Bowden JJ et al (2018) Elevational variation of body size and reproductive traits in high-latitude wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae). Polar Biol 41:2561–2574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-018-2391-5
Bartomeus I, Gravel D, Tylianakis JM et al (2016) A common framework for identifying linkage rules across different types of interactions. Funct Ecol 30:1894–1903. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12666
Beckers N, Hein N, Vanselow KA, Löffler J (2018) Effects of microclimatic thresholds on the activity-abundance and distribution patterns of alpine Carabidae species. Ann Zool Fenn 55:25–44. https://doi.org/10.5735/086.055.0104
Beckers N, Hein N, Anneser A et al (2020) Differences in mobility and dispersal capacity determine body size clines in two common alpine-tundra arthropods. Insects 11:74. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11020074
Berry AD, Culbertson KM, Rypstra AL (2018) Comparative reproductive output of two cellar spiders (Pholcidae) that coexist in southwest Ohio. J Arachnol 46:549–552. https://doi.org/10.1636/JoA-S-18-007.1
Blanckenhorn WU (1997) Altitudinal life history variation in the dung flies Scathophaga stercoraria and Sepsis cynipsea. Oecologia 109:342–352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050092
Blanckenhorn WU, Demont M (2004) Bergmann and Converse Bergmann latitudinal clines in arthropods: two ends of a continuum? Integr Comp Biol 44:413–424. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/44.6.413
Böcher J, Kristensen NP, Pape T, Vilhelmsen L (eds) (2015) The Greenland entomofauna: an identification manual of insects, spiders and their allies. Brill, Leiden
Bonfanti J, Hedde M, Joimel S et al (2018) Intraspecific body size variability in soil organisms at a European scale: implications for functional biogeography. Funct Ecol 32:2562–2570. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13194
Bowden JJ, Buddle CM (2010) Spider assemblages across elevational and latitudinal gradients in the Yukon Territory, Canada. Arctic 63:261–272. https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic1490
Bowden JJ, Buddle CM (2012) Life history of tundra-dwelling wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae) from the Yukon Territory, Canada. Can J Zool 90:714–721. https://doi.org/10.1139/z2012-038
Bowden JJ, Høye TT, Buddle CM (2013) Fecundity and sexual size dimorphism of wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae) along an elevational gradient in the Arctic. Polar Biol 36:831–836. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-013-1308-6
Bowden JJ, Hansen RR, Olsen K, Høye TT (2015) Habitat-specific effects of climate change on a low-mobility Arctic spider species. Polar Biol 38:559–568. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-014-1622-7
Bowden JJ, Hansen OLP, Olsen K et al (2018) Drivers of inter-annual variation and long-term change in High-Arctic spider species abundances. Polar Biol 41:1635–1649. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-018-2351-0
Brown JH, Gillooly JF, Allen AP et al (2004) Toward a metabolic theory of Ecology. Ecology 85:1771–1789. https://doi.org/10.1890/03-9000
Buddle CM (2000) Life history of Pardosa moesta and Pardosa mackenziana (Araneae, Lycosidae) in central Alberta, Canada. J Arachnol 28:319–328. https://doi.org/10.1636/0161-8202(2000)028[0319:LHOPMA]2.0.CO;2
CAFF (2013) Arctic biodiversity assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri
Chown SL, Gaston KJ (1999) Exploring links between physiology and ecology at macro-scales: the role of respiratory metabolism in insects. Biol Rev 74:87–120
Chown SL, Klok CJ (2003) Altitudinal body size clines: latitudinal effects associated with changing seasonality. Ecography 26:445–455. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0587.2003.03479.x
Dahl MT, Yoccoz NG, Aakra K, Coulson SJ (2018) The Araneae of Svalbard: the relationships between specific environmental factors and spider assemblages in the High Arctic. Polar Biol 41:839–853. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-017-2247-4
Dearn JM (1977) Variable life history characteristics along an altitudinal gradient in three species of Australian grasshopper. Oecologia 28:67–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00346837
Deevey GB (1949) The developmental history of Latrodectus mactans (Fabr.) at different rates of feeding. Am Midl Nat 42:189. https://doi.org/10.2307/2421795
DeVito J, Meik JM, Gerson MM, Formanowicz DR Jr (2004) Physiological tolerances of three sympatric riparian wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae) correspond with microhabitat distributions. Can J Zool 82:1119–1125. https://doi.org/10.1139/z04-090
