Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Medicinal Plants and Abiotic Stress: An Overview

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Medicinal Plants

Abstract

Medicinal plants, like others, are affected by biotic as well as abiotic stress. The latter category includes a variety of stressors such as drought, flooding, salinity, temperature extremes (hot as well as cold), UV radiations, gaseous pollutants, heavy metals & metalloids, nutrient deficiency, and pesticides, among others. Low doses of these stresses stimulate metabolic activities in plants but higher doses negatively affect the overall plant performance by limiting the genetic potential, growth, photosynthesis, metabolic capacity and yield. These stresses also produce free radicals, such as superoxide and peroxide ions, which is a source of injury to the various plant systems. Almost all abiotic stresses damage the photosynthetic device at various levels of its organization such as chloroplast ultrastructure, and the pigments, lipids and protein composition. Production and relative distribution of photosynthate influence the growth and development, morpho-anatomical traits, and secondary metabolites (SMs) biosynthesis in the affected plants. Variation in the quality and concentration of SMs means a lot in medicinal plants, because the therapeutic efficacy of these plants is in fact dependent on these metabolites. However, most of the plants defy the adverse effect of the stressors by means of adequate defense mechanisms and tolerance potential through integrated cellular and molecular reactions. This chapter reviews the overall impact of abiotic stresses on growth features, developmental processes, cytological and physiological parameters, and SMs production in medicinal plants.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abd El-Wahab MA (2006) The efficiency of using saline and fresh water irrigation as alternating methods of irrigation on the productivity of Foeniculum vulgare Mill subsp. vulgare var. vulgare under North Sinai conditions. Res J Agric Biol Sci 2:571–577

    Google Scholar 

  • Aftab T, Hakeem KR (2020) Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Expanding their Horizons through Omics. Academic, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Aftab T, Khan MMA, Idrees M, Naeem M, Hashmi N, Moinuddin (2010) Effect of salt stress on growth, membrane damage, antioxidant metabolism and artemisinin accumulation in Artemisia annua L. Plant Stress 4(1):36–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal SB, Singh S, Agrawal M (2009) UV-B induced changes in gene expression and antioxidants in plants. Adv Bot Res 52:47–86

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad A, Khan I, Abrol YP, Iqbal M (2005a) Role of sulphate transporter system in sulphur efficiency of mustard genotypes. Plant Sci 169:842–846

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad A, Khan I, Anjum NA, Diva I, Abdin MZ, Iqbal M (2005b) Effect of timing of sulphur fertilizer application on growth and yield of rapeseed. J Plant Nutr 28:1049–1059

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad A, Siddiqi TO, Iqbal M (2011) Medicinal Plants in Changing Environment. Capital Publishing Company, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad SH, Reshi Z, Ahmad J, Iqbal M (2005) Morpho-anatomical responses of Trigonella foenum graecum Linn. to induced cadmium and lead stress. J Plant Biol 48:64–84

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad SH, Reshi Z, Ahmad J, Mahmooduzzafar, Iqbal M (2004) The effect of coal smoke pollution on some physio-chemical aspects of Croton bonplandianum Baill. Ind J Appl Pure Biol 19:219–226

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad Z, Mahmooduzzafar, Kabeer I, Kaleemullah, Iqbal M (1987) Stem anatomy of Cleome viscosaL. vs air pollution. J Sci Res 9:11–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Ainsworth EA, Long SP (2005) Tansley review: what have we learned from 15 years of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE)? A meta-analytic review of the responses of photosynthesis, canopy properties and plant production to rising CO2. New Phytol 165:351–371

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ajmal S, Iqbal M (1987) Seasonal rhythm of structure and behaviour of vascular cambium in Ficus rumphii. Ann Bot 60:949–956

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ajmal S, Iqbal M (1988) Seasonal variation of the sapwood structure in Ficus rumphii and Streblus asper. Flora 181:101–109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alharby HF, Al-Zahrani HS, Hakeem KR, Iqbal M (2019a) Identification of physiological and biochemical markers for salt (NaCl) stress in the seedlings of Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] genotypes. Saudi J Biol Sci 26:1053–1060

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alharby HF, Al-Zahrani HS, Hakeem KR, Rehman RU, Iqbal M (2019b) Salinity-induced antioxidant enzyme system in mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] genotypes. Pak J Bot 51(4):1191–1198

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ali G, Arif IA, Srivastava PS, Iqbal M (1999b) Structural changes in root and shoot of Bacopa monniera in response to salt stress. J Plant Biol 42:222–225

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ali G, Srivastava PS, Iqbal M (1999a) Proline accumulation, protein pattern and photosynthesis in Bacopa monniera regenerants grown under NaCl stress. Biol Plant 42:89–95

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ali RM, Elfeky SS, Abbas H (2008a) Response of salt stressed Ricinus communis L. to exogenous application of glycerol and/or aspartic acid. J Biol Sci 8:171–175

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ali ST, Mahmooduzzafar, Abdin MZ, Iqbal M (2008b) Ontogenetic changes in foliar features and psoralen content of Psoralea corylifolia Linn. exposed to SO2 stress. J Environ Biol 29:661–668

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anasori P, Asghari G (2008) Effects of light and differentiation on gingerol and zingiberene production in callus culture of Zingiber officinaleRosc. Res Pharmaceut Sci 3:59–63

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anis M, Sharma MP, Iqbal M (2000) Herbal ethnomedicine of the Gwalior-forest division in Madhya Pradesh, India. Pharm Biol 38:241–253

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anitha S, Ranjitha Kumari BD (2006) Reserpine Accumulation in NaCl Treated Calli of Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. Sci Asia 32:417–419

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anjana, Umar S, Iqbal M (2006) Functional and structural changes associated with cadmium in mustard plant: Effect of applied sulphur. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 37:1205–1217

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anjum F, Yaseen M, Rasul E, Wahid A, Anjum S (2003) Water stress in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.): Effect on chemical composition and chlorophyll contents. Pak J Agric Sci 40:45–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Anjum NA, Sofo A, Scopam A, Roychoudhury A, Gill SS, Iqbal M, Lukatkin AS, Pereira E, Duarte AC, Ahmad I (2015) Lipids and proteins – major targets of oxidative modifications in abiotic stressed plants. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22(6):4099–4121

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anjum NA, Umar S, Iqbal M, Khan NA (2008) Growth characteristics and antioxidant metabolism of mungbean genotypes differing in photosynthetic capacity subjected to water deficit stress. J Plant Interact 3:127–136

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anjum NA, Umar S, Iqbal M, Ahmad I, Pereira ME, Khan NA (2011) Protection of growth and photosynthesis of Brassica juncea genotype with dual type sulfur-transport system against sulfur deprivation by coordinate changes in the activities of sulfur-metabolism enzymes and cysteine and glutathione production. Russ J Plant Physiol 58(5):892–898

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ansari MKA, Ahmad A, Aref IM, Owens G, Iqbal M (2018) Tolerance capacity of Turkish genotypes of barley (Hordeum vulagare L.) for cadmium stress. J Environ Biol 39:1027–1035

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ansari MKA, Ahmad A, Umar S, Iqbal M, Zia MH, Husen A, Owens G (2021) Suitability of Indian mustard genotypes for phytoremediation of mercury-contaminated sites. S Afr J Bot 142:12–18

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ansari MKA, Ahmad A, UmarS ZMH, Iqbal M, Owens G (2015) Genotypic variation in phytoremediation potential of Indian mustard exposed to nickel stress: A hydroponic study. Int J Phytoremediation 17:135–144

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ansari MKA, Anjum NA, Ahmad A, Umar S, Iqbal M (2012) Heavy metals in soil and plants: An overview of arsenic, cadmium, chromium and mercury. In: Anjum NA, Umar S, Ahmad A (eds) Oxidative Stress in Plants: Causes, Consequences and Tolerance. I.K. International Publishing House, New Delhi, pp 499–518

    Google Scholar 

  • Ansari MKA, Shao B-H, Umar S, Ahmad A, Ansari SH, Iqbal M, Owens G (2013a) Screening Indian mustard genotypes for phytoremediating arsenic-contaminated soils. Clean (Weinh) 41(2):195–201

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ansari MKA, Oztetik E, Ahmad A, Umar S, Iqbal M, Owens G (2013b) Identification of the phytoremediation potential of Indian mustard genotypes for copper, evaluated from a hydroponic experiment. Clean (Weinh) 41(8):789–796

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aquil S, Ahmad SH, Reshi ZA, Mahmooduzzafar, Iqbal M (2003) Physiological and biochemical response of Albizia lebbeck Benth. to coal smoke pollution. Pollut Res 22(4):489–493

