Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Benign Enlargement of the Subarachnoid Spaces and Subdural Collections

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Incidental Findings of the Nervous System

  • 190 Accesses

Abstract

Benign enlargement of subarachnoid spaces (BESS) in the past had several synonyms like benign external hydrocephalus (BEH), extraventricular hydrocephalus, benign subdural effusion, benign extracellular fluid collection, extraventricular obstructive hydrocephalus, subdural hygroma, pseudo-hydrocephalus, benign extra-axial collections, subarachnomegaly, and subdural effusions of infancy. It is critical to differentiate between this entity and other CSF collections like arachnoid cysts which may be a mimic and warrant completely different line of management.

Subdural collections, in fact, are always looked at with suspicion from a perspective of pediatric non-accidental brain injury and therefore need to be clearly distinguished and some of them may need treatment while others may have complications in the long term. This review attempts to address the above issues and simplify their understanding.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Haws ME, Linscott L, Thomas C, Orscheln E, Radhakrishnan R, Kline-Fath B. A retrospective analysis of the utility of head computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging in the management of benign macrocrania. J Pediatr. 2017;182:283–289.e1 [cited 2022 Feb 22]. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022347616312628.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Kuruvilla L. Benign enlargement of sub-arachnoid spaces in infancy. J Pediatr Neurosci. 2014;9(2):129 [cited 2022 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.pediatricneurosciences.com/text.asp?2014/9/2/129/139309.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Zahl SM, Egge A, Helseth E, Wester K. Benign external hydrocephalus: a review, with emphasis on management. Neurosurg Rev. 2011;34(4):417–32 [cited 2022 Feb 22]. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10143-011-0327-4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Kumar R. External hydrocephalus in small children. Childs Nerv Syst. 2006;22(10):1237–41 [cited 2022 Feb 22]. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00381-006-0047-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Marino MA, Morabito R, Vinci S, Germanò A, Briguglio M, Alafaci C, et al. Benign external hydrocephalus in infants: a single centre experience and literature review. Neuroradiol J. 2014;27(2):245–50 [cited 2022 Feb 22]. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.15274/NRJ-2014-10020.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Alper G, Ekinci G, Yilmaz Y, Ankan Ç, Telyar G, Erzen C. Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of benign macrocephaly in children. J Child Neurol. 1999;14(10):678–82 [cited 2022 Feb 22]. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/088307389901401010.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Bodensteiner JB. Benign macrocephaly: a common cause of big heads in the first year. J Child Neurol. 2000;15(9):630–1 [cited 2022 Feb 22]. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/088307380001500913.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Dandy WE. An experimental, clinical and pathological study: part 1—experimental studies. Am J Dis Child. 1914;VIII(6):406 [cited 2022 Feb 22]. Available from: http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archpedi.1914.02180010416002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Dandy WE. Extirpation of the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricles in communicating hydrocephalus. Ann Surg. 1918;68(6):569–79 [cited 2022 Feb 22]. Available from: http://journals.lww.com/00000658-191812000-00001.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Alvarez LA, Maytal J, Shinnar S. Idiopathic external hydrocephalus: natural history and relationship to benign familial macrocephaly. Pediatrics. 1986;77(6):901–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Pettit RE. Macrocephaly with head growth parallel to normal growth pattern: neurological, developmental, and computerized tomography findings in full-term infants. Arch Neurol. 1980;37(8):518 [cited 2022 Feb 22]. Available from: http://archneur.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archneur.1980.00500570066011.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Robertson WC. External hydrocephalus: early finding in congenital communicating hydrocephalus. Arch Neurol. 1978;35(8):541 [cited 2022 Feb 22]. Available from: http://archneur.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archneur.1978.00500320061014.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. DiLiberti JH. Inherited macrocephaly-hamartoma syndromes. Am J Med Genet. 1998;79(4):284–90 [cited 2022 Feb 23]. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19981002)79:4<284::AID-AJMG10>3.0.CO;2-N.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Wiig US, Zahl SM, Egge A, Helseth E, Wester K. Epidemiology of benign external hydrocephalus in Norway—a population-based study. Pediatr Neurol. 2017;73:36–41 [cited 2022 Feb 23]. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S088789941730070X.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Asch AJ, Myers GJ. Benign familial macrocephaly: report of a family and review of the literature. Pediatrics. 1976;57(4):535–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Hellbusch LC. Benign extracerebral fluid collections in infancy: clinical presentation and long-term follow-up. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2007;107(2):119–25 [cited 2022 Feb 23]. Available from: http://thejns.org/doi/abs/10.3171/PED-07/08/119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Al-Saedi SA, Lemke RP, Debooy VD, Casiro O. Subarachnoid fluid collections: a cause of macrocrania in preterm infants. J Pediatr. 1996;128(2):234–6 [cited 2022 Feb 24]. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022347696703967.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Andersson H, Elfverson J, Svendsen P. External hydrocephalus in infants. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1984;11(6):398–402 [cited 2022 Feb 23]. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/120203.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Segal-Kuperschmit D, Cozacov C, Luder A. [Idiopathic external hydrocephalus]. Harefuah. 1995;128(3):150–2, 199.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Nogueira GJ, Zaglul HF. Hypodense extracerebral images on computed tomography in children: external hydrocephalus: a misnomer? Childs Nerv Syst. 1991;7(6):336–41 [cited 2022 Feb 24]. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00304833.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Palencia Luaces R, Aldana Gómez J, Tresierra Unzaga F. [Idiopathic external hydrocephaly and familial macrocephaly in infancy]. An Esp Pediatr. 1992;36(3):186–8.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Wilms G, Vanderschueren G, Demaerel PH, Smet MH, Van Calenbergh F, Plets C, et al. CT and MR in infants with pericerebral collections and macrocephaly: benign enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces versus subdural collections. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1993;14(4):855–60.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Arbour L, Watters GV, Hall JG, Fraser FC. Multifactorial inheritance of non-syndromic macrocephaly. Clin Genet. 2008;50(2):57–62 [cited 2022 Feb 24]. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1399-0004.1996.tb02349.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Paciorkowski AR, Greenstein RM. When is enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces not benign? A genetic perspective. Pediatr Neurol. 2007;37(1):1–7 [cited 2022 Feb 24]. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0887899407001518.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Kendall B, Holland I. Benign communicating hydrocephalus in children. Neuroradiology. 1981;21(2):93–6 [cited 2022 Feb 23]. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00342987.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Lorber J, Bhat US. Posthaemorrhagic hydrocephalus: diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, and long-term results. Arch Dis Child. 1974;49(10):751–62 [cited 2022 Feb 23]. Available from: https://adc.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/adc.49.10.751.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Rekate HL, Blitz AM. Hydrocephalus in children. In: Handbook of clinical neurology. Elsevier; 2016 [cited 2022 Feb 23]. p. 1261–73. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780444534866000648.