Dondale CD, Redner JH (1990) The wolf spiders, nursery web spiders, and lynx spiders of Canada and Alaska: Araneae: Lycosidae, Pisauridae, and Oxyopidae. In: The Insects and arachnids of Canada. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa
Eberhard WG (1979) Rates of egg production by tropical spiders in the field. Biotropica 11:292–300. https://doi.org/10.2307/2387921
Edgar WD (1972) The life-cycle of the Wolf spider Pardosa lugubris in Holland. J Zool 168:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1972.tb01336.x
Eitzinger B, Abrego N, Gravel D et al (2019) Assessing changes in arthropod predator–prey interactions through DNA-based gut content analysis—variable environment, stable diet. Mol Ecol 28:266–280. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.14872
Foelix RF (2011) Biology of spiders, 3rd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Fox CW, Czesak ME (2000) Evolutionary ecology of progeny size in arthropods. Annu Rev Entomol 45:341–369. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.45.1.341
Fox J, Weisberg S (2019) An R companion to applied regression, 3rd edn. Sage, Thousand Oaks
Frick H, Kropf C, Nentwig W (2007) Laboratory temperature preferences of the wolf spider Pardosa riparia (Araneae: Lycosidae). Arachnology 14:45–48. https://doi.org/10.13156/arac.2007.14.1.45
Frost GV, Epstein HE, Walker DA et al (2013) Patterned-ground facilitates shrub expansion in Low Arctic tundra. Environ Res Lett 8:015035. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/015035
García LF, Viera C, Pekár S (2018) Comparison of the capture efficiency, prey processing, and nutrient extraction in a generalist and a specialist spider predator. Sci Nat 105:1–10
Greenstone MH (1984) Determinants of web spider species diversity: vegetation structural diversity vs. prey availability. Oecologia 62:299–304. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00384260
Hagstrum DW (1971) Carapace width as a tool for evaluating the rate of development of spiders in the laboratory and the field1. Ann Entomol Soc Am 64:757–760. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/64.4.757
Halsch CA, Shapiro AM, Fordyce JA et al (2021) Insects and recent climate change. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 118:e2002543117. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002543117
Hansen RR, Hansen OLP, Bowden JJ et al (2016) Meter scale variation in shrub dominance and soil moisture structure Arctic arthropod communities. PeerJ 4:e2224. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2224
Hein N, Feilhauer H, Finch O-D et al (2014) Snow cover determines the ecology and biogeography of spiders (Araneae) in alpine tundra ecosystems. Erdkunde 63:157–172. https://doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2014.03.01
Hein N, Brendel MR, Feilhauer H et al (2018) Egg size versus egg number trade-off in the alpine-tundra wolf spider, Pardosa palustris (Araneae: Lycosidae). Polar Biol 41:1607–1617. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-018-2301-x
Hein N, Löffler J, Feilhauer H (2019a) Mapping of arthropod alpha and beta diversity in heterogeneous Arctic–alpine ecosystems. Ecol Inform 54:101007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2019.101007
Hein N, Pétillon J, Pape R et al (2019b) Broad-scale rather than fine-scale environmental variation drives body size in a wandering predator (Araneae, Lycosidae). Arct Antarct Alp Res 51:315–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2019.1640039
Hendrickx F, Maelfait J-P (2003) Life cycle, reproductive patterns and their year-to-year variation in a field population of the wolf spider Pirata piraticus (Araneae, Lycosidae). J Arachnol 31:331–339. https://doi.org/10.1636/m01-98
Hervé M (2019) RVAideMemoire: testing and plotting procedures for biostatistics
Hobbie JE, Shaver GR, Rastetter EB et al (2017) Ecosystem responses to climate change at a Low Arctic and a High Arctic long-term research site. Ambio 46:160–173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-016-0870-x
Hobbie J, Shaver G, Høye TT, Bowden J (2021) Arctic tundra. In: Thomas DN (ed) Arctic ecology. Wiley, pp 103–132. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118846582.ch5
Hodkinson ID (2005) Terrestrial insects along elevation gradients: species and community responses to altitude. Biol Rev 80:489. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1464793105006767