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arbona V, Manzi M, de Ollas C, Gómez-Cadenas A (2013) Metabolomics as a tool toinvestigate abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Int J Mol Sci 14:4885–4911

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aref IM, Khan PR, Al-Sahli AA, Husen A, Ansari MKA, Mahmooduzzafar, Iqbal M (2016) Response of Datura innoxia Linn. to gamma rays and its impact on plant growth and productivity. Procs Natl Acad Sci India (Biol Sci) 86(3):623–629

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aref MI, Ahmed AI, Khan PR, El-Atta H, Iqbal M (2013a) Drought-induced adaptive changes in the seedling anatomy of Acacia ehrenbergiana and Acacia tortilis subsp. raddiana. Trees Struct Funct 27(4):959–971

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aref MI, El-Atta H, El-Obeid M, Ahmed A, Khan PR, Iqbal M (2013b) Effect of water stress on relative water and chlorophyll contents of Juniperus procera Hochst. ex Endlicher in Saudi Arabia. Life Sci J 10(4):681–685

    Google Scholar 

  • Aref MI, Khan PR, Al-Mefarrej H, Al-Shahrani T, Ismail A, Iqbal M (2014) Cambial periodicity and wood production in Acacia ehrenbergiana Hayne growing on dry sites of Saudi Arabia. J Environ Biol 35(2):301–310

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnao MB, Hernandez-Ruiz J (2006) The physiological function of melatonin in plants. Plant Signal Behav 1:89–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arshi A, Abdin MZ, Iqbal M (2002) Growth and metabolism of Senna as affected by salt stress. Biol Plant 45(1):295–298

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arshi A, Abdin MZ, Iqbal M (2004) Changes in biochemical status and growth performance of Senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.) grown under salt stress. Phytomorphology 54:109–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Arshi A, Abdin MZ, Iqbal M (2005) Ameliorative effects of CaCl2 on growth, ionic relations and proline contentof Senna under salinity stress. J Plant Nutr 28:101–125

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arshi A, Abdin MZ, Iqbal M (2006a) Sennoside content and yield attributes of Cassia angustifolia Vahl. as affected by NaCl and CaCl2. Sci Hortic 111:84–90

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arshi A, Abdin MZ, Iqbal M (2006b) Effect of CaCl2 on growth performance, photosynthetic efficiency and nitrogen assimilation of Cichorium intybus L. grown under NaCl stress. Acta Physiol Plant 28:137–147

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arya AK, Durgapal M, Bachheti A, Deepti, Joshi KK, Gonfa YH, Bachheti RK, Husen A (2022) Ethnomedicinal Use, Phytochemistry, and Other Potential Application of Aquatic and Semiaquatic Medicinal Plants. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2022:4931556

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asfaw TB, Esho TB, Bachheti A, Bachheti RK, Pandey DP, Husen A (2022) Exploring important herbs, shrubs, and trees for their traditional knowledge, chemical derivatives, and potential benefits. In: Husen A (ed) Herbs, shrubs, and trees of potential medicinal benefits. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003205067-1

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ashraf M, Orooj A (2006) Salt stress effects on growth, ion accumulation and seed oil concentration in an arid zone traditional medicinal plant ajwain [Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague]. J Arid Environ 64:209–220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Huqail A, El-Dakak RM, Sanad MN, Badr RH, Ibrahim MM, Soliman D, Khan F (2020) Effect of climate temperature and water stress on plant growth and accumulation of antioxidant compounds in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) leafy vegetables. Australas Sci 2020:12

    Google Scholar 

  • Atique A, Iqbal M, Ghouse AKM (1985a) Use of Annona squamosa and Piper nigrum against diabetes. Fitoterapia 56:190–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Atique A, Iqbal M, Ghouse AKM (1985b) Ethnobotanical study of cluster fig (Ficus racemosa). Fitoterapia 56:236–240

    Google Scholar 

  • Atique A, Iqbal M, Ghouse AKM (1986) Folk-medicinal uses of Ficus bengalensis Linn. and Punica granatum Linn. in northern Uttar Pradesh. Bull Med -ethnobotl Res 6:42–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Aziz A, Martin-Tanguy J, Larher F (1998) Stress-induced changes in polyamine and tyramine levels can regulate proline accumulation in tomato leaf discs treated with sodium chloride. Physiol Plant 104:195–202

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aziz EE, Al-Amier H, Craker LE (2008) Influence of salt stress on growth and essential oil production in peppermint, pennyroyal, and apple mint. Int J Geogr Inf Syst 14:77–87

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baatour OLFA, Zaghdoudi MAHA, Bensalem NADA, Ouerghi AZ (2010) Effects of NaCl on plant growth and antioxidant activities in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.). J Biosci 34(3):683–696

    Google Scholar 

  • Bachheti A, Deepti, Bachheti RK, Husen A (2021) Medicinal plants and their pharmaceutical properties under adverse environmental conditions. In: Husen A (ed) Harsh Environment and Plant Resilience. Springer International Publishing AG, Cham, pp 457–502. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65912-7_19

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Baghalian K, Haghiry A, Naghavi MR, Mohammadi A (2008) Effect of saline irrigation water on agronomical and phytochemical characters of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.). Sci Hortcul 116:437–441

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bagheri R, Bashir H, Ahmad J, Iqbal M, Qureshi MI (2015) Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) modulates its proteome differentially in response to salinity, cadmium and their combination stress. Plant Physiol Biochem 97:235–245

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee A, Roychoudhury A, Krishnamoorthi A (2016) Emerging techniques to decipher microRNAs (miRNAs) and their regulatory role in conferring abiotic stress tolerance of plants. Plant Biotechnol Rep 10:185–205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bashir F, Iqbal M (2014) Lambda-cyhalothrin-induced oxidative stress alters ascorbate-glutathione cycle in Glycine max (L.). Merr Trends Biosci 7(9):703–710

    Google Scholar 

  • Bashir F, Mahmooduzzafar, Siddiqi TO, Iqbal M (2007a) The antioxidative response system in Glycine max (L.) Merr. exposed to Deltamethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide. Environ Pollut 147:94–100

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bashir F, Mahmooduzzafar, Siddiqi TO, Iqbal M (2014) Alphamethrin (a synthetic pyrethroid)-induced oxidative stress and antioxidant-defence mechanism in Glycine max (L.) Merr. Int J Agric Sci 5(1):27–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Bashir F, Siddiqi TO, Mahmooduzzafar, Iqbal M (2007b) Effects of different concentrations of mancozeb on the morphology and anatomy of Lens culinaris L. Ind J Environ Sci 11:71–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Bashir H, Qureshi MI, Ibrahim AM, Iqbal M (2015) Chloroplast and photosystems: impact of cadmium and iron deficiency. Photosynthetica 53(3):321–335

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beshah F, Hunde Y, Getachew M, Bachheti RK, Husen A, Bachheti A (2020) Ethnopharmacological, phytochemistry and other potential applications of Dodonaea genus: a comprehensive review. Curr Res Biotechnol 2:103–119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beigh SY, Iqbal M, Nawchoo IA (2002a) Seed germination and seedling survival of Aconitum heterophyllum, an endangered medicinal plant of the northwest Himalaya. Indian J Plant Physiol 7(2):109–113

    Google Scholar 

  • Beigh SY, Nawchoo IA, Iqbal M (2002b) Herbal drugs in India: Past and present uses. J Trop Med Plants 3:197–204

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhat M, Ahmad S, Aslam J, Mujib A, Mahmooduzzfar (2008) Salinity stress enhances production of solasodine in Solanum nigrum L. Chem Pharm Bull 56(1):17–21

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhatla R, Tripathi A (2014) The study of rainfall and temperature variability over Varanasi. Int J Earth Atmos Sci 1:90–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Bita CE, Gerats T (2013) Plant tolerance to high temperature in a changing environment: scientific fundamentals and production of heat stress-tolerant crops. Front Plant Sci 4:273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bor M, Seckin B, Ozgur R, Yilmaz O, Ozdemir F, Turkan I (2009) Comparative effects of drought, salt, heavy metal and heat stresses on gamma-aminobutryric acid levels of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Acta Physiol Plant 31:655–659

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bourgou S, Kchouk ME, Bellila A, Marzouk B (2010) Effect of salinity on phenolic composition and biological activity of Nigella sativa. Acta Hortic 853:57–60

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brachet J, Cosson L (1986) Changes in the total alkaloid content of Datura innoxia Mill. subjected to salt stress. J Exp Bot 37:650–656

