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Niches and Adaptations of Polyextremotolerant Black Fungi

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Polyextremophiles

Part of the book series: Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology ((COLE,volume 27))

Abstract

Environmental changes such as increased levels of carbon dioxide and UV radiation are usually perceived as a threat to living organisms and associated with shrinking populations and extinction. We frequently forget that some species cope really well with a range of extreme and rapidly changing conditions and may actually benefit from such changes. Black meristematic fungi, for example, are well adapted to high doses of radiation and survive long periods of desiccation. They seem not only robust under moderate stress conditions but seem to adapt and diversify, in agreement with the so-called concept of antifragility. We hypothesise that this behaviour is mediated by the polymer melanin in the cell walls; yet, other protective molecules and phenotypic plasticity play an important role as well. Evolution of these fungi is thought to have originated in the harsh oligotrophic habitats on the surface and subsurface of rocks, but their potentials are much wider than that. Their polyextremotolerance helps them to colonise numerous habitats in which competition with other fungi is low due to stressful conditions. This includes a range of anthropogenic environments and in some cases also animal bodies. Some of these fungi also undergo lichen-like associations with photoautotrophs or benefit from growing on lichens.

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Acknowledgements

LM and MG are grateful to the Austrian Science Foundation for financial support (FWF P24114). CG acknowledges the support of the project ‘Centre of excellence for integrated approaches in chemistry and biology of proteins’ number OP13.1.1.2.02.0005, financed by the European regional development fund (85 % share of financing) and by the Slovenian Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology (15 % share of financing) and of the Slovenian state budget through the Slovenian Research Agency (Infrastructural Centre Mycosmo).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Plant Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Holteigasse 6, A-8010, Graz, Austria

    Martin Grube & Lucia Muggia

  2. Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Cene Gostinčar

  3. Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins (CIPKeBiP), Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Cene Gostinčar

  4. Department of Life Science, University of Trieste, via Giorgieri 10, I-34127, Trieste, Italy

    Lucia Muggia

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  1. Martin Grube
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  2. Lucia Muggia
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Correspondence to Martin Grube .

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  1. The Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

    Joseph Seckbach

  2. Dept. of Plant and Env. Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences The Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

    Aharon Oren

  3. Dept. Mikrobiology, Universität Salzburg FB Molekulare Biologie, Salzburg, Austria

    Helga Stan-Lotter

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Grube, M., Muggia, L., Gostinčar, C. (2013). Niches and Adaptations of Polyextremotolerant Black Fungi. In: Seckbach, J., Oren, A., Stan-Lotter, H. (eds) Polyextremophiles. Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology, vol 27. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6488-0_25

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