Hodkinson ID (2018) Insect biodiversity in the Arctic. In: Insect biodiversity. Wiley, Chichester, pp 15–57
Horne CR, Hirst AG, Atkinson D (2015) Temperature-size responses match latitudinal-size clines in arthropods, revealing critical differences between aquatic and terrestrial species. Ecol Lett 18:327–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12413
Høye TT (2020) Arthropods and climate change—Arctic challenges and opportunities. Curr Opin Insect Sci 41:40–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2020.06.002
Høye TT, Culler LE (2018) Tundra arthropods provide key insights into ecological responses to environmental change. Polar Biol 41:1523–1529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-018-2370-x
Høye TT, Hammel J (2010) Climate change and altitudinal variation in sexual size dimorphism of Arctic wolf spiders. Clim Res 41:259–265. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00855
Høye TT, Hammel JU, Fuchs T, Toft S (2009) Climate change and sexual size dimorphism in an Arctic spider. Biol Lett 5:542–544. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0169
Høye TT, Bowden JJ, Hansen OLP et al (2018) Elevation modulates how Arctic arthropod communities are structured along local environmental gradients. Polar Biol 41:1555–1565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-017-2204-2
Høye TT, Loboda S, Koltz AM et al (2021) Nonlinear trends in abundance and diversity and complex responses to climate change in Arctic arthropods. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 118:e2002557117. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002557117
IPCC (2022) Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In: H.-O.Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds) Cambridge University Press. In Press
Jakob EM, Marshall SD, Uetz GW (1996) Estimating fitness: a comparison of body condition indices. Oikos 77:61–67. https://doi.org/10.2307/3545585
Jocqué R, Alderweireldt M (2005) Lycosidae: the grassland spiders. Acta Zool Bulg 1:125–130
Killebrew DW, Ford NB (1985) Reproductive tactics and female body size in the green lynx spider, Peucetia viridans (Araneae, Oxyopidae). J Arachnol 13:375–382
Kingsolver JG (1983) Ecological significance of flight activity in Colias butterflies: implications for reproductive strategy and population structure. Ecology 64:546–551. https://doi.org/10.2307/1939974
Kingsolver JG, Huey RB (2008) Size, temperature, and fitness: three rules. Evol Ecol Res 10:251–268
Kiss B, Samu F (2000) Evaluation of population densities of the common wolf spider Pardosa agrestis (Araneae: Lycosidae) in Hungarian alfalfa fields using mark–recapture. Eur J Entomol 97:191–195. https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2000.036
Koltz AM, Wright JP (2020) Impacts of female body size on cannibalism and juvenile abundance in a dominant Arctic spider. J Anim Ecol 89:1788–1798. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13230
Koltz AM, Schmidt NM, Høye TT (2018) Differential arthropod responses to warming are altering the structure of Arctic communities. R Soc Open Sci 5:171503. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171503
Körner C (2007) The use of ‘altitude’ in ecological research. Trends Ecol Evol 22:569–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2007.09.006
Lee JE, Somers MJ, Chown SL (2012) Density, body size and sex ratio of an indigenous spider along an altitudinal gradient in the sub-Antarctic. Antarct Sci 24:15–22. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102011000629
Legault G, Weis AE (2013) The impact of snow accumulation on a heath spider community in a sub-Arctic landscape. Polar Biol 36:885–894. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-013-1313-9
Lenth R (2019) emmeans: estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means
Loboda S, Savage J, Buddle CM et al (2018) Declining diversity and abundance of High Arctic fly assemblages over two decades of rapid climate warming. Ecography 41:265–277. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.02747
Mammola S, Milano F, Vignal M et al (2019) Associations between habitat quality, body size and reproductive fitness in the alpine endemic spider Vesubia jugorum. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 28:1325–1335. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12935
Marshall SD, Gittleman JL (1994) Clutch size in spiders: is more better? Funct Ecol 8:118–124. https://doi.org/10.2307/2390120
Marshall SD, Rypstra AL (1999) Spider competition in structurally simple ecosystems. J Arachnol 27(1):343–350