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cao H, Jiang Y, Chen J, Zhang H, Huang W, Li L, Zhang W (2009) Arsenic accumulation in Scutellariabaicalensis Georgi and its effects on plant growth and pharmaceutical components. J Hazard Mater 171:508–513

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chalker-Scott L (1999) Environmental significance of anthocyanins in plant stress responses. Photochem Photobiol 70:1–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chan K, Koay SS, Boey PL, Bhatt A (2010) Effects of abiotic stress on biomass and anthocyanin production in cell cultures of Melastoma malabathricum L. Biol Res 43:127–135

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang X, Alderson PG, Wright CJ (2009) Enhanced UV-B radiation alters basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) growth and stimulates the synthesis of volatile oils. J Hortic For 1:027–031

    Google Scholar 

  • Chauhan N, Kumar D (2014) Effect of salinity stress on growth performance of Citronella java. Int J Geol Agric Environ Sci 2:11–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Christiansen JL, Jornsgard B, Buskov S, Olse CE (1997) Effect of drought stress on content and composition of seed alkaloids in narrow-leafed lupin, Lupinus angustifolius L. Eur J Agron 7:307–314

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christie PJ, Alfenito MR, Walbot V (1994) Impact of low-temperature stress on general phenylpropanoid and anthocyanin pathways: Enhancement of transcript abundance and anthocyanin pigmentation in maize seedlings. Planta 194:541–549

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chung CY, Chung PL, Liao SW (2011) Carbon fixation efficiency of plants influenced by sulfur dioxide. Environ Monit Assess 173:701–707

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke SM, Mur LA, Wood JE, Scott IM (2004) Salicylic acid dependent signaling promotes basal thermo tolerance but is not essential for acquired thermo tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 38:432–447

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cleland EE, Allen JM, Crimmins TM (2012) Phenological tracking enables positive species responses to climate change. Ecology 93:1765–1771

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coba O, Baydar NG (2016) Brassinosteroid effect on some physical and biochemical properties and secondary metabolite accumulation in peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) under salt stress. Ind Crop Prod 86:251–258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daneshmand F, Arvin MJ, Kalantari KM (2010) Physiological responses to NaCl stress in three wild species of potato in vitro. Acta Physiol Plant 32:91–101

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Abreu IN, Mazzafera P (2005) Effect of water and temperature stress on the content of active constituents of Hypericum brasiliense Choisy. Plant Physiol Biochem 43:241–248

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deepti, Bachheti AJ, Bhalla P, Bachheti RK, Husen A (2022a) Growth and development of medicinal plants, and production of secondary metabolites under ozone pollution. In: Husen A (ed) Environmental pollution and medicinal plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 25–45. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003178866-2

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Deepti, Bachheti AJ, Chauhan K, Bachheti RK, Husen H (2022b) Impact of UV radiation on the growth and pharmaceutical properties of medicinal plants. In: Husen A (ed) Environmental pollution and medicinal plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 47–64. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003178866-3

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Del Moral R (1972) On the variability of chlorogenic acid concentration. Oecologia 9:289–300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dhawan NG, Umar S, Siddiqi TO, Iqbal M (2011) Nitrogen assimilation and yield of Lepedium sativum L. as affected by potassium availability. J Funct Environ Bot 1:1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dhir B, Mahmooduzzafar, Siddiqi TO, Iqbal M (2001) Stomatal and photosynthetic responses of Cichorium intybus leaves to sulphur dioxide treatment at different stages of plant development. J Plant Biol 44:97–102

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dhir B, Sharma MP, Mahmooduzzafar, Iqbal M (1999) Form and function of Achyranthes aspera Linn. under air pollution stress. J Environ Biol 20:19–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Diwan H, Ahmad A, Iqbal M (2010a) Chromium-induced modulation in the antioxidant defense system during phenological growth stages of Indian mustard. Int J Phytoremediation 12:142–158

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diwan H, Ahmad A, Iqbal M (2010b) Uptake-related parameters as indices of phytoremediation potential. Biologia 65(6):1004–1011

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diwan H, Ahmad A, Iqbal M (2012) Characterization of chromium toxicity in food crops and their role in phytoremediation. J Bioremed Biodegr 3(8):159

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dolzhenko Y, Bertea CM, Occhipinti A, Bossi S, Maffei ME (2010) UV-B modulates the interplay between terpenoids and flavonoids in peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.). J Photochem Photobiol 100:67–75

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dordas C (2009) Foliar application of calcium and magnesium improves growth, yield, and essential oil yield of oregano (Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum). Ind Cropsand Prod 29:599–608

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Embiale A, Hussein M, Husen A, Sahile S, Mohammed K (2016) Differential Sensitivity of Pisum sativum L. cultivars to water-deficit stress: changes in growth, water status, chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange attributes. J Agron 15:45–57

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fahn A, Werker E (1990) Seasonal cambial activity. In: Iqbal M (ed) The Vascular Cambium. Research Studies Press, Ltd. Somerset Taunton, and John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, pp 139–158

    Google Scholar 

  • Fazal H, Abbasi BH, Ahmad N, Ali M (2016) Elicitation of medicinally important antioxidant secondary metabolites with silver and gold nanoparticles in Callus cultures of Prunella vulgaris L. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 180:1076–1092

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ganai AH, Pandey R, Kumar MN, Chinnusamy V, Iqbal M, Ahmad A (2020) Metabolite profiling and network analysis reveal coordinated changes in low-N tolerant and low-N sensitive maize genotypes under nitrogen deficiency and restoration conditions. Plan Theory 9(1459):23

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Sanchez S, Bernales I, Cristobal S (2015) Early response to nanoparticles in the Arabidopsis transcriptome compromises plant defence and root-hair development through salicylic acid signalling. BMC Genomics 16:341

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gauba N, Mahmooduzzafar, Siddiqi TO, Umar S, Iqbal M (2007) Leaf biochemistry of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. at different stages of plant development as affected by mercury treatment. J Environ Biol 28:303–306

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Getnet Z, Husen A, Fetene M, Yemata G (2015) Growth, water status, physiological, biochemical and yield response of stay green sorghum {Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench} varieties-a field trial under drought-prone area in Amhara regional state, Ethiopia. J Agron 14:188–202

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghouse AKM, Iqbal M (1982) A comparative study of sapwood structure in Acacia nilotica and Prosopis spicigera with respect to seasonal variation. J Tree Sci 1:50–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghouse AKM, Mahmooduzzafar, Iqbal M, Dastgiri M (1989) Effect of coal-smoke pollution on the stem anatomy of Cajanus cajan (L.) Mill. Ind J Appl Pure Biol 4:147–149

    Google Scholar 

  • Gizińska A, Moidek A, Wilczek A, Włoch W, Iqbal M (2015) Wood porosity as an adaptation to environmental conditions. Nat J 48:34–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffith M, Yaish MWF (2004) Antifreeze proteins in overwintering plants: a tale of two activities. Trends Plant Sci 9:399–405

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Groppa MD, Tomaro ML, Benavides MP (2001) Polyamines as protectors against cadmium or copper-induced oxidative damage in sunflower leaf discs. Plant Sci 161:481–488

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta MC, Iqbal M (2005) Ontogenetic histological changes in the wood of mango (Mangifera indica L. cv Deshi) exposed to coal-smoke pollution. Environ Exp Bot 54:248–255

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hagemeyer J (1999) Ecophysiology of plant growth under heavy metal stress. In: Prasad MNV, Hagemeyer J (eds) Heavy Metal Stress in Plants. Springer, Berlin, p 222

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagimori M, Matsumoto T, Obi Y (1982) Studies on the production of Digitalis cardenolides by plant tissue culture III. Effects of nutrients on digitoxin formation by shoot-forming cultures of Digitalis purpurea L. grown in liquid media. Plant Cell Physiol 23:1205–1211

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haifa A, Alhaithloul S (2019) Impact of combined heat and drought stress on the potential growth responses of the desert grass Artemisia sieberi alba: Relation to biochemical and molecular adaptation. Plan Theory 8:416–440

    Google Scholar 

  • Hakeem KR, Chandana R, Ahmad P, Iqbal M, Ozturk M (2012) Relevance of proteomic investigations in plant abiotic stress physiology. OMICS 16(11):621–635

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hakeem KR, Chandna R, Rehman R, Tahir I, Sabir M, Iqbal M (2013) Unravelling salt stress in plants through proteomics. In: Ahmad P, Azooz MM, Prasad MNV (eds) Salt stress in plants: signalling, omics and adaptations. Springer, Berlin, pp 47–61

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hasanuzzaman M, Nahar K, Alam MM, Roychowdhury R, Fujita M (2013) Physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of heat stress tolerance in plants. Int J Mol Sci 14:9643–9684

