Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Application of Wastewater in Irrigation and Its Regulation with Special Reference to Agriculture Residues

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Water Pollution and Management Practices

Abstract

Growing urban agglomeration across the world has promoted unscientific disposal of wastewater. In this view, wastewater exploitation in agriculture is a sustainable way of its utilization. Application of wastewater as irrigation water serves several goals such as promoting sustainable agriculture in an arid and semiarid region, preserving scarce water resources, and maintaining growth of plants. However, inadequate practices of wastewater application in present decades have resulted severe environmental issues like degrading river quality, groundwater pollution, heavy metal contamination, deterioration in soil health and nearby water reservoir quality, etc. With the treatment, the wastewater can be purified up to a certain level, but they cannot remove some constituents like heavy metals, pesticides, and other organic and inorganic compounds. Due to the unpredictable and unstable nature of wastewater, this becomes costly to treat either physically, chemically, or biologically. In this context, with the application of some sustainable strategies, the contamination can be reduced up to a certain extent particularly for heavy metals. Among all strategies, the applications of agricultural residues such as rice husk, sawdust, and other amendments are found to be the most suitable and lucrative way of reducing metal availability. Therefore, adjusted and scientific use of wastewater with certain treatment can be an economic and environmentally sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers for enhancing crop productivity and crop yield and, at the same time, help in handling wastewater as a valuable resource.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • AATSE-(Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering) (2004) Water recycling in Australia Study Director and Authors: Dr. John Radcliffe Victoria

    Google Scholar 

  • Abbas ST, Sarfraz M, Mehdi SM et al (2007) Trace elements accumulation in soil and rice plants irrigated with the contaminated water. Soil Tillage Res 94:503–509

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abdelhafez AA, Li J (2016) Removal of Pb (II) from aqueous solution by using biochars derived from sugar cane bagasse and orange peel. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 61:367–375

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adrover M, Farrús E, Moyà G et al (2012) Chemical properties and biological activity in soils of Mallorca following twenty years of treated wastewater irrigation. J Environ Manag 95:S188–S192

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad MSA, Ashraf M (2012) Essential roles and hazardous effects of nickel in plants. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. Springer, New York, pp 125–167

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad S, Majhi PK, Kothari R et al (2020a) Industrial wastewater footprinting: a need for water security in Indian context. In: Environment concerns and sustainable development. Springer, Singapore, pp 197–212

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad S, Pandey A, Pathak VV et al (2020b) Phycoremediation: algae as eco-friendly tools for the removal of heavy metals from wastewaters. In: Bioremediation of industrial waste for environmental safety. Springer, Singapore, pp 53–76

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Akhtar M, Iqbal S, Kausar A, Bhanger MI, Shaheen MA (2010) An economically viable method for the removal of selected divalent metal ions from aqueous solutions using activated rice husk. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 75:149

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akhtar S, Ahmad S, Huifang W, Shahbaz A, Ghafoor A, Imran S, Zafar A (2018) An analysis of wastewater irrigation practices and its impacts on the livelihood generation and food chain contamination in Faisalabad District, Pakistan. ISABB J Health Environ Sci 5(4):33–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alalwan HA, Kadhom MA, Alminshid AH (2020) Removal of heavy metal from waste water using agricultural by products. J Water Supply Res Technol AQUA 69:99–112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alghobar MA, Suresha S (2015) Evaluation of nutrients and trace metals and their enrichment factors in soil and sugarcane crop irrigated with wastewater. J Geosci Environ Protect 3(08):46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Almendros AI, Martín-Lara MA, Ronda A, Pérez A, Blázquez G, Calero M (2015) Physicochemical characterization of pine cone shell and its use as biosorbent and fuel. Bioresour Technol 196:406–412

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Angin I, Yaganoglu AV, Turan M (2005) Effects of long-term wastewater irrigation on soil properties. J Sustain Agric 26(3):31–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • AQUASTAT FAO (2012) AQUASTAT Food and Agriculture organization. www.fao.org/aquastat/en

