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Physiko-Chemie und Mikrobiologie der Rhizosphäre

  • Chapter
Mikrobiologie von Böden

Part of the book series: Springer-Lehrbuch ((SLB))

Zusammenfassung

Der Naturwissenschaftler und Bakteriologe Lorenz Hiltner (1862–1923) der TU München erkannte im Jahre 1904 als einer der Ersten die Bedeutung der Mikroorganismen im Wurzelbereich für die Ernährung und Gesundheit einer Pflanze (Curl u. Truelove 1986; Hartmann et al. 2008). Er war es dann auch, der den Begriff Rhizosphäre einführte (gr. rhiza = Wurzel; sphaira = Kugel). Unter der Rhizosphäre verstand er das von Mikroorganismen dicht besiedelte Bodenvolumen, welches die Wurzeln von Leguminosen umgibt. Hiltner war damals beeindruckt von der Entdeckung der bakteriologischen N2-Bindung durch Rhizobien („Bacillus radicicola“) in Wurzelknöllchen von Leguminosen, welche der Zeitgenosse Hermann Hellriegel (1831–1895; Kap. 13) im Jahre 1888 gerade mit seinen Mitarbeitern entdeckt hatte. Hiltner vertrat zeitlebens die Vorstellung, dass die Ernährung der Pflanzen (Leguminosen) entscheidend von der Zusammensetzung und den Aktivitäten der Bakterien in der Rhizosphäre beeinflusst wird. Er bezeichnete diese nützlichen Rhizobien als Bakteriorhiza. Die Entdeckung der N2-Bindung in Wurzelknöllchen stand damals im Zentrum der aufkommenden bodenmikrobiologischen Forschung, denn auch der niederländische Botaniker Martinus Willem Beijerinck (1851–1931) beschäftigte sich mit Rhizobien und konnte nachweisen, dass eine Reinkultur von B. radicicola (heute Rhizobium spp.) nicht ex planta zur N2-Bindung befähigt ist. Im Laufe der Zeit wurde die ursprüngliche, auf Leguminosen bezogene Definition der Rhizosphäre zwar auf alle anderen Pflanzen erweitert, nicht jedoch präzisiert.

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  1. Institut für Angewandte Mikrobiologie, Justus Liebig-Universität, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26–32, 35392, Gießen, Deutschland

    Professor em. Dr. sc. agr. habil. Johannes C. G. Ottow

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Ottow, J. (2011). Physiko-Chemie und Mikrobiologie der Rhizosphäre. In: Mikrobiologie von Böden. Springer-Lehrbuch. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00824-5_17

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