  28. Bhasker B, Raghupathy P, Nair TM, Ahmed SR, deSilva V, Bhuyan BC, et al. External hydrocephalus in primary hypomagnesaemia: a new finding. Arch Dis Child. 1999;81:505–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Gordon N. Apparent cerebral atrophy in patients on treatment with steroids. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008;22(4):502–6 [cited 2022 Feb 23]. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1980.tb04355.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Enzmann DR, Lane B. Enlargement of subarachnoid spaces and lateral ventricles in pediatric patients undergoing chemotherapy. J Pediatr. 1978;92(4):535–9 [cited 2022 Feb 23]. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022347678802832.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Hoppe-Hirsch E, Rose CS, Renier D, Hirsch J-F. Pericerebral collections after shunting. Childs Nerv Syst. 1987;3(2):97–102 [cited 2022 Feb 23]. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00271133.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Burstein J, Papile L, Burstein R. Intraventricular hemorrhage and hydrocephalus in premature newborns: a prospective study with CT. Am J Roentgenol. 1979;132(4):631–5 [cited 2022 Feb 23]. Available from: http://www.ajronline.org/doi/10.2214/ajr.132.4.631.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Govaert P, Oostra A, Matthys D, Vanhaesebrouck P, Leroy J. How idiopathic is idiopathic external hydrocephalus? Dev Med Child Neurol. 1991;33(3):274–6 [cited 2022 Feb 23]. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1991.tb05121.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Davson H, Segal M. Introduction. In: Davson H, Segal MB, editors. Physiology of the CSF and blood-brain barriers. 1st ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1996. p. 3–7.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Volpe J. Neural tube formation and prosencephalic development. In: Volpe JJ, editor. Neurology of the newborn. 4th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co.; 2001. p. 3–44.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Sarnat H. Neuroembryology, genetic programming, and malformations of the nervous system. In: Menkes JH, Sarnat HB, Maria BL, editors. Child neurology. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006. p. 330–47.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Girard NJ, Raybaud CA. Ventriculomegaly and pericerebral CSF collection in the fetus: early stage of benign external hydrocephalus? Childs Nerv Syst. 2001;17(4–5):239–45 [cited 2022 Feb 24]. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/PL00013727.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Greitz D. Radiological assessment of hydrocephalus: new theories and implications for therapy. Neurosurg Rev. 2004;27(3):145–165 [cited 2022 Feb 24]. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10143-004-0326-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Han CY, Backous DD. Basic principles of cerebrospinal fluid metabolism and intracranial pressure homeostasis. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2005;38(4):569–76 [cited 2022 Feb 24]. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S003066650500006X.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Watanabe Y, Abe S, Takagi K, Yamamoto T, Kato T. Evolution of subarachnoid space in normal fetuses using magnetic resonance imaging. Prenat Diagn. 2005;25(13):1217–22 [cited 2022 Feb 24]. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pd.1315.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Fishman R. Anatomical aspects of the cerebrospinal fluid. In: Fishman RA, editor. Cerebrospinal fluid in diseases of the nervous system. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co; 1980. p. 6–18.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Upton ML, Weller RO. The morphology of cerebrospinal fluid drainage pathways in human arachnoid granulations. J Neurosurg. 1985;63(6):867–75 [cited 2022 Feb 24]. Available from: https://thejns.org/view/journals/j-neurosurg/63/6/article-p867.xml.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Barlow CF. CSF dynamics in hydrocephalus—with special attention to external hydrocephalus. Brain Dev. 1984;6(2):119–27 [cited 2022 Feb 24]. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0387760484800601.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Kleinman PK, Zito JL, Davidson RI, Raptopoulos V. The subarachnoid spaces in children: normal variations in size. Radiology. 1983;147(2):455–7 [cited 2022 Feb 24]. Available from: http://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiology.147.2.6601281.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Dandy WE. Treatment of an unusual subdural hydroma (external hydrocephalus). Arch Surg. 1946;52(4):421 [cited 2022 Feb 24]. Available from: http://archsurg.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archsurg.1946.01230050428003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Snyder R, Snyder RD. Benign “subdural” collections. J Pediatr. 1979;95:499–500.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Robertson WC, Chun RWM, Orrison WW, Sackett JF. Benign subdural collections of infancy. J Pediatr. 1979;94(3):382–5 [cited 2022 Feb 24]. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022347679805752.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Gomez D, DiBenedetto A, Pavese A, Firpo A, Hershan D, Potts D. Development of arachnoid villi and granulations in man. Acta Anat Basel. 1982;111:247–58.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Girard N, Gire C, Sigaudy S, Porcu G, d’Ercole C, Figarella-Branger D, et al. MR imaging of acquired fetal brain disorders. Childs Nerv Syst. 2003;19(7–8):490–500 [cited 2022 Feb 24]. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00381-003-0761-x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Cinalli G, di Martino G, Russo C, Mazio F, Nastro A, Mirone G, et al. Dural venous sinus anatomy in children with external hydrocephalus: analysis of a series of 97 patients. Childs Nerv Syst. 2021;37(10):3021–32 [cited 2022 Mar 7]. Available from: https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00381-021-05322-5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Carolan PL, McLaurin RL, Towbin RB, Towbin JA, Egelhoff JC. Benign extra-axial collections of infancy. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1985;12(3):140–4 [cited 2022 Feb 24]. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/120236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Khosroshahi N, Nikkhah A. Benign enlargement of subarachnoid space in infancy: “a review with emphasis on diagnostic work-up”. Iran J Child Neurol. 2018;12(4):7–15.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Pascual-Castroviejo I, Pascual-Pascual SI, Velázquez-Fragua R. [A study and follow-up of ten cases of benign enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces]. Rev Neurol. 2004;39(8):701–6.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Ment LR, Duncan CC, Geehr R. Benign enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces in the infant. J Neurosurg. 1981;54(4):504–8 [cited 2022 Feb 24]. Available from: https://thejns.org/view/journals/j-neurosurg/54/4/article-p504.xml.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Castro-Gago M, Pérez-Gómez C, Novo-Rodríguez MI, Blanco-Barca O, Alonso-Martin A, Eirís-Puñal J. [Benign idiopathic external hydrocephalus (benign subdural collection) in 39 children: its natural history and relation to familial macrocephaly]. Rev Neurol. 2005;40(9):513–7.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Gherpelli JLD, Scaramuzzi V, Manreza MLG, Diament AJ. Follow-up study of macrocephalic children with enlargement of the subarachnoid space. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 1992;50(2):156–62 [cited 2022 Feb 24]. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0004-282X1992000200004&lng=en&tlng=en.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Gooskens RH, Willemse J, Faber J, Verdonck AF. Macrocephalies—a differentiated approach. Neuropediatrics. 1989;20(3):164–9 [cited 2022 Feb 24]. Available from: http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-2008-1071284.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Laubscher B, Deonna T, Uske A, van Melle G. Primitive megalencephaly in children: natural history, medium term prognosis with special reference to external hydrocephalus. Eur J Pediatr. 1990;149(7):502–7 [cited 2022 Feb 24]. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF01959405.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Azais M, Echenne B. [Idiopathic pericerebral swelling (external hydrocephalus) of infants]. Ann Pediatr (Paris). 1992;39(9):550–8.

    Google Scholar 

  60. El-Feky M, Di Muzio B. Benign enlargement of the subarachnoid space in infancy. In: Radiopaedia.org. 2011 [cited 2022 Mar 6]. Available from: http://radiopaedia.org/articles/13118.

  61. Kapila A, Trice J, Spies WG, Siegel BA, Gado MH. Enlarged cerebrospinal fluid spaces in infants with subdural hematomas. Radiology. 1982;142(3):669–72 [cited 2022 Feb 24]. Available from: http://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiology.142.3.6977789.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Medina LS, Frawley K, Zurakowski D, Buttros D, DeGrauw AJ, Crone KR. Children with macrocrania: clinical and imaging predictors of disorders requiring surgery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001;22(3):564–70.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Muenchberger H, Assaad N, Joy P, Brunsdon R, Shores EA. Idiopathic macrocephaly in the infant: long-term neurological and neuropsychological outcome. Childs Nerv Syst. 2006;22(10):1242–8 [cited 2022 Feb 24]. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00381-006-0080-0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Prassopoulos P, Cavouras D, Golfinopoulos S, Nezi M. The size of the intra- and extraventricular cerebrospinal fluid compartments in children with idiopathic benign widening of the frontal subarachnoid space. Neuroradiology. 1995;37(5):418–21 [cited 2022 Feb 24]. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00588027.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Maytal J, Alvarez L, Elkin C, Shinnar S. External hydrocephalus: radiologic spectrum and differentiation from cerebral atrophy. Am J Roentgenol. 1987;148(6):1223–30[cited 2022 Feb 24]. Available from: http://www.ajronline.org/doi/10.2214/ajr.148.6.1223.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Fessell DP, Frankel DA, Wolfson WP. Sonography of extraaxial fluid in neurologically normal infants with head circumference greater than or equal to the 95th percentile for age. J Ultrasound Med. 2000;19(7):443–7 [cited 2022 Feb 24]. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.7863/jum.2000.19.7.443.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Frankel DA, Fessell DP, Wolfson WP. High resolution sonographic determination of the normal dimensions of the intracranial extraaxial compartment in the newborn infant. J Ultrasound Med. 1998;17(7):411–5 [cited 2022 Feb 24]. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.7863/jum.1998.17.7.411.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Fukuyama Y, Miyao M, Ishizu T, Maruyama H. Developmental changes in normal cranial measurements by computed tomography. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008;21(4):425–32 [cited 2022 Feb 24]. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1979.tb01645.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Libicher M, Tröger J. US measurement of the subarachnoid space in infants: normal values. Radiology. 1992;184(3):749–51 [cited 2022 Feb 24]. Available from: http://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiology.184.3.1509061.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Yew AY, Maher CO, Muraszko KM, Garton HJL. Long-term health status in benign external hydrocephalus. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2011;47(1):1–6 [cited 2022 Mar 6]. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/322357.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Tucker J, Choudhary AK, Piatt J. Macrocephaly in infancy: benign enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces and subdural collections. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2016;18(1):16–20 [cited 2022 Feb 27]. Available from: https://thejns.org/view/journals/j-neurosurg-pediatr/18/1/article-p16.xml.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Enríquez G, Correa F, Lucaya J, Piqueras J, Aso C, Ortega A. Potential pitfalls in cranial sonography. Pediatr Radiol. 2003;33(2):110–7 [cited 2022 Feb 24]. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00247-002-0836-y.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Brenner DJ, Elliston CD, Hall EJ, Berdon WE. Estimated risks of radiation-induced fatal cancer from pediatric CT. Am J Roentgenol. 2001;176(2):289–96 [cited 2022 Feb 24]. Available from: http://www.ajronline.org/doi/10.2214/ajr.176.2.1760289.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Martin DR, Semelka RC. Health effects of ionising radiation from diagnostic CT. Lancet. 2006;367(9524):1712–4 [cited 2022 Feb 24]. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673606687485.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Briner S, Bodensteiner J. Benign subdural collections of infancy. Pediatrics. 1981;67(6):802–4 [cited 2022 Feb 24]. Available from: https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/67/6/802/39072/Benign-Subdural-Collections-of-Infancy.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Lorber J, Priestley BL. Children with large heads: à practical approach to diagnosis in 557 children, with special reference to 109 children with megalencephaly. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008;23(5):494–504 [cited 2022 Feb 27]. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1981.tb02023.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Kuzma BB, Goodman JM. Differentiating external hydrocephalus from chronic subdural hematoma. Surg Neurol. 1998;50(1):86–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Chen CY, Chou TY, Zimmerman RA, Lee CC, Chen FH, Faro SH. Pericerebral fluid collection: differentiation of enlarged subarachnoid spaces from subdural collections with color Doppler US. Radiology. 1996;201(2):389–92 [cited 2022 Feb 27]. Available from: http://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiology.201.2.8888229.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Pietil TA, Palleske H, Distelmaier PM. Subdural effusions: determination of contrast medium influx from CSF to the fluid accumulation by computed tomography as an aid to the indications for management. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1992;118(3–4):103–7 [cited 2022 Feb 27]. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF01401294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Botz B, Weerakkody Y. Subdural hygroma. In: Radiopaedia.org. 2012 [cited 2022 Mar 3]. Available from: http://radiopaedia.org/articles/18609.

  81. Donaldson JW, Edwards-Brown M, Luerssen TG. Arachnoid cyst rupture with concurrent subdural hygroma. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2000;32(3):137–9 [cited 2022 Mar 8]. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/28918.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Nickel RE, Galtenstein JS. Developmental prognosis for infants with benign enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008;29(2):181–6 [cited 2022 Mar 1]. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1987.tb02133.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Tsubokawa T, Nakamura S, Satoh K. Effect of temporary subdural-peritoneal shunt on subdural effusion with subarachnoid effusion. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1984;11(1):47–59 [cited 2022 Mar 2]. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/120159.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Eidlitz-Markus T, Shuper A, Constantini S. Short-term subarachnoid space drainage: a potential treatment for extraventricular hydrocephalus. Childs Nerv Syst. 2003;19(5–6):367–70 [cited 2022 Mar 2]. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00381-003-0751-z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Stroobandt G, Evrard P, Thauvoy C, Laterre C. [Subdural or sub-arachnoid pericerebral effusions in the infant with subdural or subarachnoid localisation (author’s transl)]. Neurochirurgie. 1981;27(1):49–57.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Mori K, Handa H, Itoh M, Okuno T. Benign subdural effusion in infants. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1980;4(4):466–71 [cited 2022 Mar 3]. Available from: http://journals.lww.com/00004728-198008000-00009.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Kumar R, Singhal N, Mahapatra AK. Traumatic subdural effusions in children following minor head injury. Childs Nerv Syst. 2008;24(12):1391–6 [cited 2022 Mar 3]. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00381-008-0645-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Tolias C, Sgouros S, Walsh AR, Hockley AD. Outcome of surgical treatment for subdural fluid collections in infants. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2000;33(4):194–7 [cited 2022 Mar 3]. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/55952.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Papasian NC, Frim DM. A theoretical model of benign external hydrocephalus that predicts a predisposition towards extra-axial hemorrhage after minor head trauma. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2000;33(4):188–93 [cited 2022 Mar 6]. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/55951.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Pittman T. Significance of a subdural hematoma in a child with external hydrocephalus. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2003;39(2):57–9 [cited 2022 Mar 6]. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/71315.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Ravid S, Maytal J. External hydrocephalus: a probable cause for subdural hematoma in infancy. Pediatr Neurol. 2003;28(2):139–41 [cited 2022 Mar 6]. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0887899402005003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. McNeely PD, Atkinson JD, Saigal G, O’Gorman AM, Farmer J-P. Subdural hematomas in infants with benign enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces are not pathognomonic for child abuse. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27(8):1725–8.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Hoskote A, Richards P, Anslow P, McShane T. Subdural haematoma and non-accidental head injury in children. Childs Nerv Syst. 2002;18(6–7):311–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Duhaime AC, Alario AJ, Lewander WJ, Schut L, Sutton LN, Seidl TS, et al. Head injury in very young children: mechanisms, injury types, and ophthalmologic findings in 100 hospitalized patients younger than 2 years of age. Pediatrics. 1992;90(2 Pt 1):179–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Jayawant S, Rawlinson A, Gibbon F, Price J, Schulte J, Sharples P, et al. Subdural haemorrhages in infants: population based study. BMJ. 1998;317(7172):1558–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  96. Rothenberger A, Brandl H. Subdural effusions in children under two years—clinical and computer-tomographical data. Neuropediatrics. 1980;11(02):139–50 [cited 2022 Mar 3]. Available from: http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-2008-1071384.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Morota N, Sakamoto K, Kobayashi N, Kitazawa K, Kobayashi S. Infantile subdural fluid collection: diagnosis and postoperative course. Childs Nerv Syst. 1995;11(8):459–66 [cited 2022 Mar 3]. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00334966.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Litofsky NS, Raffel C, McComb JG. Management of symptomatic chronic extra-axial fluid collections in pediatric patients. Neurosurgery. 1992;31(3):445–50 [cited 2022 Mar 3]. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/neurosurgery/article/31/3/445/2752096.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Vinchon M, Noulé N, Soto-Ares G, Dhellemmes P. Subduroperitoneal drainage for subdural hematomas in infants: results in 244 cases. J Neurosurg. 2001;95(2):249–55 [cited 2022 Mar 3]. Available from: https://thejns.org/view/journals/j-neurosurg/95/2/article-p249.xml.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Aoki N, Masuzawa H. Bilateral chronic subdural hematomas without communication between the hematoma cavities: treatment with unilateral subdural-peritoneal shunt. Neurosurgery. 1988;22(5):911–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Aoki N, Mizutani H, Masuzawa H. Unilateral subdural-peritoneal shunting for bilateral chronic subdural hematomas in infancy. Report of three cases. J Neurosurg. 1985;63(1):134–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Mircevski M, Boyadziev I, Ruskov P, Mircevska D, Davkov S. Surgical treatment of acute subdural hygroma in children. Childs Nerv Syst. 1986;2(6):314–6 [cited 2022 Mar 3]. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00271946.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Zahl SM, Egge A, Helseth E, Skarbø A-B, Wester K. Quality of life and physician-reported developmental, cognitive, and social problems in children with benign external hydrocephalus—long-term follow-up. Childs Nerv Syst. 2019;35(2):245–50 [cited 2022 Mar 6]. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00381-018-4016-2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Syvertsen M, Nakken KO, Edland A, Hansen G, Hellum MK, Koht J. Prevalence and etiology of epilepsy in a Norwegian county—a population based study. Epilepsia. 2015;56(5):699–706 [cited 2022 Mar 6]. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/epi.12972.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Surén P, Bakken IJ, Aase H, Chin R, Gunnes N, Lie KK, et al. Autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, epilepsy, and cerebral palsy in Norwegian children. Pediatrics. 2012;130(1):e152–8 [cited 2022 Mar 6]. Available from: https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/130/1/e152/29870/Autism-Spectrum-Disorder-ADHD-Epilepsy-and.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Neurosurgery, NH, SRCC Children’s Hospital, Mumbai, India

    Saurav Samantray

  2. Neurosurgery, Bombay Hospital (Institute of Medical Sciences), Mumbai, India

    Chandrashekhar Deopujari

  3. Neurosurgery, B.J. Wadia Children’s Hospital, Mumbai, India

    Sheena Ali

  4. Radiology, B.J. Wadia Children’s Hospital, Mumbai, India

    Foram Gala

Authors
  1. Saurav Samantray
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Chandrashekhar Deopujari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sheena Ali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Foram Gala
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurosurgery, Aydın Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Medicine, Aydın, Türkiye

    Mehmet Turgut

  2. Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou, Hena, China

    Fuyou Guo

  3. Department of Radiology, Ankara Medipol University Faculty of Medicine, Çankaya, Ankara, Türkiye

    Ahmet Tuncay Turgut

  4. Department of Neurosurgery Sanjay Gandhi, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Sanjay Behari

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Samantray, S., Deopujari, C., Ali, S., Gala, F. (2023). Benign Enlargement of the Subarachnoid Spaces and Subdural Collections. In: Turgut, M., Guo, F., Turgut, A.T., Behari, S. (eds) Incidental Findings of the Nervous System. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42595-0_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42595-0_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-42594-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-42595-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation