Abstract
Cancer is responsible for a huge number of deaths every year, being among the main aggravating factors in public health. Despite the progress in the war against cancer, tumor resistance is still a clinical challenge, which makes the late diagnosis a drawback that must be surpassed. In this scenario, nanotechnology brought the opportunity to rationalize new and powerful strategies to improve diagnosis and therapeutic outcomes. One promising approach is the integration of both therapeutic anticancer agents and imaging diagnostic probes into a single nanoplatform known as nanotheranostic. This kind of nanomaterial presents advantages to monitor a drug’s biodistribution and its accumulation in loco, visualizing and quantifying therapeutic efficacy in real time. However, some challenges of nanotheranostic engineering and it’s in vivo application must be taken into account. In this way, the rational design applied to engineering nanotheranostic systems focused on biologically oriented rules have consistently been made using polymer-based nanostructures. In short, in this chapter, we will explore the current state of the art of using polymers in the cancer nanotechnology area for improved bioavailability, biocompatibility, and targeted delivery of a theranostic nanoparticle. Subsequently, we explore the design of these polymer-based nanotheranostics allied to several imaging diagnosis techniques such as positron emission tomography fluorescence, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging, X-ray computed, and single-photon emission computed tomography. We also evaluate recent studies that integrate multiple imaging modalities in a single structure and finally discuss some polymeric theranostics systems currently in clinical trials.
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Abbreviations
- 5-Ala:
-
5-amino levulinic acid
- CT:
-
X-ray computed tomography
- DDS :
-
Drug delivery systems
- DOX:
-
Doxorubicin
- EPR:
-
Enhanced permeability and retention
- FDA:
-
Food and Drug Administration
- FI:
-
Fluorescence imaging
- FRET:
-
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer
- ICG:
-
Indocyanine green
- MB:
-
Microbubbles
- MDR:
-
Multiple drug resistance
- MPS:
-
Mononuclear phagocyte system
- MRI:
-
Magnetic resonance imaging
- NIR:
-
Near infrared
- NP:
-
Nanoparticle
- PDT:
-
Photodynamic therapy
- PEG:
-
Polyethylene glycol
- PET:
-
Positron emission tomography
- PTT:
-
Photothermal therapy
- PPIX:
-
Protoporphyrin IX
- PTX:
-
Paclitaxel
- SPECT:
-
Single photon emission computed tomography
- SPION:
-
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles
- T1:
-
Longitudinal relaxation
- T2:
-
Transversal relaxation
- US:
-
Ultrasound imaging
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de Freitas, C.F., Tessaro, A.L., Pellosi, D.S. (2022). Polymeric Nanoparticles for Theranostic Treatment of Cancer. In: Jana, S., Jana, S. (eds) Functional Biomaterials. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7152-4_6
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