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hatfield JL, Prueger JH (2015) Temperature extremes: effect on plant growth and development. Weather and Climate Extremes 10:4–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hawrylak B, Matraszek R, Szymanska M (2007) Response of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) to selenium in nutrient solution contaminated with nickel. Veg Crops Res Bull 67:63

    Google Scholar 

  • He X, Huang W, Chen W, Dong T, Liu C, Chen Z (2009) Changes of main secondary metabolites in leaves of Ginkgo biloba in response to ozone fumigation. J Environ Sci (China) 21:199–203

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hernández I, Alegre L, Munne-Bosch S (2006) Enhanced oxidation of flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidin accumulation in water-stressed tea plants. Phytochemistry 67:1120–1126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang W, He XY, Liu CB, Li DW (2010) Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and ozone on foliar flavonoids of Ginkgo biloba. Adv Mater Res 113:165–169

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Husen A (2021a) Harsh environment and plant resilience (molecular and functional aspects). Springer Nature, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65912-7

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Husen A (2021b) Plant performance under environmental stress (hormones, biostimulants and sustainable plant growth management). Springer Nature, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78521-5

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Husen A (2021c) Morpho-anatomical, physiological, biochemical and molecular responses of plants to air pollution. In: Husen A (ed) Harsh Environment and Plant Resilience. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 203–234

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Husen A (2022a) Environmental pollution and medicinal plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003178866

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Husen A (2022b) Herbs, Shrubs and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003205067

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Husen A (2022c) Exploring Poisonous Plants: Medicinal Values, Toxicity Response and Other Potential Uses. Taylor & Francis Group

    Google Scholar 

  • Husen A (2022d) Plants and their interaction to environmental pollution (damage detection, adaptation, tolerance, physiological and molecular responses). Elsevier Inc., Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Husen A, Ali ST, Mahmooduzzafar, Iqbal M (1999) Structural, functional and biochemical responses of Datura innoxia Mill. to coal-smoke pollution. Proc Acad Environl Biol 8:61–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Husen A, Bachheti RK, Bachheti A (2021) Non-Timber Forest Products (Food, Healthcare and Industrial Applications). Springer Nature, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73077-2

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Husen A, Iqbal M (2004) Growth performance of Datura innoxia Mill. under the stress of coal-smoke pollution. Ann For 12:182–190

    Google Scholar 

  • Husen A, Iqbal M (2019) Nanomaterials and Plant Potential: An overview. In: Husen A, Iqbal M (eds) Nanomaterials and Plant Potential. Springer Nature, Cham, pp 3–29

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Husen A, Iqbal M (2021) Plant-based potential nutraceuticals for improving the human immune system. In: Husen A (ed) Traditional Herbal Therapy for the Human Immune System. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 1–11

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Husen A, Iqbal M, Aref IM (2014) Growth, water status and leaf characteristics of Brassica carinata under drought and rehydration conditions. Braz J Bot 37(3):217–227

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Husen A, Iqbal M, Aref IM (2016) IAA-induced alteration in growth and photosynthesis of pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants grown under salt stress. J Environ Biol 37(3):421–429

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Husen A, Iqbal M, Aref IM (2017) Plant growth and foliar characteristics of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) as affected by indole-acetic acid under water-sufficient and water-deficient conditions. J Environ Biol 38(2):179–186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Husen A, Iqbal M, Khanam N, Aref IM, Sohrab SS, Masresha G (2019) Modulation of salt-stress tolerance of Niger (Guizotia abyssinica), an oilseed plant, by application of salicylic acid. J Environ Biol 40(1):96–104

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Husen A, Iqbal M, Sohrab SS, Ansari MKA (2018) Salicylic acid alleviates salinity-caused damage to foliar functions, plant growth and antioxidant system in Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinataA. Br.). Agric Food Sec 7:14

    Google Scholar 

  • Hussain K, Majeed A, Nawaz KH, Khizar HB, Nisar MF (2009) Effect of different levels of salinity on growth and ion contents of black seeds (Nigella sativa L.). Curr Res J Biol Sci 1:135–138

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hussein M, Embiale A, Husen A, Aref IM, Iqbal M (2017) Salinity-induced modulation of plant growth and photosynthetic parameters in faba bean (Vicia faba) cultivars. Pak J Bot 49(3):867–877

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Idso S, Kimball B, Pettit G (2000) Effects of atmospheric CO2 enrichment on the growth and development of Hymenocallis littoralis (amaryllidaceae) and the concentrations of several antineoplastic and antiviral constituents of its bulbs. Am J Bot 87(6):769–773

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iqbal M (1994) Structural and operational specializations of the vascular cambium of seed plants. In: Iqbal M (ed) Growth Patterns in Vascular Plants. Dioscorides Press, Portland, pp 211–271

    Google Scholar 

  • Iqbal M (1995) Structure and behaviour of vascular cambium and the mechanism and control of cambial growth. In: Iqbal M (ed) The Cambial Derivatives. Gebrüder Borntraeger, Stuttgart, pp 1–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Iqbal M, Abdin MZ, Mahmooduzzafar YM, Agrawal M (1996) Resistance mechanism in plants against air pollution. In: Yunus M, Iqbal M (eds) Plant Response to Air Pollution: 195–240. John Willey & Sons, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  • Iqbal M, Ahmad A (2014) Current Trends in Medicinal Botany. IK International, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Iqbal M, Ahmad A, Ansari MKA, Qureshi MI, Aref MI, Khan PR, Hegazy SS, El-Atta H, Husen A, Hakeem KR (2015) Improving the phytoextraction capacity of plants to scavenge metal(loid)-contaminated sites. Environ Rev 23(1):44–65

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iqbal M, Ahmad A, Siddiqi TO (2011a) Characterization of controversial plant drugs and effect of changing environment on active ingredients. In: Ahmad A, Siddiqi TO, Iqbal M (eds) Medicinal Plants in Changing Environment: 1–10. Capital Publishing Company, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Iqbal M, Ahmad Z, Kabeer I, Mahmooduzzafar, Kalimullah (1986) Stem anatomy of Datura innoxia Mill. in relation to coal-smoke pollution. J Sci Res 8:103–105

    Google Scholar 

  • Iqbal M, Ali ST, Mahmooduzzafar (2000a) Photosynthetic performance of certain dicotyledonous tropical plants under degraded environment. In: Khan MA, Farooq S (eds) Environment, Biodiversity and Conservation: 408–427, Kashmir University, Srinagar. APH Publishing Corporation, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Iqbal M, Bano R, Wali B (2005) Plant growth responses to air pollution. In: Chaturvedi SN, Singh KP (eds) Plant Biodiversity, Microbial Interaction and Environmental Biology. Avishkar Publishers, Jaipur, pp 166–188

    Google Scholar 

  • Iqbal M, Ghouse AKM (1980) Acacia nilotica (L) Willd. - an ideal tree form of arid zone. Ann Arid Zone 19:481–483

    Google Scholar 

  • Iqbal M, Ghouse AKM (1985) Impact of climatic variation on the structure and activity of vascular cambium in Prosopis spicigera. Flora 177:147–156

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iqbal M, Jura-Morawiec J, Wloch W, Mahmooduzzafar (2010c) Foliar characteristics, cambial activity and wood formation in Azadirachta indica A. Juss. as affected by coal-smoke pollution. Flora 205:61–71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iqbal M, Khudsar T (2000) Heavy metal stress and forest cover: Plant performance as affected by cadmium toxicity. In: Kohli RK, Singh HP, Vij SP, Dhir KK, Batish DR, Khurana DK (eds) Man and Forests. DNES, IUFRO, ISTS, and Punjab University, Chandigarh, pp 85–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Iqbal M, Mahmooduzzafar, Abdin MZ (2000b) Studies on Anatomical, Physiological and Biochemical Response of Trees to Coal-smoke Pollution around a Thermal Power Plant. Research Project 14/62/89-MAB/Re, Ministry of Environment & Forests (Govt. of India), pp. 335

    Google Scholar 

  • Iqbal M, Mahmooduzzafar, Aref IM, Khan PR (2010a) Behavioural responses of leaves and vascular cambium of Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce to different regimes of coal-smoke pollution. J Plant Interact 5(2):117–133

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iqbal M, Mahmooduzzafar, Ghouse AKM (1987a) Anatomical responses of Achyranthes aspera L. to air pollution. Ind J Appl Pure Biol 2:23–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Iqbal M, Mahmooduzzafar, Kabeer I, Kaleemullah, Ahmad Z (1987b) The effect of air pollution on the stem anatomy of Lantana camara L. J Sci Res 9:121–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Iqbal M, Mahmooduzzafar, Nighat F, Aref IM (2011b) Composition of seed oils of Peristrophe bicalyculata and Ruellia tuberosa as affected by coal-smoke stress. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment 9(3 & 4):1101–1104

