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Carbon Losses from Respiration and Emission of Volatile Organic Compounds—The Overlooked Side of Tree Carbon Budgets

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Oaks Physiological Ecology. Exploring the Functional Diversity of Genus Quercus L.

Part of the book series: Tree Physiology ((TREE,volume 7))

Abstract

The balance between photosynthetic carbon (C) assimilation and C loss via respiration (R), emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and rhizodeposition determines plant net primary production and controls to a large extent ecosystem C budgets. Compared to photosynthesis, the physiology, environmental control and ecological importance of processes involving C release from trees have been less studied; it is the purpose of this review to address these questions in oak trees with special focus on R and VOC emissions. Mass-based leaf dark R scales positively with specific leaf area, nitrogen content and photosynthetic capacity, and it is normally greater in deciduous species than evergreen sclerophyllous ones. Leaf dark R increases with temperature, and is constrained by water shortages; however, the magnitude of these responses may vary at different temporal scales. Similarly, R in woody tissues increases with temperature, although in a hysteretic manner during a diel period. On a seasonal basis, besides temperature, water availability becomes the main abiotic driver of woody tissue R as drought stress down-regulates maintenance and growth metabolic processes in stems and roots. Respiration in foliar and woody tissues is expected to account for about half of photosynthesis; nevertheless, R can largely fluctuate with ontogenetic, biotic and abiotic factors independently of C uptake. Volatile organic compounds have multiple roles in plant-environment interactions and plant-plant signalling. Oak genus is one of the strongest emitter of isoprenoids, which are the most important VOCs released from plants. Most oak species release isoprene constitutively; however, several oak species distributed around the Mediterranean (mostly evergreen) do not produce isoprene, but alternatively emit monoterpenes or lack constitutive emissions of VOCs. The rate of emission of VOCs from leaves increases with leaf temperature and irradiance, being the derived C loss relative to photosynthesis about 1%, except during heat waves when this percentage may increase up to 5%. Emission of VOCs is constrained by drought-stress to a lesser extent than leaf photosynthesis, thus the relative C loss through VOCs also increases with drought severity. Overall, the hypothesis of homeostatic ratios between plant C gain and C loss, an artefact of our better understanding of photosynthesis in comparison to all these processes that encompass tree C loss, should be revisited to better understand C cycling in oaks and to better predict oak physiological performance under climate change scenarios.

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Acknowledgements

This book chapter has received funding from the FWO and the European Union´s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 665501, and from the “Legado de González-Esparcia” granted to RLS. J R-C acknowledges the support of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness via the “Ramón y Cajal” programme.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium

    Roberto L. Salomón

  2. Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, E.T.S. Forestry Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain

    Roberto L. Salomón & Jesús Rodríguez-Calcerrada

  3. Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive CEFE, CNRS, UMR 5175, 1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France

    Michael Staudt

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Correspondence to Roberto L. Salomón .

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  1. Unit of Forest Resources, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre, Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain

    Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín

  2. Unit of Forest Resources, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre, Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain

    José Javier Peguero-Pina

  3. Unit of Forest Resources, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre, Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain

    Domingo Sancho-Knapik

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Salomón, R.L., Rodríguez-Calcerrada, J., Staudt, M. (2017). Carbon Losses from Respiration and Emission of Volatile Organic Compounds—The Overlooked Side of Tree Carbon Budgets. In: Gil-Pelegrín, E., Peguero-Pina, J., Sancho-Knapik, D. (eds) Oaks Physiological Ecology. Exploring the Functional Diversity of Genus Quercus L.. Tree Physiology, vol 7. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69099-5_10

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