Marusik YM (2015) Araneae (spiders). In: Böcher J, Kristensen NP, Pape T, Vilhelmsen L (eds) The Greenland entomofauna: an identification manual of insects, spiders and their allies. Brill, Leiden, pp 667–703
Marusik YM, Koponen S (2002) Diversity of spiders in Boreal and Arctic zones. J Arachnol 30:205–210. https://doi.org/10.1636/0161-8202(2002)030[0205:DOSIBA]2.0.CO;2
McNab BK (1971) On the ecological significance of Bergmann’s rule. Ecology 52:845–854. https://doi.org/10.2307/1936032
Meiri S, Dayan T (2003) On the validity of Bergmann’s rule. J Biogeogr 30:331–351. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00837.x
Miyashita K (1968) Growth and development of Lycosa T-insignita Boes. et Str. (Araneae: Lycosidae) under different feeding conditions. Appl Entomol Zool 3:81–88
Monsimet J, Colinet H, Devineau O et al (2021) Biogeographic position and body size jointly set lower thermal limits of wandering spiders. Ecol Evol 11:3347–3356. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7286
Moretti M, Dias ATC, Bello F et al (2017) Handbook of protocols for standardized measurement of terrestrial invertebrate functional traits. Funct Ecol 31:558–567. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12776
Morse DH (1997) Distribution, movement, and activity patterns of an intertidal wolf spider Pardosa lapidicina population (Araneae, Lycosidae). J Arachnol 25:1–10
Nentwig W, Blick T, Gloor D et al (2021) Spiders of Europe. https://araneae.nmbe.ch/. Accessed 14 April 2021
Oliver T, Hill JK, Thomas CD et al (2009) Changes in habitat specificity of species at their climatic range boundaries. Ecol Lett 12:1091–1102. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01367.x
Otto C, Svensson BS (1982) Structure of communities of ground-living spiders along altitudinal gradients. Ecography 5:35–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.1982.tb01015.x
Paquin P, Dupérré N (2003) Guide d’identification des araignées (Araneae) du Québec, Association des entomologistes amateurs du Québec. Fabreries, Supplément 11, Varennes
Pekár S, Vaňhara P (2006) Geographical sexual size dimorphism in an ant-eating spider, Zodarion rubidum (Araneae: Zodariidae). J Nat Hist 40:1343–1350. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930600901417
Pekár S, Wolff JO, Černecká Ľ et al (2021) The World Spider Trait database: a centralized global open repository for curated data on spider traits. Database 2021:baab064. https://doi.org/10.1093/database/baab064
Petersen B (1950) The relation between size of mother and number of eggs and young in some spiders and its significance for the evolution of size. Experientia 6:96–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02153369
Pétillon J, Puzin C, Acou A, Outreman Y (2009) Plant invasion phenomenon enhances reproduction performance in an endangered spider. Naturwissenschaften 96:1241–1246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-009-0589-7
Pétillon J, Lambeets K, Ract-Madoux B et al (2011) Saline stress tolerance partly matches with habitat preference in ground-living wolf spiders. Physiol Entomol 36:165–172. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3032.2011.00778.x
Piacentini LN, Ramírez MJ (2019) Hunting the wolf: a molecular phylogeny of the wolf spiders (Araneae, Lycosidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 136:227–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.04.004
Pickavance JR (2001) Life-cycles of four species of Pardosa (Araneae, Lycosidae) from the island of Newfoundland, Canada. J Arachnol 29:367–377. https://doi.org/10.1636/0161-8202(2001)029[0367:LCOFSO]2.0.CO;2
Polunin N (1960) Introduction to plant geography and some related sciences, Longmans. McGraw-Hill, New York
Punzo F, Farmer C (2006) Life history and ecology of the wolf spider Pardosa sierra Banks (Araneae: Lycosidae) in Southeastern Arizona. Southwest Nat 51:310–319. https://doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909(2006)51[310:LHAEOT]2.0.CO;2
Puzin C, Acou A, Pétillon J, Bonte D (2011) Comparison of reproductive traits between two salt-marsh wolf spiders (Araneae, Lycosidae) under different habitat suitability conditions. Anim Biol 61:127–138. https://doi.org/10.1163/157075511X566461
R Core Team (2019) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna
Ray C (1960) The application of Bergmann’s and Allen’s rules to the poikilotherms. J Morphol 106:85–108. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051060104
Rich ME, Gough L, Boelman NT (2013) Arctic arthropod assemblages in habitats of differing shrub dominance. Ecography 36:994–1003. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2012.00078.x