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iqbal M, Mahmooduzzafar, Nighat F, Khan PR (2010b) Photosynthetic, metabolic and growth responses of Triumfetta rhomboidea to coal-smoke pollution at different stages of plant ontogeny. J Plant Interact 5(1):11–19

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iqbal M, Parveen R, Parveen A, Parveen B, Aref IM (2018) Establishing the botanical identity of plant drugs based on their active ingredients under diverse growth conditions. J Environ Biol 39(1):123–136

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iqbal M, Srivastava PS, Siddiqi TO (2000c) Anthropogenic stresses in the environment and their consequences. In: Iqbal M, Srivastava PS, Siddiqi TO (eds) Environmental Hazards: Plants and People. CBS Publishers, New Delhi, pp 1–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Jagadish SVK, Craufurd PQ, Wheeler TR (2008) Phenotyping parents of mapping populations of rice (Oryza sativa L.) for heat tolerance during anthesis. Crop Sci 48:1140–1146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jaleel CA, Lakshmanan GMA, Gomathinayagam M, Panneerselvam R (2008a) Triadimefon induced salt stress tolerance in Withaniasomniferaand its relationship to antioxidant defense system. S Afr J Bot 74:126–132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jaleel CA, Sankar B, Sridharan R, Panneerselvam R (2008b) Soil salinity alters growth, chlorophyll content, and secondary metabolite accumulation in Catharanthus roseus. Turk J Biol 32:79–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Janska A, Marsik P, Zelenkova S, Ovesna J (2010) Cold stress and acclimation – what is important for metabolic adjustment? Plant Biol 12:395–405

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jasim B, Thomas R, Mathew J, Radhakrishnan EK (2017) Plant growth and diosgenin enhancement effect of silver nanoparticles in Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). Saudi Pharmaceut J 25:443–447

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jabeen R, Ahmad A, Iqbal M (2009) Phytoremediation of heavy metals: physiological and molecular aspects. Bot Rev 75:339–364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jin R, Wang Y, Liu R, Gou J, Chan Z (2015) Physiological and metabolic changes of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) in response to drought, heat, and combined stresses. Front Plant Sci 6:1123

    Google Scholar 

  • Jochum GM, Mudge KW, Thomas RB (2007) Elevated temperatures increase leaf senescence and root secondary metabolite concentration in the understory herb Panax quinquefolius (Araliaceae). Am J Bot 94:819–826

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kainulainen P, Holopainen JK, Holopainen T (1998) The influence of elevated CO2 and O3 concentrations on Scot pine needles: changes in starch and secondary metabolites over three exposure years. Oecologia 114:45560

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karousou R, Grammatikopoulos G, Lanaras T, Manetas Y, Kokkini S (1998) Effect of enhanced UV-B radiation on Mentha spicata essential oil. Phytochemistry 49:2273–2277

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaur G, Chandna R, Pandey R, Abrol YP, Iqbal M, Ahmad A (2011) Sulfur starvation and restoration affect nitrate uptake and assimilation in rapeseed. Protoplasma 248:299–311

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaur T, Bhat HA, Bhat R, Kumar A (2015) Physio-chemical and antioxidant profiling of Salvia sclarea L. at different climates in north-western Himalayas. Acta Physiol Plant 37:1–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan MI, Fatma M, Per TS, Anjum NA, Khan NA (2015) Salicylic acid-induced abiotic stress tolerance and underlying mechanisms in plants. Front Plant Sci 6:462

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khan MN, Siddiqui MH, Mohammad F, Naeem M, Khan MMA (2010) Calcium chloride and gibberellic acid protect linseed (Linum usitatissimumL.) from NaCl stress by inducing antioxidative defence system and osmoprotectant accumulation. Acta Physiol Plant 32:121–132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khudsar T, Mahmooduzzafar, Iqbal M (2001) Cadmium-induced change in leaf epidermes, photosynthetic rate and pigment concentrations in Cajanus cajan. Biol Plant 44:59–64

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim SI, Kim JY, Kim EA, Kwon K-H, Kim K-W, Cho K, Lee JH, Nam MH, Yang D-C, Yoo JS, Park YM (2003) Proteome analysis of hairy root from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer using peptide fingerprinting, internal sequencing and expressed sequence tag data. Proteomics 3(12):2379–2392

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ksouri R, Megdiche W, Debez A, Falleh H, Grignon C, Abdelly C (2007) Salinity effects on polyphenol content and antioxidant activities in leaves of the halophyte Cakile maritima. Plant Physiol Biochem 45:244–249

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar A, Abrol E, Koul S, Vyas D (2012) Seasonal low temperature plays an important role in increasing metabolic content of secondary metabolites in Withaniasomnifera(L.) Dunal and affects the time of harvesting. Acta Physiol Plant 34:2027–2031

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar SV, Wigge PA (2010) H2A. Z-containing nucleosomes mediate the thermosensory response in Arabidopsis. Cell 140:136–147

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumari R, Agrawal SB, Sarkar A (2009b) Evaluation of changes in oil cells and composition of essential oil in lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf) due to supplemental ultraviolet–B irradiation. Curr Sci 97:1137–1142

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumari R, Agrawal SB, Singh S, Dubey NK (2009a) Supplemental ultraviolet-B induced changes in essential oil composition and total phenolics of Acorus calamus L (Sweet flag). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 72:2013–2019

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larson RA (1988) The antioxidants of higher plants. Phytochemistry 27:969–978

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Law RD, Crafts-Brandner SJ, Salvucci ME (2001) Heat stress induces the synthesis of a new form of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activase in cotton leaves. Planta 214:117–125

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li TSC, Mazza G, Cottrell AC, Gao L (1996) Ginsenosides in roots and leaves of American ginseng. J Agric Food Chem 44:717–720

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li X, Gong B, Xu K (2014) Interaction of nitric oxide and polyamines involves antioxidants and physiological strategies against chilling-induced oxidative damage in Zingiber officinale Roscoe. Sci Hortic 170:237–248

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liang B, Huang X, Zhang G, Zhang F, Zhou Q (2006) Effect of lanthanum on plants under supplementary ultraviolet-B radiation: Effect of lanthanum on flavonoid contents in Soybean seedlings exposed to supplementary ultraviolet-B radiation. J Rare Earths 24:613–616

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lianopoulou V, Bosabalidis AM (2014) Traits of seasonal dimorphism associated with adaptation to cold stress in Origanum dictamnusL. (Lamiaceae). Journal of Biological Research (Greece) 21:1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Lianopoulou V, Bosabalidis AM, Panteris E (2014a) Effects of chilling stress on leaf morphology, anatomy, ultrastructure, gas exchange, and essential oils in the seasonally dimorphic plant Teucrium polium (Lamiaceae). Acta Physiol Plant 36:2271–2281

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lianopoulou V, Patakas A, Bosabalidis AM (2014b) Seasonal dimorphism and winter chilling stress in Thymus sibthorpii. Biol Plant 58:139–146

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin JT, Chen SL, Liu SC, Yang DJ (2009) Effect of harvest time on saponins in Yam (Dioscorea pseudojaponica Yamamoto). J Food Drug Anal 17:116–122

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu H, Wang X, Wang D, Zou Z, Liang Z (2011) Effect of drought stress on growth and accumulation of active constituents in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Ind Crop Prod 33:146–151

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahajan S, Tuteja N (2005) Cold, salinity and drought stresses: An overview. Arch Biochem Biophys 444:139–158

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahmooduzzafar, Hegazy SS, Aref IM, Iqbal M (2010) Anatomical changes in the wood of syzygium cumini exposed to coal-smoke pollution. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment 8(3–4):959–964

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahmooduzzafar, Iqbal M, Ghouse AKM (1987) Impact of air pollution on the anatomy of Cassia occidentalis L. and Cassia tora L. Ind J Appl Pure Biol 2:45–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahmooduzzafar, Lone FA, Iqbal M (1992) Effect of air pollution on different tissue systems in Phyllanthus rhamnoides Retz. Acta Bot Ind 20:68–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahmooduzzafar, Nighat F, Iqbal M (2003) Carbon assimilation, partitioning and bioaccumulation in Ruellia tuberosa plants under coal-smoke pollution. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 29:215–223

    Google Scholar 

  • Majid U, Mahmooduzzafar, Siddiqi TO, Aref IM, Iqbal M (2013) Quantitative changes in proteins, pigments and sennosides of Cassia angustifolia Vahl. treated with Mancozeb. Pak J Bot 45(5):1509–1514

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Majid U, Mahmooduzzafar, Siddiqi TO, Iqbal M (2014) Antioxidant response of Cassia angustifolia Vahl. to oxidative stress caused by fungicide Mancozeb, a pyrethroid fungicide. Acta Physiol Plant 36:307–314

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marslin G, Sheeba CJ, Franklin G (2017) Nanoparticles alter secondary metabolism in plants via ROS burst. Front Plant Sci 8:832

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mehindirata S, Mahmooduzzafar, Siddiqi TO, Iqbal M (2000) Cadmium-induced changes in growth and structure of root and stem of Solanum melongena L. Phytomorphology 50:243–251

    Google Scholar 

  • Meiri D, Tazat K, Cohen-Peer R, Farchi-Pisanty O, Aviezer-Hagai K, Avni A, Breiman A (2010) Involvement of Arabidopsis ROF2 (FKBP65) in thermotolerance. Plant Mol Biol 72:191–203

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Memon AR (2016) Metal hyperaccumulators: Mechanism of hyperaccumulation and metal tolerance. In: Ansari AA, Gill SS, Gill R, Lanza GR, Newman L (eds) Phytoremediation: Management of Environmental Contaminants, vol 3. Springer International Publishing, Switzerland, pp 239–268

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Miceli A, Moncada A, D’Anna F (2003) Effect of water salinity on seeds-germination of OcimumbasilicumL., Eruca sativa L. and Petroselinum hortenseHoffm. Acta Hortculturae (ISHS) 609:365–370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mir BA, Mir SA, Khazir J, Tonfack LB, Cowan DA, Vyas D, Koul S (2015) Cold stress affects antioxidative response and accumulation of medicinally important withanolides in Withaniasomnifera (L.). Dunal. Ind Crop Prod 74:1008–1016

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra MK, Chaturvedi P, Singh R, Singh G, Sharma LK, Pandey V, Kumari N, Misra P (2013) Overexpression of WsSGTL1 gene of Withaniasomniferaenhances salt tolerance, heat tolerance and cold acclimation ability in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. PLoS One 8:e63064

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra T (2016) Climate change and production of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants: a review. International Journal of Herbal Medicines 4:27–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Mittler R, Finka A, Goloubinoff P (2012) How do plants feel the heat? Trends Biochem Sci 37:118–125

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moghbeli E, Fathollahi S, Salari H, Ahmadi G (2012) Effects of salinity stress on growth and yield of Aloe vera L. J Med Plants Res 6:3272–3277

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morales C, Cusido RM, Palazon J, Bonfill M (1993) Response of Digitalis purpurea plants to temporary salinity. J Plant Nutr 16:327–335

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morison JIL, Lawlor DW (1999) Interactions between increasing CO2 concentration and temperature on plant growth. Plant Cell Environ 22:659–682

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murch SJ, Alan AR, Cao J, Saxena PK (2009) Melatonin and serotonin in flowers and fruits of Datura metel L. J Pineal Res 47:277–283

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murch SJ, Saxena PK (2002) Mammalian neurohormones: potential significance in reproductive physiology of St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatumL.). Naturwissenschaften 89:555–560

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mutlu F, Bozcuk S (2007) Salinity-induced changes of free and bound polyamine levels in sunflower (Helianthus annuus) roots differing in salt tolerance. Pak J Bot 39:1097–1102

    Google Scholar 

  • Nacif de Abreu I, Mazzafera P (2005) Effect of water and temperature stress on the content of active constituents of Hypericum brasiliense Choisy. Plant Physiol Biochem 43:241–248

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naeem M, Idrees M, Khan MMA (2009) Calcium ameliorates photosynthetic capacity, nitrate reductase and carbonic anhydrase activities, nitrogen assimilation, yield and quality attributes of Cassia sopheraL. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 15:237–247

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nasim SA, Dhir B (2010) Heavy Metals alter the potency of medicinal plants. In: Whitacre DM (ed) Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology, reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology, p 203

    Google Scholar 

  • Navarro JM, Flores P, Garrido C, Martinez V (2006) Changes in the contents of antioxidant compounds in pepper fruits at ripening stages, as affected by salinity. Food Chem 96:66–73

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neffati M, Marzouk B (2009) Erratum to “Changes in essential oil and fatty acid composition in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) leaves under saline conditions” [Ind. Crops Prod. 28 (2) (2008) 137–142]. Ind Crop Prod 29(2):657–657

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nighat F, Mahmooduzzafar, Iqbal M (1999) Foliar responses of Peristrophe bicalyculata to coal-smoke pollution. J Plant Biol 42:205–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nighat F, Mahmooduzzafar, Iqbal M (2000) Stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, and pigment content in Ruellia tuberosa leaves as affected by coal-smoke pollution. Biol Plant 43:263–267

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nighat F, Mahmooduzzafar, Iqbal M (2008) Coal-smoke pollution modifies physio-chemical characterstics of tissues during the ontogeny of Peristrophe bycalyculata. Biologia 63(6):1128–1134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noor JJ, Vinayan MT, Umar S, Devi P, Iqbal M, Seetharam K, Zaidi PH (2019) Morpho-physiological traits associated with heat stress tolerance in tropical maize (Zea mays L.) at the reproductive stage. Aust J Crop Sci 13(4):536–545

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nourimand M, Mohsenzadeh S, Silva JATD (2012) Physiological responses of fennel seedling to four environmental stresses. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology 36(1):37–46

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nowak M, Manderscheid R, Weigel HJ, Kleinwächter M, Selmar D (2010) Drought stress increases the accumulation of monoterpenes in sage (Salvia officinalis), an effect that is compensated by elevated carbon dioxide concentration. J Appl Bot Food Qual 83:133–136

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Obrenovic S (1990) Effect of Cu (11) D-penicillanine on phytochrome mediated betacyanin formation in Amaranthus caudatus seedlings. Plant Physiol Biochem 28:639–646

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Osman MEH, Elfeky SS, El-Soud KA, Hasan AM (2007) Response of Catharanthus roseus shoots to salinity and drought in relation to vincristine alkaloid content. Asian J Plant Sci 6:1223–1228

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parida AK, Das AB (2005) Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants: a review. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 60:324–349

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parveen A, Ahmad M, Parveen B, Parveen R, Iqbal M (2022) The traditional system of Unani medicine, its origin, evolution and Indianization: A critical appraisal. Indian J Tradit Knowl 21(3):511–521

    Google Scholar 

  • Parveen A, Parveen R, Akhatar A, Parveen B, Siddiqui KM, Iqbal M (2020a) Concepts and quality considerations in Unani system of medicine. J AOAC Int 103:609–633

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parveen B, Parveen A, Parveen R, Ahmad S, Ahmad M, Iqbal M (2020b) Challenges and opportunities for traditional herbal medicine today, with special reference to its status in India. Annals of Phytomedicine 9(2):97–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Pedranzani H, Sierra-de-Grado R, Vigliocco A, Miersch O, Abdala G (2003) Cold and water stresses produce changes in endogenous jasmonates in two populations of Pinus pinasterAit. Plant Growth Regul 52:111–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peerzada YY, Iqbal M (2021) Leaf senescence and ethylenesignaling. In: Aftab T, Hakeem KR (eds) Plant Growth Regulators – Signalling under Stress Conditions. Springer Nature, Cham, pp 153–171

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Petropoulos SA, Daferera D, Polissiou MG, Passam HC (2008) The effect of water deficit stress on the growth, yield and composition of essential oils of parsley. Sci Hortic 115:393–397

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petrusa LM, Winicov I (1997) Proline status in salt tolerant and salt sensitive alfalfa cell lines and plants in response to NaCl. Plant Physiol Biochem 35:303–310

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pimm SL (2009) Climate disruption and biodiversity. Curr Biol 19:R595–R601

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Price AH, Taylor A, Ripley SJ, Griffiths A, Trewavas AJ, Knight MR (1994) Oxidative signals in tobacco increase cytosolic calcium. Plant Cell 6:1301–1310

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Queslati S, Karray-Bouraoui N, Attia H, Rabhi M, Ksouri R, Lachaal M (2010) Physiological and antioxidant responses of Mentha pulegium (Pennyroyal) to salt stress. Acta Physiol Plant 32:289–296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qureshi MI, Abdin MZ, Ahmad J, Iqbal M (2013) Effect of long-term salinity on cellular antioxidants, compatible solute and fatty acid profile of Sweet annie (Artemisia annua L.). Phytochemistry 95:215–223

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qureshi MI, Bashir H, Ahmad J, Bagheri R, Baig A, Iqbal M (2015) Molecular mechanism of plant proteome adaptations to abiotic stress. Nat India 7:40

    Google Scholar 

  • Qureshi MI, Iqbal M & Abdin MZ (2011) Lead and salinity stress in plants with special reference to Artemissia annua and Cassia angustifolia. In: Ahmad, A, Siddiqi, T.O. & Iqbal, M. (ed.) Medicinal Plants in Changing Environment: 109–139, Capital Publishing Company, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Qureshi MI, Israr M, Abdin MZ, Iqbal M (2005) Responses of Artemisia annua L. to lead and salt-induced oxidative stress. Environ Exp Bot 53:185–193

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rahimtoola S (2004) Digitalis therapy for patients in clinical heart failure. Circulation 109:2942–2946

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman S, Husen A (2021) Potential role of medicinal plants in the cure of liver and kidney diseases. In: Husen A, Bachheti RK, Bachheti A (eds) Non-timber forest products. Springer, Cham, pp 229–254. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73077-2_10

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman S, Husen A (2022) Impact of sulphur dioxide deposition on medicinal plants’ growth and production of active constituents. In: Husen A (ed) Environmental pollution and medicinal plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 65–93. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003178866-4

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Rai V, Khatoon S, Bisht SS, Mehrotra S (2005) Effect of cadmium on growth, ultramorphology of leaf and secondary metabolites of Phyllanthus amarus Schum. and Thonn. Chemosphere 61:1644–1650

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rai V, Vaypayee P, Singh SN, Mehrotra S (2004) Effect of chromium accumulation on photosynthetic pigments, oxidative stress defense system, nitrate reduction, proline level and eugenol content of Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Plant Sci 167:1159–1169

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rai V, Mehrotra S (2008) Chromium-induced changes in ultramorphology and secondary metabolites of Phyllanthus amarus Schum & Thonn., an hepatoprotective plant. Environ Monit Assess 147:307–315

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramakrishna A, Dayananda C, Giridhar P, Rajasekaran T, Ravishankar GA (2011a) Photoperiod influences endogenous indoleamines in cultured green alga Dunaliellabardawil. Indian J Exp Biol 49:234–240

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramakrishna A, Giridhar P, Ravishankar GA (2011b) Phytoserotonin: A review. Plant Signal Behav 6:800–809

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramakrishna A, Ravishankar GA (2011) Influence of abiotic stress signals on secondary metabolites in plants. Plant Signal Behav 6:1720–1731

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rasool S, Rehman MU, Azooz MM, Iqbal M, Siddiqi TO, Ahmad P (2013) Arsenic toxicity and tolerance mechanism in plants: An overview. In: Hakeem KR, Ahmad P, Ozturk M (eds) Crop Improvement: New Approaches and Modern Techniques. Springer, New York, pp 363–378

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Rastogi S, Shah S, Kumar R, Vashisth D, Akhtar MD, Kumar A (2019) Ocimum metabolomics in response to abiotic stresses: Cold, flood, drought and salinity. PLoS One 14(2):0210903

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reda F, Mandoura HMH (2011) Response of enzymes activities, photosynthetic pigments, proline to low or high temperature stressed wheat plant exogenous proline or cysteine. International Journal of Academic Research 3:108–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez M, Canales E, Borrás-Hidalgo O (2005) Molecular aspects of abiotic stress in plants. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 22:1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosemann D, Heller W, Sandermann H (1991) Biochemical plant responses to ozone. II. Induction of stilbene biosynthesis in Scot pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings. Plant Physiol 97:1280–1286

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruhil K, Sheeba, Ahmad A, Iqbal M, Tripathy BC (2015) Photosynthesis and growth responses of Mustard (Brassica juncea L. cv. Pusa Bold) plants to free air carbon-dioxide enrichment (FACE). Protoplasma 252(4):935–946

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saba, Srivastava PS, Iqbal M (1999) In vitro studies and the analysis of bioactive ingredients of Ammi majus L. In: Khan IA, Khanum A (eds) Role of Biotechnology in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, vol II. Ukaaz Publications, Hyderabad, pp 165–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Saema S, Ruchi R, Abhishek S (2016) Ectopic overexpression of WsSGTL1, a sterol glucosyltransferase gene in Withaniasomnifera, promotes growth, enhances glycowithanolide and provides tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses. Plant Cell Rep 35:195–211

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Said-Al Ahl HAH, Omer EA (2011) Medicinal and aromatic plants production under salt stress. A review Herba Polonica 57:72–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Saifullah, Khan MN, Iqbal M, Naeem A, Bibi S, Waraich EA, Dahlawi S (2016) Elemental sulfur improves growth and phytoremediative ability of wheat grown in lead-contaminated calcareous soil. Int J Phytoremediation 18:1022–1028

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakamoto A, Murata N (2002) The role of glycine betaine in the protection of plants from stress: clues from transgenic plants. Plant Cell Environ 25:163–171

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sato S, Kamiyama M, Iwata T, Makita N, Furukawa H, Ikeda H (2006) Moderate increase of mean daily temperature adversely affects fruit set of Lycopersicon esculentum by disrupting specific physiological processes in male reproductive development. Ann Bot 97:731–738

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seigler DS (1998) Plant secondary metabolism. Chapman and Hall (Kluwer Academic Publishers), Boston, MA, p 711

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sevillano L, Sanchez-Ballesta MT, Romojaro F, Flores FB (2009) Physiological, hormonal and molecular mechanisms regulating chilling injury in horticultural species. Postharvest technologies applied to reduce its impact. J Sci Food Agric 89:555–573

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma A, Bachheti A, Sharma P, Bachheti RK, Husen A (2020) Phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, nanoparticle fabrication, commercial products and waste utilization of Carica papaya L.: A comprehensive review. Curr Res Biotechnol 2:145–160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shriya M, Sharma A, Kumari S, Choudhary (2019) Temperature stress mediated consequences on physiology and secondary metabolites of Datura stramonium (L.). Int J Pharm Sci Res 10(6):3085–3091

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siddiqi KS, Husen A (2019) Plant response to jasmonates: current developments and their role in changing environment. Bull Natl Res Centre 43:153. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-019-0195-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siddiqui SN, Umar S, Aref IM, Iqbal M (2016) Growth and yield patterns of chickpea genotypes differing in zinc-accumulating capacity. Int J Agric Biol 18(5):1004–1010

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siddiqui SN, Umar S, Husen A, Iqbal M (2015a) Effect of phosphorus on plant growth and nutrient accumulation in a high and a low-zinc-accumulating chickpea genotype. Ann Phytomed 4(2):102–105

    Google Scholar 

  • Siddiqui SN, Umar S, Iqbal M (2015b) Zinc-induced modulation of some biochemical parameters in a high- and a low-zinc-accumulating genotype of Cicer arietinum L. grown under Zn-deficient condition. Protoplasma 252(5):1335–1345

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh N, Ali G, Soh WY, Iqbal M (2000) Growth responses and hyoscyamine content of Datura innoxia under the influence of coal-smoke pollution. J Plant Biol 43:69–75

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soliz-Guerrero JB, de Rodriguez DJ, Rodriguez-Garcia R, Angulo-Sanchez JL, Mendez-Padilla G (2002) Quinoasaponins: concentration and composition analysis. In: Janick J, Whipkey A (eds) Trends in new crops and new uses. ASHS Press, Alexandria, pp 110–114

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuhlfauth T, Fock H (1990) Effect of whole season CO2 enrichment on the cultivation of a medicinal plant, Digitalis lanata. J Agron Crop Sci 164:168–173

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stuhlfauth T, Klug K, Fock H (1987) The production of secondary metabolites by Digitalis lanataduring CO2 enrichment and water stress. Phytochemistry 26(10):2735–2739

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swanepoel JW, Kruger GHJ, Van Heerden PDR (2007) Effects of sulphur dioxide on photosynthesis in the succulent Augea capensis Thunb. J Arid Environ 70:208–221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Szabo B, Tyihak E, Szabo LG, Botz L (2003) Mycotoxin and drought stress induced change of alkaloid content of Papaver somniferum plantlets. Acta Bot Hungar 45:409–417

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szakiel A, Paczkowski C, Henry M (2011) Influence of environmental abiotic factors on the content of saponins in plants. Phytochem Rev 10:471–491

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tabatabaie SJ, Nazari J (2007) Influence of nutrient concentration and NaCl salinity on growth, photosynthesis and essential oil content of peppermint and lemon verbena. Turkish J Agric 31:245–253