  • Arif MS, Riaz M, Shahzad SM et al (2016) Contrasting effects of untreated textile wastewater onto the soil available nitrogen-phosphorus and enzymatic activities in aridisol. Environ Monit Assess 188(2):102

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aryal A, Sathasivan A, Zhan W (2011) Effect of suspended solids in secondary wastewater effluent on DOC removal by enhanced coagulation. Desalin Water Treat 32(1–3):27–32

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aydin YA, Aksoy ND (2009) Adsorption of chromium on chitosan: Optimization, kinetics and thermodynamics. Chem Eng J 151:188

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aydin ME, Aydin S, Beduk F et al (2015) Effects of long-term irrigation with untreated municipal wastewater on soil properties and crop quality. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22(23):19203–19212

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belaqziz M, El-Abbassi A, Agrafioti E et al (2016) Agronomic application of olive mill wastewater: effects on maize production and soil properties. J Environ Manag 171:158–165

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhardwaj RM (2005) Status of wastewater generation and treatment in India. Intersecretariat Working Group on Environment Statistics (IWG–Env) Joint Work Session on Water Statistics Vienna, 20–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolisetty S, Peydayesh M, Mezzenga R (2019) Sustainable technologies for water purification from heavy metals: review and analysis. Chem Soc Rev 48(2):463–487

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boretti A, Rosa L (2019) Reassessing the projections of the world water development report. npj Clean Water 2(1):1–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bouwer H (2000) Integrated water management: emerging issues and challenges. Agric Water Manag 45(3):217–228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brunetti G, Senesi N, Plaza C (2007) Effects of amendment with treated and untreated olive oil mill wastewaters on soil properties, soil humic substances and wheat yield. Geoderma 138(1–2):144–152

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castillo-Monroy J, Godínez LA, Robles I, Estrada-Vargas A (2020) Study of a coupled adsorption/electro-oxidation process as a tertiary treatment for tequila industry wastewater. Environ Sci Pollut Res:1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaerun SK, Pangesti NP, Toyota K et al (2011) Changes in microbial functional diversity and activity in paddy soils irrigated with industrial wastewaters in Bandung, West Java Province, Indonesia. Water Air Soil Pollut 217(1–4):491–502

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chopra AK, Pathak C (2015) Accumulation of heavy metals in the vegetables grown in wastewater irrigated areas of Dehradun, India with reference to human health risk. Environ Monit Assess 187(7):445

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chow YN, Lee LK, Zakaria NA et al (2017) New emerging hydroponic system. Symp Innov Creat (iMIT-SIC) 2:353–358

    Google Scholar 

  • Chow YN, Lee LK, Zakaria NA et al (2018) Phytotoxic effects of trivalent chromium-enriched water irrigation in Vigna unguiculata seedling. J Clean Prod 202:101–108

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christou A, Karaolia P, Hapeshi E et al (2017) Long-term wastewater irrigation of vegetables in real agricultural systems: concentration of pharmaceuticals in soil, uptake and bioaccumulation in tomato fruits and human health risk assessment. Water Res 109:24–34

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CPCB (1999) CPCB Bulletin, Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Govt. of India, Delhi, India. Available at: http://cpcb.nic.in/

  • CPCB (2007) CPCB Bulletin, Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Govt. of India, Delhi, India. Available at: http://cpcb.nic.in/

  • CPCB (2011) CPCB Bulletin, Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Govt. of India, Delhi, India. Available at: http://cpcb.nic.in/

  • CPCB (2016) CPCB Bulletin, Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Govt. of India, Delhi, India. Available at: http://cpcb.nic.in/

  • Dash AK (2012) Impact of domestic waste water on seed germination and physiological parameters of rice and wheat. IJRRAS 12(2):280–286

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Durán–Álvarez JC, Jiménez–Cisneros B (2014) Beneficial and negative impacts on soil by the reuse of treated/untreated municipal wastewater for agricultural irrigation–a review of the current knowledge and future perspectives. In: Environmental risk assessment of soil contamination, pp 137–197