Roff D (1980) Optimizing development time in a seasonal environment: the “ups and downs” of clinal variation. Oecologia 45:202–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00346461
Schmidt NM, Hardwick B, Gilg O et al (2017) Interaction webs in Arctic ecosystems: determinants of Arctic change? Ambio 46:12–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-016-0862-x
Schmoller R (1970) Life histories of alpine tundra Arachnida in Colorado. Am Midl Nat 83:119. https://doi.org/10.2307/2424011
Simpson MR (1993) Reproduction in two species of Arctic arachnids, Pardosa glacialis and Alopecosa hirtipes. Can J Zool 71:451–457. https://doi.org/10.1139/z93-065
Simpson MR (1995) Convariation of spider egg and clutch size: the influence of foraging and parental care. Ecology 76:795–800. https://doi.org/10.2307/1939345
Spiller MS, Spiller C, Garlet J (2017) Arthropod bioindicators of environmental quality. Rev Agroambiente Online 12:41. https://doi.org/10.18227/1982-8470ragro.v12i1.4516
Taylor JJ, Lawler JP, Aronsson M et al (2020) Arctic terrestrial biodiversity status and trends: a synopsis of science supporting the CBMP State of Arctic Terrestrial Biodiversity Report. Ambio 49:833–847. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01303-w
Venables WN, Ripley BD (2002) Modern applied statistics with S, 4th edn. Springer, New York
Vertainen L, Alatalo RV, Mappes J, Parri S (2000) Sexual differences in growth strategies of the wolf spider Hygrolycosa rubrofasciata. Evol Ecol 14:595–610. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011080706931
Viel N, Mielec C, Pétillon J, Høye TT (2022) Multiple reproductive events in female wolf spiders Pardosa hyperborea and Pardosa furcifera in the Low-Arctic: one clutch can hide another. Polar Biol 45:143–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-021-02963-9
Violle C, Navas M-L, Vile D et al (2007) Let the concept of trait be functional! Oikos 116:882–892. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2007.15559.x
Wickham H (2016) ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis. Springer, New York
Wirta HK, Weingartner E, Hambäck PA, Roslin T (2015) Extensive niche overlap among the dominant arthropod predators of the High Arctic. Basic Appl Ecol 16:86–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2014.11.003
Wise DH (1975) Food limitation of the spider Linyphia marginata: experimental field studies. Ecology 56:637–646. https://doi.org/10.2307/1935497
Wolz M, Klockmann M, Schmitz T et al (2020) Dispersal and life-history traits in a spider with rapid range expansion. Mov Ecol 8:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40462-019-0182-4
Wong MKL, Guénard B, Lewis OT (2019) Trait-based ecology of terrestrial arthropods. Biol Rev 94:999–1022. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12488
Wundram D, Pape R, Löffler J (2010) Alpine soil temperature variability at multiple scales. Arct Antarct Alp Res 42:117–128. https://doi.org/10.1657/1938-4246-42.1.117
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank ECOBIO from the University of Rennes 1 (UR1) and the Arctic Research Centre (ARC) from Aarhus University (AU) for supporting this project. We thank the Natural History Museum Aarhus for the use of laboratory facilities and the storage of samples. NV acknowledges funding from Erasmus+ Programme and financial support from ECOBIO which allowed the fulfilment of this project. TTH thanks numerous field assistants for help with fieldwork over the years. We also thank Seppo Koponen and an anonymous reviewer for their valuable feedback on this manuscript.
Funding
An Erasmus+ Grant allowed NV to complete an internship, as part of a master’s degree, which led to the writing of this manuscript. Travel from University of Rennes 1 to Aarhus University was funded by ECOBIO (UR1).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. The monitoring programme at Narsarsuaq is led by TTH and carried out by numerous field assistants. All specimens were identified by CM. Data were generated, analysed, and interpreted by NV under the supervision of TTH and JP. The first draft of the manuscript was written by NV. All authors contributed to article revision and final approval.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Viel, N., Mielec, C., Pétillon, J. et al. Variation in abundance and life-history traits of two congeneric Arctic wolf spider species, Pardosa hyperborea and Pardosa furcifera, along local environmental gradients. Polar Biol 45, 937–950 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-022-03041-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-022-03041-4