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tan DX, Manchester LC, Helton P, Reiter RJ (2007) Phytoremediative capacity of plants enriched with melatonin. Plant Signal Behav 2:514–516

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tari I, Kiss G, Deer AK, Csiszar J, Erdei L, Galle A (2010) Salicylic acid increased aldose reductase activity and sorbitol accumulation in tomato plants under salt stress. Biol Plant 54:677–683

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thakur P, Kumar S, Malik JA, Berger JD, Nayyar H (2010) Cold stress effects on reproductivedevelopment in grain crops, an overview. Environ Exp Bot 67:429–443

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thimmaraju R, Bhagyalakshmi N, Narayan MS, Ravishankar GA (2003) Kinetics of pigment release from hairy root cultures of Beta vulgaris under the influence of pH, sonication, temperature and oxygen stress. Process Biochem 8:1069–1076

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tompsett PB (1994) Capture of genetic resources by collection and storage of seed: a physiological approach. In: RRB L, Newton AC (eds) Tropical trees: the potential for domestication and the rebuilding of forest resources. Proceedings of ITE Symposium No 29, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, TSO. HMSO, London, pp 61–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Trag AR, Ali ST, Mahmooduzzafar, Siddiqi TO, Iqbal M (2001) Foliar responses of Zizyphusmauritiana L. to emissions of a coal-fired thermal power plant. Adv Plant Sci 14(I):229–235

    Google Scholar 

  • Trag AR, Mahmooduzzafar, Siddiqi TO, Iqbal M (2002) Foliar responses of Withaniasomnifera Dunal to air pollution. Adv Plant Sci 15(II):607–613

    Google Scholar 

  • Trejo-Tapia G, Jimenez-Aparicio A, Rodriguez-Monroy M, De Jesus-Sanchez A, Gutierrez-Lopez G (2001) Influence of cobalt and other microelements on the production of betalains and the growth of suspension cultures of Beta vulgaris. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 67:19–23

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Umar S, Diva I, Anjum NA, Iqbal M (2008) Potassium nutrition reduces cadmium accumulation and oxidative burst in mustard (Brassica campestris L.). Electron Int Fertil Corresp (e- ifc) 16:6–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Umar S, Diva I, Anjum NA, Iqbal M (2010) Effect of potassium application on NaCl-induced changes in mustard (Brassica campestris L.). In: Brar MS (ed) Proceedings of IPI-OUAT-IPNI International Symposium-2009, Bhubaneswar, India, pp 384–387

    Google Scholar 

  • Umar S, Moinuddin, Iqbal M (2005) Heavy metals: availability, accumulation and toxicity in plants. In: Dwivedi P, Dwivedi RS (eds) Physiology of Abiotic Stress in Plants. Agrobios (India), Jodhpur, pp 325–348

    Google Scholar 

  • Upchurch RG (2008) Fatty acid unsaturation, mobilization, and regulation in the response of plants to stress. Biotechnol Lett 30:967–977

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vamerali T, Bandiera M, Mosca G (2010) Field crops for phytoremediation of metal-contaminated land. A review. Environ Chem Lett 8:1–17

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verma RB, Mahmooduzzafar, Siddiqi TO, Iqbal M (2006) Foliar response of Ipomea pes-tigridis L. to coal-smoke pollution. Turk J Bot 30:413–417

    Google Scholar 

  • Verma SK, Gantait S, Jeong BR, Hwang SJ (2018) Enhanced growth and cardenolides production in Digitalis purpurea under the influence of different LED exposures in the plant factory. Sci Rep 8:18009

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wadhwa A, Iqbal M, Chaudhary AA, Ahmad A (2012) Role of sulphur metabolites in the regulation of uptake of sulphate in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Agric Sci 3(2):197–204

    Google Scholar 

  • Wali B, Iqbal M, Mahmooduzzafar (2007) Anatomical and functional responses of Calendula officinalis L to SO2 stress as observed at different stages of plant development. Flora 202:268–280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wali B, Mahmooduzzafar, Iqbal M (2004) Plant growth, stomatal response, pigments and photosynthesis of Althea officinalis as affected by SO2 stress. Indian J Plant Physiol 9:224–233

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang DH, Du F, Liu HY, Liang ZS (2010) Drought stress increases iridoid glycosides biosynthesis in the roots of Scrophularianingpoensisseedlings. J Med Plants Res 4(24):2691–2699

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wani SH, Sah SK, Hossain MA, Kumar V, Balachandran SM (2016) Transgenic approaches for abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. In: Advances in plant breeding strategies: agronomic, abiotic and biotic stress traits. Springer International Publishing, pp 345–396

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Weinmann S, Roll S, Schwarzbach C (2010) Effects of Ginkgo biloba in dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr 10:14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams RS, Lincoln DE, Thomas RB (1994) Loblolly pine grown under elevated CO2 affects early instar pine sawfly performance. Oecologia 98:64–71

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winkel-Shirley B (2001) Flavonoid biosynthesis, A colorful model for genetics, biochemistry, cell biology, and biotechnology. Plant Physiol 126:485–493

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu Z, Zhou G, Shimizu H (2010) Plant responses to drought and rewatering. Plant Signal Behav 5:649–654

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yousuf PY, Ahmad A, Aref IM, Ozturk M, Hemant, Ganie AH, Iqbal M (2016a) Salt-stress-responsive chloroplast proteins in Brassica juncea genotypes with contrasting salt tolerance and their quantitative PCR analysis. Protoplasma 253:1565–1575

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yousuf PY, Ahmad A, Ganie AH, Iqbal M (2016b) Salt stress-induced modulations in the shoot proteome of Brassica juncea genotypes. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:2391–2401

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yousuf PY, Ahmad A, Ganie AH, Sareer O, Krishnapriya V, Aref IM, Iqbal M (2017) Antioxidant response and proteomic modulations in Indian mustard grown under salt stress. Plant Growth Regul 81:31–50

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yousuf PY, Ahmad A, Hemant, Ganie AH, Aref IM, Iqbal M (2015) Potassium and calcium application ameliorates growth and oxidative homeostasis in salt-stressed Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) plants. Pak J Bot 47(5):1629–1639

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yousuf PY, Ganie AH, Khan I, Qureshi MI, Ibrahim MM, Sarwat M, Iqbal M, Ahmad A (2016c) Nitrogen-efficient and nitrogen-inefficient Indian mustard showed differential expression pattern in response to elevated CO2 and low nitrogen. Front Plant Sci 7:1074

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu K, Niranjana MH, Hahn E, Paek K (2005) Ginsenoside production by hairy root cultures of Panax ginseng: influence of temperature and light quality. Biochem Eng J 23:53–56

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yunus M, Iqbal M (1996) Major highlights of research on plant response to air pollution. In: Yunus M, Iqbal M (eds) Plant response to air pollution. Wiley, Chichester, pp 489–493

    Google Scholar 

  • Yunus M, Singh N, Iqbal M (1996) Global status of air pollution: An overview. In: Yunus M, Iqbal M (eds) Plant response to air pollution. Wiley, Chichester, pp 1–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang B, Zheng LP, Yi Li W, Wen Wang J (2013) Stimulation of artemisinin production in Artemisia annua hairy roots by Ag-SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles. Curr Nanosci 9:363–370

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao Y, Qi LW, Wang WM, Saxena PK, Liu CZ (2011) Melatonin improves the survival of cryopreserved callus of Rhodiola crenulata. J Pineal Res 50:83–88

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhong JJ, Yoshida T (1993) Effects of temperature on cell growth and anthocyanin production in suspension cultures of Perilla frutescen. J Ferment Bioeng 76:530–531

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou L, Yang G, Sun H, Tang J, Yang J, Wang Y, Garran TA, Guo L (2016) Effects of different doses of cadmium on secondary metabolites and gene expression in Artemisia annua L. Front Med 11(1):137–146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ziska L, Panicker S, Wojno H (2008) Recent and projected increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide and the potential impacts on growth and alkaloid production in wild poppy (Papaver setigerum DC.). Climate Change 91:395–403

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Prakriti Bachao Foundation, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India

    Shakeelur Rahman

  2. Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India

    Muhammad Iqbal

  3. Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita, Ethiopia

    Azamal Husen

Authors
  1. Shakeelur Rahman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Muhammad Iqbal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Azamal Husen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita, Ethiopia

    Azamal Husen

  2. Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India

    Muhammad Iqbal

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Rahman, S., Iqbal, M., Husen, A. (2023). Medicinal Plants and Abiotic Stress: An Overview. In: Husen, A., Iqbal, M. (eds) Medicinal Plants. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5611-9_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation