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Metabolic

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Geriatric Imaging

Abstract

Metabolic disorders are an important chapter of musculoskeletal pathology of the elderly, and they represent a challenging condition to be managed. Nowadays imaging plays a central role in the management of metabolic musculoskeletal diseases, from the diagnosis to treatment monitoring and to the evaluation of complications. The huge impact of such conditions on health and economy makes imaging tasks very hard. Developments in imaging technologies have recently improved the potential for noninvasive study of bone, fat and muscular anatomy, their quantification, as well as the evaluation of physiology and pathophysiology of musculoskeletal tissues. However, sometimes all these “fascinating” methods can be pursued in a research setting only, due to the vast incidence of diseases like osteoporosis. Among all metabolic bone diseases occurring in the elderly, osteoporosis is the most common and a major cause of disability, morbidity, and mortality. The early diagnosis of osteoporosis is the key point in the prevention of fractures that often become a fatal complication of the disease. Other well-known metabolic musculoskeletal disorders (osteomalacia, Paget disease) are included in this chapter as well as the newest pathological entities, like sarcopenia and related conditions.

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Abbreviations

AD-SoS:

Amplitude-dependent speed of sound

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

BMD:

Bone mineral density

CT:

Computed tomography

DXA:

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry

DXR:

Digital x-ray radiogrammetry

EWGSOP:

European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People

FRAX:

Fracture risk assessment tool

1H-MRS:

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy

hrMR:

High-resolution magnetic resonance

IGF-1 and GH:

Expression of hormonal factors

MXA:

Vertebral morphometry

OPG:

Osteoprotegerin

PBM:

Peak bone mass

31P-MRS:

31-phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy

pQCT:

Peripheral QCT

PTH-S:

Parathyroid hormone

QCT:

Quantitative computed tomography

QUI:

Quantitative ultrasound index

QUS:

Quantitative ultrasound

RANK:

Receptor activator of nuclear factor kB

RANKL:

Receptor activator of nuclear factor kB ligand

ROI:

Region of interest

SI:

Stiffness index

SoS:

Speed of sound

VF:

Vertebral fracture

VFA:

Vertebral fracture assessment

VSQ:

Visual semiquantitative method

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology, University of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto 1, Foggia, 71100, Italy

    Giuseppe Guglielmi & Michelangelo Nasuto

  2. Department of Radiology, Scientific Institute “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza” Hospital, Viale Cappuccini, 1 San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, 71013, Italy

    Giuseppe Guglielmi

  3. Imaging Division, Clinical Department of Radiological and Histocytopathological Sciences, University of Bologna, Sant’Orsola – Malpighi Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, Bologna, 40138, Italy

    Danila Diano, Federico Ponti & Alberto Bazzocchi

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  1. Giuseppe Guglielmi
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  2. Danila Diano
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  3. Federico Ponti
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  1. Viale Cappuccini 1, San Giovanni Rotondo,Foggia, 71013, Italy

    Giuseppe Guglielmi

  2. , Diagnostic Radiology, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Yishun Central 90, Singapore, 768828, Singapore

    Wilfred C. G. Peh

  3. Dept. Radiology, Boston University School of Medicine, E. Newton St. 88, Boston, 02118, Massachusetts, USA

    Ali Guermazi

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Guglielmi, G., Diano, D., Ponti, F., Nasuto, M., Bazzocchi, A. (2013). Metabolic. In: Guglielmi, G., Peh, W., Guermazi, A. (eds) Geriatric Imaging. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35579-0_3

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