    Google Scholar 

  • Daud Z, Awang H, Latif AA et al (2015) Suspended solid, color, COD and oil and grease removal from biodiesel wastewater by coagulation and flocculation processes. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 195:2407–2411

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Fraiture C, Wichelns D (2010) Satisfying future water demands for agriculture. Agric Water Manag 97(4):502–511

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dhananjaya BN, Srinivasamurthy CA, Bhaskar S et al (2009) Utilization of coffee pulp effluent in agriculture and its impact on soil and water environment. Environ Ecol 27(4):1612–1624

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • do Carmo Ramos SN, Xavier ALP, Teodoro FSE, Gil LF, Gurgel LVA (2016) Removal of cobalt (II), copper (II), and nickel (II) ions from aqueous solutions using phthalate-functionalized sugarcane bagasse: mono-and multicomponent adsorption in batch mode. Ind Crop Prod 79:116–130

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drechsel P, Evans AE (2010) Wastewater use in irrigated agriculture. Irrig Drain Syst 24(1–2):1–3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dučić T, Maksimović V, Radotić K (2008) Oxalate oxidase and non-enzymatic compounds of the antioxidative system in young Serbian spruce plants exposed to cadmium stress. Arch Biol Sci (Belgrade) 60(1):67–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durán-Álvarez JC, Jiménez-Cisneros BLANCA (2015) Reuse of municipal wastewater for irrigated agriculture: a review. In: Wastewater management for irrigation: principles and practices, vol 8, pp 147–226

    Google Scholar 

  • Elgallal M, Fletcher L, Evans B (2016) Assessment of potential risks associated with chemicals in wastewater used for irrigation in arid and semiarid zones. Rev Agric Water Manag 177:419–431

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elham A, Hossein T, Mahnoosh H (2010) Removal of Zn(II) and Pb (II) ions using rice husk in food industrial wastewater. J Appl Sci Environ Manag 14(4):159

    Google Scholar 

  • Ensink JH, Van der Hoek W, Amerasinghe FP (2006) Giardia duodenalis infection and wastewater irrigation in Pakistan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100(6):538–542

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Esfandiar N, Nasernejad B, Ebadi T (2014) Removal of Mn (II) from groundwater by sugarcane bagasse and activated carbon (a comparative study): application of response surface methodology (RSM). J Ind Eng Chem 20:3726–3736

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • FAO (1985) Food and Agriculture organization of United Nation Report

    Google Scholar 

  • Fendri I, Khannous L, Timoumi A et al (2013) Optimization of coagulation-flocculation process for printing ink industrial wastewater treatment using response surface methodology. Afr J Biotechnol 12(30):4819

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garcıa-Gil JC, Plaza C, Soler-Rovira P et al (2000) Long-term effects of municipal solid waste compost application on soil enzyme activities and microbial biomass. Soil Biol Biochem 32(13):1907–1913

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garg VK, Kaushik P, Dilbaghi N (2006) Vermiconversion of wastewater sludge from textile mill mixed with anaerobically digested biogas plant slurry employing Eisenia foetida. Ecotoxicol Environ Safe 65(3):412–419

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gassama UM, Puteh AB, Abd-Halim MR et al (2015) Influence of municipal wastewater on rice seed germination, seedling performance, nutrient uptake, and chlorophyll content. J Crop Sci Biotechnol 18(1):9–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gianfreda L, Rao MA, Piotrowska A et al (2005) Soil enzyme activities as affected by anthropogenic alterations: intensive agricultural practices and organic pollution. Sci Total Environ 341(1–3):265–279

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guédron S, Duwig C, Prado BL et al (2014) (Methyl) Mercury, Arsenic, and Lead Contamination of the World’s Largest Wastewater Irrigation System: the Mezquital Valley (Hidalgo State—Mexico). Water Air Soil Pollut 225(8):2045

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guo Z, Tan H, Zhu Z et al (2005) Effect of intermediates on ascorbic acid and oxalate biosynthesis of rice and in relation to its stress resistance. Plant Physiol Biochem 43(10–11):955–962

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guo TR, Zhang GP, Zhang YH (2007) Physiological changes in barley plants under combined toxicity of aluminum, copper and cadmium. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 57(2):182–188

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta VK, Gupta B, Rastogi A et al (2011) Pesticides removal from waste water by activated carbon prepared from waste rubber tire. Water Res 45(13):4047–4055

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Habib-ur-Rehman, Shakirullah M, Ahmad I, Shah S, Hameedullah (2006) Sorption studies of nickel ions onto sawdust of Dalbergia sissoo. J Chin Chem Soc 53(5):1045–1052

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanjra MA, Blackwell J, Carr G et al (2012) Wastewater irrigation and environmental health: Implications for water governance and public policy. Int J Hyg Environ Health 215(3):255–269

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henze M, Comeau Y (2008) Wastewater characterization. Biological wastewater treatment: principles modelling and design, pp 33–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Herpin U, Gloaguen TV, da Fonseca AF et al (2007) Chemical effects on the soil–plant system in a secondary treated wastewater irrigated coffee plantation—a pilot field study in Brazil. Agric Water Manag 89(1–2):105–115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hegazi HA (2013) Removal of heavy metals from wastewater using agricultural and industrial wastes as adsorbents. HBRC J 9(3):276–282

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu YT, Kao CH (2003) Role of abscisic acid in cadmium tolerance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings. Plant Cell Environ 26(6):867–874

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ibekwe AM, Gonzalez-Rubio A, Suarez DL (2018) Impact of treated wastewater for irrigation on soil microbial communities Sci. Total Environ 622:1603–1610

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • IWMI (2002) Saline water use in agriculture. International Water Management Institute

    Google Scholar 

  • Jimenez B, Asano T (2008) Water reclamation and reuse around the world. In: Water Reuse: an international survey of current practice, issues and needs, vol 14. IWA, London, pp 3–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Jin X, Yang X, Islam E et al (2008) Effects of cadmium on ultrastructure and antioxidative defense system in hyperaccumulator and non-hyperaccumulator ecotypes of Sedum alfredii Hance. J Hazard Mater 156(1–3):387–397

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jin L, Sun Q, Xu Q et al (2015a) Adsorptive removal of anionic dyes from aqueous solutions using microgel based on nanocellulose and poly vinyl amine. BioresTechnol 197:348–355

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jin R, Liu T, Liu G et al (2015b) Simultaneous heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification by the marine origin bacterium Pseudomonas sp. ADN-42. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 175(4):2000–2011

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaliyamoorthy J, Kannan TS, Nagarajan M (2013) Effect of raw and biologically treated municipal waste water on growth of paddy (Oryza sativa L.). Int J Environ Bioenergy 7(1):1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Kapur M, Mondal MK (2013) Mass transfer and related phenomena for Cr (VI) adsorption from aqueous solutions onto Mangifera indica sawdust. Chem Eng J 218:138–146

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karnitz O, Gurgel LVA, Gil LF (2010) Removal of Ca(II) and Mg(II) from aqueous single metal solutions by mercerized cellulose and mercerized sugarcane bagasse grafted with EDTA dianhydride (EDTAD). Carbohydr Polym 79:184–191

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karthikeyan T, Rajgopal S, Miranda LR (2005) Chromium(VI) adsorption from aqueous solution by Hevea brasiliensis sawdust activated carbon. J Hazard Mater 124(1–3):192–199

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kayikcioglu HH (2012) Short-term effects of irrigation with treated domestic wastewater on microbiological activity of a Vertic xerofluvent soil under Mediterranean conditions. J Environ Manag 102:108–114

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keraita BN, Drechsel P (2004) Agricultural use of untreated urban wastewater in Ghana. In: Wastewater use in irrigated agriculture. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, pp 101–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiziloglu FM, Turan M, Sahin U et al (2008) Effects of untreated and treated wastewater irrigation on some chemical properties of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) and red cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. rubra) grown on calcareous soil in Turkey. Agric Water Manag 95(6):716–724

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klay S, Charef A, Ayed L et al (2010) Effect of irrigation with treated wastewater on geochemical properties (saltiness, C, N and heavy metals) of isohumic soils (Zaouit Sousse perimeter, Oriental Tunisia). Desalination 253(1–3):180–187

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krishnani KK, Meng X, Christodoulatos C, Boddu VM (2008) Biosorption mechanism of nine different heavy metals onto biomatrix from rice husk. J Hazard Mater 153:1222

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kulandaivelu V, Bhat R (2012) Changes in the physico-chemical and biological quality attributes of soil following amendment with untreated coffee processing wastewater. Eur J Soil Biol 50:39–43

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larous S, Meniai AH, Bencheikh Lehocine M (2005) Experimental study of the removal of copper from aqueous solutions by adsorption using sawdust. Desalination 185(1–3):483–490

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu K, Yang X, Gielen G, Bolan N, Ok YS, Niazi NK, Xu S, Yuan G, Zhang X (2017) Effect of bamboo and rice straw biochars on the mobility and redistribution of heavy metals ( Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) in contaminated soil. J Environ Manag 186:285–292

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lucho-Constantino CA, Álvarez-Suárez M, Beltrán-Hernández RI et al (2005) A multivariate analysis of the accumulation and fractionation of major and trace elements in agricultural soils in Hidalgo State, Mexico irrigated with raw wastewater. Environ Int 31(3):313–323

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma Shou C, Zhang HB, Ma ST, Wang R, Wang GX, Shao Y, Li CX (2015) Effects of mine wastewater irrigation on activities of soil enzymes and physiological properties, heavy metal uptake and grain yield in winter wheat. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 113:483–490

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Magwaza ST, Magwaza LS, Odindo AO et al (2020) Hydroponic technology as decentralised system for domestic wastewater treatment and vegetable production in urban agriculture: a review. Sci Total Environ 698:134154

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mapanda F, Mangwayana EN, Nyamangara J et al (2005) The effect of long-term irrigation using wastewater on heavy metal contents of soils under vegetables in Harare, Zimbabwe. Agric Ecosyst Environ 107(2–3):151–165

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mateo-Sagasta J, Medlicott K, Qadir M et al (2013) Proceedings of the UN World Water Development Report 2017 UN-Water

    Google Scholar 

  • Medhi UJ, Talukdar AK, Deka S (2011) Impact of paper mill effluent on growth and development of certain agricultural crops. J Environ Biol 32(2):185–188

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meli S, Porto M, Belligno A, Bufo SA, Mazzatura A, Scopa A (2002) Influence of irrigation with lagooned urban wastewater on chemical and microbiological soil parameters in a citrus orchard under Mediterranean conditions. Sci Total Environ 285:69–77

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mexico CAN (Comision Nacional del Agua) (2004) Water Statistics. National Water Commission, Mexico City

    Google Scholar 

  • Michalak I, Chojnacka K, Witek-Krowiak A (2013) State of the art for the biosorption process - a review. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 170(6):1389–1416

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morugán-Coronado A, Arcenegui V, García-Orenes F et al (2013) Application of soil quality indices to assess the status of agricultural soils irrigated with treated wastewaters. Solid Earth 4(1)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohammed N, Grishkewich N, Tam KC (2018) Cellulose nanomaterials: promising sustainable nanomaterials for application in water/wastewater treatment processes. Environ Sci Nano 5(3):623–658

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mosse KPM, Patti AF, Christen EW et al (2011) Winery wastewater quality and treatment options in Australia. Aust J Grape Wine Res 17(2):111–122

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moubarik A, Grimi N (2015) Valorization of olive stone and sugar cane bagasse by-products as biosorbents for the removal of cadmium from aqueous solution. Food Res Int 73:169–175

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Munagapati VS, Yarramuthi V, Nadavala SK, Alla SR, Abburi K (2010) Biosorption of Cu(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) by Acacia leucocephala bark powder: Kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamics. Chem Eng J 157(2–3):357–365

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nannipieri P, Ascher J, Ceccherini MT et al (2003) Microbial diversity and soil functions. Eur J Soil Sci 54:655–670

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Statistics Institute, Spain (2012) Survey on water supply and sewage. http://www.ine.es/welcoing.htm. Accessed 21.12.12

  • Nayak DR, Babu YJ, Adhya TK (2007) Long-term application of compost influences microbial biomass and enzyme activities in a tropical AericEndoaquept planted to rice under flooded condition. Soil Biol Biochem 39(8):1897–1906

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nkwunonwo UC, Odika PO, Onyia NI (2020) A review of the health implications of heavy metals in food chain in Nigeria, Hindawi. Sci World J 2020, Article ID 6594109, 11 pages

    Google Scholar 

  • Nordine N, El Bahri Z, Sehil H, Fertout RI, Rais Z, Bengharez Z (2016) Lead removal kinetics from synthetic effluents using Algerian pine, beech and fir sawdust’s: optimization and adsorption mechanism. Appl Water Sci 46(4):349–358

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nyachhyon BL (2006) Service enhancement and development of sanitary sewerage system in urban and semi-urban setting in Nepal. Policy Paper 23:86–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Palansooriyaa KN, Shaheen SM, Chene SS, Tsange CWD, HashimotoY HD, Bolanh NS, Rinklebe J, Ok YS (2020) Soil amendments for immobilization of potentially toxic elements in contaminated soils: A critical review. Environ Int 134:105046

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paliwal K, Karunaichamy KSTK, Ananthavalli M (1998) Effect of sewage water irrigation on growth performance, biomass and nutrient accumulation in Hardwickia binata under nursery conditions. Bioresour Technol 66(2):105–111

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park D, Yun YS, Park JM (2010) The past, present, and future trends of biosorption. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng 15(1):86–102

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pomares F, Roca J, Tarazona F et al (1984) Aerobically digested sewage sludge as N and P fertilizer. In: L’Hermite P, Ott H (eds) Processing and use of sewage sludge: proceedings of the third international symposium held at Brighton, September 27–30, 1983. D. Reidel Pub. Co., Dordrecht, p c1984

    Google Scholar 

  • Qadir M, Ghafoor A, Murtaza G et al (2000) Cadmium concentration in vegetables grown on urban soils irrigated with untreated municipal sewage. Environ Dev Sustain 2(1):13–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramirez-Fuentes E, Lucho-Constantino C, Escamilla-Silva E et al (2002) Characteristics, and carbon and nitrogen dynamics in soil irrigated with wastewater for different lengths of time. Bioresour Technol 85(2):179–187

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rana L, Dhankhar R, Chhikara S (2010) Soil characteristics affected by long term application of sewage wastewater. Int J Environ Res 4(3):513–518

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rinklebe J, Shaheen SM, Frohne T (2015) Amendment of biochar reduces the release of toxic elements under dynamic redox conditions in a contaminated floodplain soil. Chemosphere 142:41–47

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rutkowski T, Raschid-Sally L, Buechler S (2007) Wastewater irrigation in the developing world—two case studies from the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal. Agric Water Manag 88(1–3):83–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samarghandi M, Azizian S, Siboni M, Jafari S, Rahimi S (2011) Removal of divalent nickel from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto modified holly sawdust: equilibrium and kinetics. J Environ Health Sci Eng 8(2):167–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Saha JK, Panwar N, Srivastava A et al (2010) Chemical, biochemical, and biological impact of untreated domestic sewage water use on Vertisol and its consequences on wheat (Triticum aestivum) productivity. Environ Monit Assess 161(1–4):403–412

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saravanamoorthy MD, Kumari BR (2007) Effect of textile waste water on morphophysiology and yield on two varieties of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). J Agric Technol 3(2):335–343

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarkar A, Pramanik K, Mitra S et al (2018) Enhancement of growth and salt tolerance of rice seedlings by ACC deaminase-producing Burkholderia sp. MTCC 12259. J Plant Physiol 231:434–442

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarker TC, Azam SMGG, Bonanomi G (2017) Recent advances in sugarcane industry solid by-products valorization. Waste Biomass Valoriz 8:241–266

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sciban M, Kasnja M (2004) Wood sawdust and wood originate materials as adsorbents for heavy metal ion. Holz Roh Werkst 62:69–73

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Selvamurugan M, Doraisamy P, Maheswari M et al (2010) High rate anaerobic treatment of coffee processing wastewater using upflow anaerobic hybrid reactor. Iran J Environ Health Sci Eng 7(2):129–136

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma HD, De A (2007) Municipal solid waste landfill settlement: Postclosure perspectives. J Geotech Geoenviron 133(6):619–629

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma PK, Ayub S, Tripathi CN (2013) Agro and horticultural wastes as low cost adsorbents for removal of heavy metals from wastewater: a review. Int Ref J Eng Sci 2(8):18–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaheen SM, Shams MS, Khalifa MR, Mohamed A, Rinklebe J (2017) Various soil amendments and environmental wastes affect the immobilization and phytoavailability of potentially toxic elements in a sewage effluent irrigated sandy soil. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 142:375–387

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shu R, Dang F, Zhong H (2016) Effect of incorporating differently-treated rice straw on the phytoavailability of methyl mercury in soil. Chemosphere 145:457–463

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shukla A, Zhang YHH, Dubey P, Margrave JL, Shukla SS (2002) The role of sawdust in the removal of unwanted materials from water. J Hazard Mater 95(1–2):137–152

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siebe C (1998) Nutrient inputs to soils and their uptake by alfalfa through long-term irrigation with untreated sewage effluent in Mexico. Soil Use Manag 14(2):119–122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh Y, Singh B, Timsina J (2005) Crop residue management for nutrient cycling and improving soil productivity in rice-based cropping systems in the tropics. Adv Agron 85:269–407

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh A, Sharma RK, Agrawal M et al (2010) Health risk assessment of heavy metals via dietary intake of foodstuffs from the wastewater irrigated site of a dry tropical area of India. Food Chem Toxicol 48(2):611–619

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh PK, Deshbhratar PB, Ramteke DS (2012) Effects of sewage wastewater irrigation on soil properties, crop yield and environment. Agric Water Manag 103:100–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava VC, Mall ID, Mishra IM (2006) Characterization of mesoporous rice husk ash (RHA) and adsorption kinetics of metal ions from aqueous solution onto RHA. J Hazard Mater B 134:257

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava VC, Mall ID, Mishra IM (2008) Removal of cadmium (II) and zinc (II) metal ions from binary aqueous solution by rice husk ash. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Aspects 312:172

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szymanski N, Patterson RA (2003) Effective Microorganisms (EM) and wastewater systems. Future directions for On-site Systems: Best management practice, pp 347–355

    Google Scholar 

  • Tandon R, Dipali NT, Vyas M (2020) Plant extracts for purification of industrial waste water-a review. Plant Arch 20(2):3854–3873

    Google Scholar 

  • Tawwab AM, El-Sayed GO, Shady SHH (2017) Capability of some agricultural wastes for removing some heavy metals from polluted water stocked in combination with Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Int Aquat Res 9:153–160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • The International Water Association, Wastewater Report (2018). www.iwa-network.org

  • Tran VS, Ngo HH, Guo W, Zhang J, Liang S, Ton-That C, Zhang X (2015) Typical low-cost biosorbents for adsorptive removal of specific organic pollutants from water. Bioresour Technol 182:353–363

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • UN (2019) United Nation, Department of Economics and Social Affairs Report

    Google Scholar 

  • Unicef, fao ,SaciWATERs (2013) United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund-Food And Agricultural Organization Report 2013. http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org

  • UN WWAP (2003) World Water Assessment Programme. www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr1-2003/

  • UN-Water Annual Report (2016) UN - World Water Report

    Google Scholar 

  • US EPA (2012) Guidelines for water reuse. United National Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory Office of Research and Development Cincinnati, Ohio

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Lai T (2000a) Perspectives of peri-urban vegetable production in Hanoi. Action Planning Workshop of the CGIAR Strategic Initiative for Urban and Peri-Urban Agriculture (SIUPA), Hanoi, Vietnam, 6–9 June. Convened by International Potato Center (CIP), Lima

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Lai T (2000b) Perspectives of peri-urban agriculture in Hanoi. In: Proceedings of an Action Plan Development Workshop, pp 6–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Van-Rooijen DJ, Turral H, Biggs TW (2008) Urban and industrial water use in the Krishna Basin. Irrig Drain. https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.439

  • Vaverková MD, Zloch J, Adamcová D et al (2019) Landfill leachate effects on germination and seedling growth of hemp cultivars (Cannabis Sativa L.). Waste Biomass Valoriz 10(2):369–376

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vergine P, Salerno C, Libutti A et al (2017) Closing the water cycle in the agro-industrial sector by reusing treated wastewater for irrigation. J Clean Prod 164:587–596

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Witek-Krowiak A (2013) Application of beech sawdust for removal of heavy metals from water: biosorption and desorption studies. Eur J Wood Prod 71(2):227–236

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WHO (2006) Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater. In: Wastewater use in agriculture, vol 2. World Health Organization

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank (2012) World-Bank-Development Indicator (WDI). www.worldbank.org

  • World Bank (2017) World-Bank-Annual-Report. http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/

  • World Bank (2019) World-Bank-Annual-Report. http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/

  • World Water Quality Facts And Statistics (2013). https://pacinst.org/

  • WWAP (2017) World Water Assessment Programme (UNESCO WWAP). http://www.unesco.org/

  • Xian Y, Wang M, Chen W (2015) Quantitative assessment on soil enzyme activities of heavy metal contaminated soils with various soil properties. Chemosphere 139:604–608

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang S, Zheng Q, Yuan M, Shi Z et al (2019) Long-term elevated CO2 shifts composition of soil microbial communities in a Californian annual grassland, reducing growth and N utilization potentials. Sci Total Environ 652:1474–1481

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yousaf IMRANA, Ali SM, Yasmin A (2010) Germination and early growth response of Glycine max varieties in textile and paper industry effluents. Pak J Bot 42(6):3857–3863

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu B, Zhang Y, Shukla a SSS, Dorris KL (2001) The removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions by sawdust adsorption--removal of lead and comparison of its adsorption with copper. J Hazard Mater 84(1):83–94

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Shen Y (2017) Wastewater irrigation: past, present, and future. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Water 6(3):1234

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Liu Y-R, Lei P, Wang YJ, Zhong H (2018) Biochar and nitrate reduce risk of methyl mercury in soils under straw amendment. Sci Total Environ 619:384–390

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu H, Zhong H, Evans D, Hintelmann H (2015) Effects of rice residue in corporation on the speciation, potential bioavailability and risk of mercury in a contaminated paddy soil. J Hazard Mater 293:64–71

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to Head and Director of Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development and to the Head, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, for providing necessary facilities. The research is also supported by Science and Engineering Research Board (P07/678) Project. The Banaras Hindu University is also thankfully acknowledged for providing financial assistant to Dr. A. Singh as PI under IoE seed grant scheme (Dev. IoE Scheme No. 6031).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environment and Sustainable Development, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Monika & Rajeev Pratap Singh

  2. Department of Science Institute of Computer Science and Technology, SHEPA, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Pooja Singh

  3. Department of Environment Science, Central University of Jammu, Jammu, India

    Richa Kothari

  4. Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Kaushik Gautam & Anita Singh

Authors
  1. Monika
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Rajeev Pratap Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Pooja Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Richa Kothari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Kaushik Gautam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Anita Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Anita Singh

  2. Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Madhoolika Agrawal

  3. Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Shashi Bhushan Agrawal

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Monika, Singh, R.P., Singh, P., Kothari, R., Gautam, K., Singh, A. (2021). Application of Wastewater in Irrigation and Its Regulation with Special Reference to Agriculture Residues. In: Singh, A., Agrawal, M., Agrawal, S.B. (eds) Water Pollution and Management Practices. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8358-2_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation