Skip to main content

Public Health

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Migraine in Medicine

Abstract

The assertion that primary headaches are a social disease is now out of the question, being established both by a high prevalence rate and by the impact they produce on the person and society. The negative loop of these premises is overturned on the vertical economic damage they cause, another solid evidence in the scientific literature. This expansion from personal to social damage, in terms of current expenditure of the national health systems, requires as a natural consequence a more efficient organization of the health services dedicated to control, education, rehabilitation, to achieve social care equity. Migraine represents the perfect paradigm of this path.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Hung PH, Fuh JL, Wang SJ. Validity, reliability and application of the Taiwan version of the migraine disability assessment questionnaire. J Formos Med Assoc. 2006;105(7):563–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Wang SJ, Wang PJ, Fuh JL, Peng KP, Ng K. Comparisons of disability, quality of life, and resource use between chronic and episodic migraineurs: a clinic-based study in Taiwan. Cephalalgia. 2013;33(3):171–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Iigaya M, Sakai F, Kolodner KB, Lipton RB, Stewart WF. Reliability and validity of the Japanese Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) Questionnaire. Headache. 2003;43(4):343–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Yu S, Liu R, Zhao G, Yang X, Qiao X, Feng J, et al. The prevalence and burden of primary headaches in China: a population-based door-to-door survey. Headache. 2012;52(4):582–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Fuh JL, Wang SJ, Lu SR. Impact of migraine on the employed labor force in Taiwan. J Chin Med Assoc. 2008;71(2):74–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Tang CH, Chen YC, Ng K, Wang SJ. A retrospective matched case-control study on medical costs of refractory migraine in Taiwan. Headache. 2013;53(3):526–39.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Roh JK, Kim JS, Ahn YO. Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of migraine and tension-type headache in Korea. Headache. 1998;38(5):356–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. GBD 2016 Headache Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of migraine and tension-type headache, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol 2018;17(11):954–976.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Peng KP, Wang SJ. Epidemiology of headache disorders in the Asia-Pacific region. Headache. 2014;54(4):610–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Blumenfeld AM, Varon SF, Wilcox TK, Buse DC, Kawata AK, Manack A, et al. Disability, HRQoL and resource use among chronic and episodic migraineurs: results from the International Burden of Migraine Study (IBMS). Cephalalgia. 2011;31(3):301–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Vo P, Fang J, Bilitou A, Laflamme AK, Gupta S. Patients' perspective on the burden of migraine in Europe: a cross-sectional analysis of survey data in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. J Headache Pain. 2018;19(1):82.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. GBD 2019 Demographics Collaborators. Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2019: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396(10258):1160–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30977-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Linde M, Gustavsson A, Stovner LJ, et al. The cost of headache disorders in Europe: the Eurolight project. Eur J Neurol. 2012;19(5):703–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03612.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Irimia P, Garrido-Cumbrera M, Santos-Lasaosa S, et al. Estimating the savings associated with a migraine-free life: results from the Spanish Atlas. Eur J Neurol. 2020;27(12):2616–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14431.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Messali A, Sanderson JC, Blumenfeld AM, Goadsby PJ, Buse DC, Varon SF, et al. Direct and indirect costs of chronic and episodic migraine in the United States: a web-based survey. Headache. 2016;56(2):306–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Vicente-Herrero T, Burke TA, Laínez MJA. The impact of a worksite migraine intervention program on work productivity, productivity costs, and non-workplace impairment among Spanish postal service employees from an employer perspective. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20(11):1805–14. https://doi.org/10.1185/030079904X10151.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Schaetz L, Rimner T, Pathak P, et al. Employee and employer benefits from a migraine management program: disease outcomes and cost analysis. Headache. 2020;60(9):1947–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.13933.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Haw NJ, Cabaluna IT, Kaw GE, Cortez JF, Chua MP, Guce K. A cross-sectional study on the burden and impact of migraine on work productivity and quality of life in selected workplaces in the Philippines. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):125. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-020-01191-6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Wong LP, Alias H, Bhoo-Pathy N, et al. Impact of migraine on workplace productivity and monetary loss: a study of employees in banking sector in Malaysia. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):68. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-020-01144-z.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(1):1–211. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102417738202.

  21. Yang M, Rendas-Baum R, Varon SF, Kosinski M. Validation of the headache impact test (HIT-6TM) across episodic and chronic migraine. Cephalalgia. 2011;31(3):357–67. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102410379890.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Prasad M, Wahlqvist P, Shikiar R, Shih YCT. A review of self-report instruments measuring health-related work productivity: a patient-reported outcomes perspective. PharmacoEconomics. 2004;22(4):225–44. https://doi.org/10.2165/00019053-200422040-00002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Grupo de Trabajo Multidisciplinar del Atlas de la Migraña en España (2018) Impacto y Situación de La Migraña En España: Atlas 2018. Editorial Universidad de Sevilla 1–183. ISBN:978-84-472-2832-4.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Marcus SC, Shewale AR, Silberstein SD, et al. Comparison of healthcare resource utilization and costs among patients with migraine with potentially adequate and insufficient triptan response. Cephalalgia. 2020;40(7):639–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102420915167.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. World Health Organization. Workers’ health: global plan of action. https://www.who.int/occupational_health/publications/global_plan/en/. Accessed 13 Dec 2020.

  26. Chandana SR, Movva S, Arora M, et al. Primary brain tumors in adults. Am Fam Physician. 2008;77:1423–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Goffaux P, Fortin D. Brain tumor headaches: from bedside to bench. Neurosurgery. 2010;67:459–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Purdy RA, Kirby S. Headaches and brain tumors. Neurol Clin. 2004;22:39–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Pfund Z, Szapary L, Jaszberenyi O, et al. Headache in intracranial tumors. Cephalalgia. 1999;19:787–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Index Mundi. Ethiopia age structure 2019. https://www.indexmundi.com/ethiopia/age_structure.html (accessed 4 April 2020).

  31. Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, Shibuya K, Salomon JA, Abdalla S, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Ackerman I, Aggarwal R, Ahn SY, Ali MK, Alvarado M, Anderson HR, Anderson LM, Andrews KG, Atkinson C, Baddour LM, Bahalim AN, Barker-Collo S, Barrero LH, Bartels DH, Basáñez MG, Baxter A, Bell ML, Benjamin EJ, Bennett D, Bernabé E, Bhalla K, Bhandari B, Bikbov B, Bin Abdulhak A, et al. Years lived with disability (YLD) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380:2163–96.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, Bertozzi-Villa A, Biryukov S, Bolliger I, Charlson F, Davis A, Degenhardt L, Dicker D, Duan L, Erskine H, Feigin VL, Ferrari AJ, Fitzmaurice C, Fleming T, Graetz N, Guinovart C, Haagsma J, Hansen GM, Hanson SW, Heuton KR, Higashi H, Kassebaum N, Kyu H, Laurie E, Liang X, Lofgren K, Lozano R, MacIntyre MF, Moradi-Lakeh M, Naghavi M, Nguyen G, Odell S, Ortblad K, Roberts DA, et al. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2013. Lancet. 2015;386:743–800.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. GBD (2015) Disease and injury incidence and prevalence collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2015. Lancet. 2016;388:1545–602.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390(10100):1211–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. GBD (2017) Disease and injury incidence and prevalence collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. Lancet. 2017;392:1789–858.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Steiner TJ. Lifting the burden: the global campaign against headache. Lancet Neurol. 2004;3:204–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Steiner TJ. Lifting The Burden: the global campaign to reduce the burden of headache worldwide. J Headache Pain. 2005;6:373–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Steiner TJ, Birbeck GL, Jensen R, Katsarava Z, Martelletti P, Stovner LJ. The global campaign, World Health Organization and Lifting The Burden: collaboration in action. J Headache Pain. 2011;12:273–4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Lifting The Burden. http://www.l-t-b.org (Accessed 4 Apr 2020).

  40. Wöber C, Wöber-Bingöl C, Uluduz D, Aslan TS, Uygunoglu U, Tüfekçi A, Alp SI, Duman T, Sürgün F, Emir GK, Demir CF, Balgetir F, Özdemir YB, Auer T, Siva A, Steiner TJ. Undifferentiated headache: broadening the approach to headache in children and adolescents, with supporting evidence from a nationwide school-based cross-sectional survey in Turkey. J Headache Pain. 2018;19:18.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Philipp J, Zeiler M, Wöber C, Wagner G, Karwautz AFK, Steiner TJ, Wöber-Bingöl C. Prevalence and burden of headache in children and adolescents in Austria—a nationwide study in a representative sample of pupils aged 10-18 years. J Headache Pain. 2019;20:101.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Zebenigus M, Tekle-Haimanot R, Worku DK, Thomas H, Steiner TJ. The prevalence of primary headache disorders in Ethiopia. J Headache Pain. 2016;17:110.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Wöber-Bingöl C, Wöber C, Uluduz D, Uygunoğlu U, Aslan T, Kernmayer M, Zesch H-E, Gerges NTA, Wagner G, Siva A, Steiner TJ. The global burden of headache in children and adolescents—developing a questionnaire and methodology for a global study. J Headache Pain. 2014;15:86.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Genc D, Vaičienė-Magistris N, Zaborskis A, Şaşmaz T, Tunç AY, Uluduz D, Steiner TJ. The prevalence of headache disorders in children and adolescents in Lithuania: a schools-based study. J Headache Pain. 2020;21:73.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Zewde YZ, Zebenigus M, Demissie H, Tekle-Haimanot R, Uluduz D, Şaşmaz T, Bozdag F, Steiner TJ. The prevalence of headache disorders in children and adolescents in Ethiopia: a schools-based study. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):108.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Saylor D, Steiner TJ. The global burden of headache. Semin Neurol. 2018;38:182–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Steiner TJ, Stovner LJ, Vos T, Jensen R, Katsarava Z. Migraine is first cause of disability in under 50s: will health politicians now take notice? J Headache Pain. 2018;19:17.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Lifting The Burden. http://www.l-t-b.org (Accessed 19 June 2019).

  49. Steiner TJ, Birbeck GL, Jensen R, Katsarava Z, Martelletti P, Stovner LJ. Lifting The Burden: the first 7 years. J Headache Pain. 2010;11:451–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Steiner TJ, Gururaj G, Andrée C, Katsarava Z, Ayzenberg I, Yu S-Y, Al Jumah M, Tekle-Haimanot R, Birbeck GL, Herekar A, Linde M, Mbewe E, Manandhar K, Risal A, Jensen R, Queiroz L-P, Scher AI, Wang S-J, Stovner TJ. Diagnosis, prevalence estimation and burden measurement in population surveys of headache: presenting the HARDSHIP questionnaire. J Headache Pain. 2014;15:3.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Stovner LJ, Al Jumah M, Birbeck GL, Gururaj G, Jensen R, Katsarava Z, Queiroz L-P, Scher AI, Tekle-Haimanot R, Wang S-J, Steiner TJ. The methodology of population surveys of headache prevalence, burden and cost: principles and recommendations. A product of the Global Campaign against Headache. J Headache Pain. 2014;15:5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Manandhar K, Risal A, Steiner TJ, Holen A, Linde M. The prevalence of primary headache disorders in Nepal: a nationwide population-based study. J Headache Pain. 2015;16:95.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Linde M, Edvinsson L, Manandhar K, Risal A, Steiner TJ. Migraine associated with altitude: results from a population-based study in Nepal. Eur J Neurol. 2017;24:1055–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Wang Y, Xie J, Yang F, et al. The prevalence of primary headache disorders and their associated factors among nursing staff in North China. J Headache Pain. 2015;16:4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Yu SY, Cao XT, Zhao G, et al. The burden of headache in China: validation of diagnostic questionnaire for a population-based survey. J Headache Pain. 2011;12(2):141–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Minen MT, De Dhaem OB, Van Diest AK, Powers S, Schwedt TJ, Lipton R, et al. Migraine and its psychiatric comorbidities. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016;87(7):741–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Teixeira AL, Costa EAC, da Silva AA, dos Santos IAM, Gómez RS, Kummer A, et al. Psychiatric comorbidities of chronic migraine in community and tertiary care clinic samples. J Headache Pain. 2012;13(7):551.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Subramaniam M, Vaingankar JA, Abdin E, Chong SA. Psychiatric morbidity in pain conditions: results from the Singapore Mental Health Study. Pain Res Manag. 2013;18(4):185–90.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Singapore Department of Statistics. Population trends 2014 2014. Retrieved from https://www.singstat.gov.sg/modules/infographics/population

  60. McWilliams LA, Goodwin RD, Cox BJ. Depression and anxiety associated with three pain conditions: results from a nationally representative sample. Pain. 2004;111(1–2):77–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Risal A, Manandhar K, Holen A, Steiner TJ, Linde M. Comorbidities of psychiatric and headache disorders in Nepal: implications from a nationwide population-based study. J Headache Pain. 2016;17(1):45.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Buse DC, Loder EW, Gorman JA, Stewart WF, Reed ML, Fanning KM, et al. Sex differences in the prevalence, symptoms, and associated features of migraine, probable migraine and other severe headache: results of the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention (AMPP) study. Headache. 2013;53(8):1278–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Tai M-LS, Yap JF, Goh CB. Dietary trigger factors of migraine and tension-type headache in a south east Asian country. J Pain Res. 2018;11:1255.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Zhang Y, Shi Z, Hock D, Yue W, Liu S, Zhang Y, et al. Prevalence of primary headache disorders in a population aged 60 years and older in a rural area of Northern China. J Headache Pain. 2016;17(1):83.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Camarda R, Monastero R. Prevalence of primary headaches in Italian elderly: preliminary data from the Zabut Aging Project. Neurol Sci. 2003;24(2):s122–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Victor T, Hu X, Campbell J, Buse D, Lipton R. Migraine prevalence by age and sex in the United States: a life-span study. Cephalalgia. 2010;30(9):1065–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Takeshima T, Ishizaki K, Fukuhara Y, Ijiri T, Kusumi M, Wakutani Y, et al. Population-based door-to-door survey of migraine in Japan: the Daisen study. Headache. 2004;44(1):8–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Bruti G, Magnotti M, Iannetti G. Migraine and depression: bidirectional co-morbidities? Neurol Sci. 2012;33(1):107–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Sivaji M, Manickavasagam J, Sundaramurthi I, Gopinathan S. A study on prevalence and co-morbidity of bipolar and anxiety disorders in chronic headache patients. Int J Res Med Sci. 2017;5(7):3038–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Jette N, Patten S, Williams J, Becker W, Wiebe S. Comorbidity of migraine and psychiatric disorders—a national population-based study. Headache. 2008;48(4):501–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Harnod T, Lin C-L, Kao C-H. Survival outcome and mortality rate in patients with migraine: a population-based cohort study. J Headache. 2018;19(1):57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Sheffield RE. Migraine prevalence: a literature review. Headache. 1998;38:595–601.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Saed MG, Aly SM, Karim A Masood, editors. Red Sea Governorate achievement index. 2012. [Arabic].

    Google Scholar 

  74. Headache Classification Committee. The international classification of headache disorders (2nd edition). Cephalalgia. 2004;24:1–160.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Fernandes PT, Salgado PC, Naronha AL, de Boer HM, Prilipko L, Sander JW, Li LM. Epilepsy stigma perception in an urban area of a limited-resource country. Epilepsy Behav. 2007;11:25–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Nachit-Ouinekh F, Chrysostome V, Henry P, Sourgen C, Dartiques JE, El hasanoui A. Variability of reported headache symptoms and diagnosis of migraine at 12 months. Cephalalgia. 2005;25:117–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. World Health Organization, Headache disorders. Fact sheet N_277, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Lipton R, Bigal M. Migraine: epidemiology, impact, and risk factors for progression. Headache J Head Face Pain. 2005;45:s1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Tepper SJ, Dahlof C, Dowson A, Newman L, Mansbach H, Jones M, Pham B, Webster C, Salonen R. Prevalence and diagnosis of migraine in patients consulting their primary care physician with a complaint of headache: data from the landmark study. Headache. 2004;44:856–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache S. The international classification of headache disorders, 3rd edition (beta version). Cephalalgia. 2013;33:629–808.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Diamond M, Freitag F, Lipton R, Michael L, Reed L. Migraine prevention patterns in a community sample: results from the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention (AMPP) study. Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain. 2005;45. Confrence: 47th Annual Scientific Meeting of the theAmerican Headache Society.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Kandil M, Hamed S, Fadel K, Khalifa H, Ghanem M, Mohamed K. Migraine in Assiut governorate, Egypt: epidemiology, risk factors, comorbid conditions and predictors of change from episodic to chronic migraine. Neurol Res. 2016;38(3):232–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Ghorbani A, Abtahi S, Fereidan-Esfahani M, Abtahi S, Shemshaki H, Akbari M, et al. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of headache among medical students, Isfahan. Iran J Res Med Sci. 2013;18(Suppl 1):S24–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Davies PTG, Peatfield RC, Steiner TJ, Bond RA, Rose FC. Some clinical comparisons between common and classical migraine: a questionnaire-based study. Cephalalgia. 1991;11:223–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Ranson R, Igarashi H, MacGregor EA, Wilkinson M. The similarities and differences of migraine with aura and migraine without aura: a preliminary study. Cephalalgia. 1991;11:189–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Zielger DK, Hassanein RS. Specific headache phenomena: their frequency and coincidence. Headache. 1990;30:152–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Ibrahim N, Alotaibi A, Alhazmi A, Alshehri R, Saimaldaher R, Murad M. Prevalence, predictors and triggers of migraine headache among medical students and interns in king Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Pak J Med Sci. 2017;33(2):270–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  88. Noor T, Sajjad A, Asma A. Frequency, character and predisposing factor of headache among students of medical college of Karachi. J Pak Med Assoc. 2016;66(2):159–64.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Stovner LJ, Hagen K, Jensen R, Katsarava Z, Lipton RB, Scher AI, Steiner TJ, Zwart J-A. The global burden of headache: a documentation of headache prevalence and disability worldwide. Cephalalgia. 2007;27:193–210.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. World Health Organization and Lifting The Burden. Atlas of headache disorders and resources in the world 2011. Geneva: WHO Press; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Steiner TJ, Birbeck GL, Jensen RH, Katsarava Z, Stovner LJ, Martelletti P. Headache disorders are third cause of disability worldwide. J Headache Pain. 2015;16:58.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  92. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World population prospects: the 2015 revision. Key findings and advance tables (Working Paper No ESA/P/WP241). United Nations, New York 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Kulkarni GB, Rao GN, Gururaj G, Stovner LJ, Steiner TJ. Headache disorders and public ill-health in India: prevalence estimates in Karnataka state. J Headache Pain. 2015;16:67.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  94. Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, Carter A, Casey DC, Charlson FJ, Chen AZ, Coggeshall M, Cornaby L, Dandona L, Dicker DJ, Dilegge T, Erskine HE, Ferrari AJ, Fitzmaurice C, Fleming T, Forouzanfar MH, Fullman N, Gething PW, Goldberg EM, Graetz N, Haagsma JA, Hay SI, Johnson CO, Kassebaum NJ, Kawashima T, Kemmer L, Khalil IA, Kinfu Y, Kyu HH, Leung J, Liang X, et al. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2015. Lancet. 2016;388:1545–602.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018;392:1789–858.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Lifting The Burden. http://www.l-t-b.org (Last accessed 29 Oct 2019).

  97. Katsarava Z, Dzagnidze A, Kukava M, Mirvelashvili E, Djibuti M, Janelidze M, Jensen R, Stovner LJ, Steiner TJ. Primary headache disorders in the republic of Georgia: prevalence and risk factors. Neurology. 2009;73:1796–803.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Ayzenberg I, Katsarava Z, Sborowski A, Chernysh M, Osipova V, Tabeeva G, Yakhno N, Steiner TJ. The prevalence of primary headache disorders in Russia: a countrywide survey. Cephalalgia. 2012;32:373–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Mbewe E, Zairemthiama P, Yeh H-H, Paul R, Birbeck GL, Steiner TJ. The epidemiology of primary headache disorders in Zambia: a population-based door-to-door survey. J Headache Pain. 2015;16:30.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  100. Herekar AA, Ahmad A, Uqaili UL, Ahmed B, Effendi J, Alvi SZ, Shahab MA, Javed U, Herekar AD, Khanani R, Steiner TJ. Primary headache disorders in the adult general population of Pakistan—a cross sectional nationwide prevalence survey. J Headache Pain. 2017;18:28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  101. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia General Authority for Statistics. The general population and housing census 2010. https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/13 (Last accessed 29 Oct 2019).

  102. Headache Classification Subcommittee of the International Headache Society. The International Classification of Headache Disorders: 2nd edition. Cephalalgia. 2004;24(suppl 1):9–160.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Streel S, Donneau AF, Hoge A, Albert A, Schoenen J, Guillaume M. One-year prevalence of migraine using a validated extended French version of the ID migraine™: a Belgian population-based study. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2015;171:707–14.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Stovner LJ, Zwart JA, Hagen K, Terwindt GM, Pascual J. Epidemiology of headache in Europe. Eur J Neurol. 2006;13:333–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Lipton RB, Stewart WF, Diamond S, Diamond ML, Reed M. Prevalence and burden of migraine in the United States: data from the American migraine study II. Headache. 2001;41:646–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Leonardi M. Burden of migraine: what should we say more? Neurol Sci. 2015;36(Suppl 1):1–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Granella F, Cavallini A, Sandrini G, Manzoni GC, Nappi G. Long-term outcome of migraine. Cephalalgia. 1998;18:30–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Colombo B, Dalla Libera D, Dalla Costa G, Comi G. Refractory migraine: the role of the physician in assessment and treatment of a problematic disease. Neurol Sci. 2013;34(Suppl 1):109–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  109. Vicente-Herrero MT, Iñiguez R, de la Torre MV, Capdevila García LM, López-González ÁA, Terradillos García MJ. Migraña crónica y trabajo. Riesgos laborales y aspectos preventivos. SEMERGEN - Med Familia. 2013;39(6):316–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semerg.2012.10.006.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Mäki K, Vahtera J, Virtanen M, Elovainio M, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Kivimäki M. Work Stress and New-Onset Migraine in a Female Employee Population. Cephalalgia. 2008;28(1):18–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2007.01462.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Le H, Tfelt-Hansen P, Skytthe A, Kyvik KO, Olesen J. Association between migraine, lifestyle and socioeconomic factors: a population-based cross-sectional study. J Headache Pain. 2011;12(2):157–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10194-011-0321-9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  112. Etminan M, Brophy JM, Collins G, Nazemipour M, Mansournia MA. To adjust or not to adjust: the role of different covariates in cardiovascular observational studies. Am Heart J. 2021;237:62–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2021.03.008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Sjösten N, et al. Influence of retirement and work stress on headache prevalence: A longitudinal modelling study from the GAZEL Cohort Study. Cephalalgia. 2011;31(6):696–705. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102410394677.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  114. GBD (2019) Diseases and injuries collaborators. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396:1204–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Colas R, Munoz P, Temprano R, Gomez C, Pascual J. Chronic daily headache with analgesic over-use: epidemiology and impact on quality of life. Neurology. 2004;62:1338–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Katsarava Z, Muessig M, Dzagnidze A, Fritsche G, Diener HC, Limmroth V. Medication overuse headache: rates and predictors for relapse in a 4-year prospective study. Cephalalgia. 2005;25:12–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Jonsson P, Hedenrud T, Linde M. Epidemiology of medication overuse headache in the general Swedish population. Cephalalgia. 2011;31:1015–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Lampl C, Thomas H, Stovner LJ, Tassorelli C, Katsarava Z, Laínez JMA, Lantéri-Minet M, Rastenyte D, Ruiz de la Torre E, Andrée C, Steiner TJ. Interictal burden attributable to episodic headache: findings from the Eurolight project. J Headache Pain. 2016;17:9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  119. Straube A, et al. Headache in school children: prevalence and risk factors. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2013;110(48):811–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  120. Xavier MK, et al. Prevalence of headache in adolescents and association with use of computer and videogames. Cien Saude Colet. 2015;20(11):3477–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Li C, et al. Prevalence of primary headache disorders among information technology staff in China: the negative effects of computer use and other correlative factors. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):443.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  122. Wang J, et al. Mobile phone use and the risk of headache: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):12595.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Altamura C, et al. Locking down the CGRP pathway during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: the PandeMig study. Neurol Sci. 2020;41(12):3385–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  124. Porta-Etessam J, et al. Spectrum of headaches associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: study of healthcare professionals. Headache. 2020;60:1697–704.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  125. Al-Hashel JY, et al. Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on patients with migraine: a web-based survey study. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):115.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  126. Smith AP. Acute tension-type headaches are associated with impaired cognitive function and more negative mood. Front Neurol. 2016;7:42.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  127. Moore DJ, et al. Headache impairs attentional performance. Pain. 2013;154(9):1840–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Monzani L, et al. Anxiety and the severity of tension-type headache mediate the relation between headache presenteeism and workers' productivity. PLoS One. 2018;13(7):e0201189.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Andrée C, et al. Headache yesterday in Europe. J Headache Pain. 2014;15(1):33.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  130. Suzuki N, Ishikawa Y, Gomi S, Ito N, Watanabe S, Yokoyama M, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of headaches in a socially active population working in the Tokyo metropolitan area -surveillance by an industrial health consortium. Intern Med. 2014;53(7):683–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Steiner TJ, Stovner LJ, Katsarava Z, Lainez JM, Lampl C, Lantéri-Minet M, Rastenyte D, Ruiz de la Torre E, Tassorelli C, Barré J, Andrée C. The impact of headache in Europe: principal results of the Eurolight project. J Headache Pain. 2014;15:31.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  132. Lampl C, et al. Headache, depression and anxiety: associations in the Eurolight project. J Headache Pain. 2016;17:59.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  133. Haag G, et al. Self-medication of migraine and tension-type headache: summary of the evidence-based recommendations of the deutsche Migräne und Kopfschmerzgesellschaft (DMKG), the deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie (DGN), the Österreichische Kopfschmerzgesellschaft (ÖKSG) and the Schweizerische Kopfwehgesellschaft (SKG). J Headache Pain. 2011;12(2):201–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Fernando Prieto Peres M, et al. Non-pharmacological treatment for primary headaches prevention and lifestyle changes in a low-income Community of Brazil: a randomized clinical trial. Headache. 2019;59:86–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Eysenbach G. Infodemiology and infoveillance: framework for an emerging set of public health informatics methods to analyze search, communication and publication behavior on the internet. J Med Internet Res. 2009;1:e11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  136. Vo P, et al. Burden of migraine in Europe using self-reported digital diary data from the migraine buddy© application. Neurol Ther. 2018;7(2):321–32.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  137. Lipton RB, Bigal ME, Diamond M, et al. Migraine prevalence, disease burden, and the need for preventive therapy. Neurology. 2007;68:343–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Adams AM, Serrano D, Buse DC, et al. The impact of chronic migraine: the Chronic Migraine Epidemiology and Outcomes (CaMEO) Study methods and baseline results. Cephalalgia. 2015;35(7):563–78.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  139. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society. The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (beta version). Cephalalgia. 2013;33(9):629–808.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  140. Murray C, Vos T, Lozano R, Naghavi M, Flaxman A, Michaud C, et al. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet. 2010;380:2197–223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  141. Stewart WF, Lipton RB, Dowson AJ, Sawyer J. Development and testing of the migraine disability assessment (MIDAS) questionnaire to assess headache-related disability. Neurology. 2001;56(suppl 1):S20–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Kosinski M, Bayliss MS, Bjorner JB, Ware JE, Garber WH, Batenhorst A, et al. A six-item short-form survey for measuring headache impact: the HIT-6. Qual Life Res. 2003;12:963–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Jacobson GP, Ramadan NM, Aggarwal SK, Newman CW. The Henry ford hospital headache disability inventory (HDI). Neurology. 1994;44:837.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. El Hasnaoui A, Vray M, Richard A, Nachit-Ouinekh F, Boureau F, MIGSEV Group. Assessing the severity of migraine: development of the MIGSEV scale. Headache. 2003;43:628–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Wacogne C, Lacoste JP, Guillibert E, Hugues FC, Le Jeunne C. Stress, anxiety, depression and migraine. Cephalalgia. 2003;23(6):451–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Eskin M, Akyol A, Celik EY, Gultekin BK. Social problem-solving, perceived stress, depression and life-satisfaction in patients suffering from tension type and migraine headaches. Scand J Psychol. 2013;54(4):337–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Kelman L. The triggers or precipitants of the acute migraine attack. Cephalalgia. 2007;27(5):394–402.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Park JW, Chu MK, Kim JM, Park SG, Cho SJ. Analysis of trigger factors in episodic migraineurs using a smartphone headache diary applications. PLoS One. 2016;11(2):e0149577.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Lipton RB, Bigal ME, Ashina S, Burstein R, Silberstein S, Reed ML, Serrano D, Stewart WF. Cutaneous allodynia in the migraine population. Ann Neurol. 2008;63(2):148–58.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  150. Lee J, Shin C, Ko YH, Lim J, Joe SH, Kim S, Jung IK, Han C. The reliability and validity studies of the Korean version of the Perceived Stress Scale. Korean J Psychosom Med. 2012;20(2):127–34.

    Google Scholar 

  151. Lee HS, Chung CS, Song HJ, Park HS. The reliability and validity of the MIDAS (Migraine Disability Assessment) Questionnaire for Korean migraine sufferers. J Korean Neurol Assoc. 2000;18(3):287–91.

    Google Scholar 

  152. Seo JG, Park SP. Validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and PHQ-2 in patients with migraine. J Headache Pain. 2015;16(1):65.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  153. Seo JG, Park SP. Validation of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and GAD-2 in patients with migraine. J Headache Pain. 2015;16(1):97.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  154. Cho YW, Lee JH, Son HK, Lee SH, Shin C, Johns MW. The reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Epworth sleepiness scale. Sleep Breath. 2011;15(3):377–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Cho YW, Song ML, Morin CM. Validation of a Korean version of the insomnia severity index. J Clin Neurol. 2014;10(3):210–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  156. Martin BC, Pathak DS, Sharfman MI, Adelman JU, Taylor F, Kwong WJ, Jhingran P. Validity and Reliability of the Migraine-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (MSQ Version 2.1). Headache. 2000;40(3):204–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Zenebe Zewde Y, Zebenigus M, Demissie H, Tekle-Haimanot R, Uluduz D, Şaşmaz T, Bozdag F, Steiner TJ. The prevalence of headache disorders in children and adolescents in Ethiopia: a schools-based study. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):108. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-020-01179-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  158. Luvsannorov O, Anisbayar T, Davaasuren M, Baatar O, Batmagnai K, Tumurbaatar K, Enkhbaatar S, Uluduz D, Şaşmaz T, Solmaz ET, Steiner TJ. The prevalence of headache disorders in children and adolescents in Mongolia: a nationwide schools-based study. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):107. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-020-01175-6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  159. Lifting The Burden. http://www.l-t-b.org . Accessed 17 Dec 2020.

  160. Steiner TJ, Lipton RB, on behalf of Lifting The Burden: The Global Campaign against Headache. The headache-attributed lost time (HALT) indices: measures of burden for clinical management and population-based research. J Headache Pain. 2018;19(1):12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-018-0837-3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  161. Ravens-Sieberer U, Bullinger M. Assessing health-related quality of life in chronically ill children with the German KINDL: first psychometric and content analytical results. Qual Life Res. 1998;7(5):399–407. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008853819715.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Hunfeld JA, Perquin CW, Duivenvoorden HJ, Hazebroek-Kampschreur AA, Passchier J, van Suijlekom-Smit LW, van der Wouden JC. Chronic pain and its impact on quality of life in adolescents and their families. J Pediatr Psychol. 2001;26(3):145–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Wöber C, Wöber-Bingöl C. Clinical management of young patients presenting with headache. Funct Neurol. 2000;15:89–105.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Leonardi M, Raggi A. A narrative review on the burden of migraine: when the burden is the impact on people's life. J Headache Pain. 2019;20(1):41.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  165. Al-Hashel JY, Ahmed SF, Alroughani R. Prevalence and burden of primary headache disorders in Kuwaiti children and adolescents: a community based study. Front Neurol. 2019;10:793.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  166. Cavestro C, Montrucchio F, Benci P, Pompilio D, Mandrino S, Cencio PG, Frigeri MC, Di Pietrantonj C. Headache prevalence and related symptoms, family history, and treatment habits in a representative population of children in Alba, Italy. Pediatr Neurol. 2014;51(3):348–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. van den Maagdenberg AM. Migraine genetics: New opportunities, new challenges. Cephalalgia. 2016;36(7):601–3.

    Google Scholar 

  168. Hershey AD, Powers SW, Vockell AL, LeCates SL, Segers A, Kabbouche MA. Development of a patient-based grading scale for PedMIDAS. Cephalalgia. 2004;24(10):844–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Virtanen R, Aromaa M, Koskenvuo M, Sillanpää M, Pulkkinen L, Metsähonkala L, Suominen S, Rose RJ, Helenius H, Kaprio J. Externalizing problem behaviors and headache: a follow-up study of adolescent Finnish twins. Pediatrics. 2004;114(4):981–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. GBD 2015 DALYs and HALE Collaborators, NJ AM, Barber RM, et al. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 2016;388:1603–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31460-X.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  171. Edmeads J, Mackell JA. The economic impact of migraine: an analysis of direct and indirect costs. Headache. 2002;42:501–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Bloudek LM, Stokes M, Buse DC, Wilcox TK, Lipton RB, Goadsby PJ, et al. Cost of healthcare for patients with migraine in five European countries: results from the international burden of migraine study (IBMS). J Headache Pain. 2012;13(5):361–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  173. De Matteis E, Guglielmetti M, Ornello R, Spuntarelli V, Martelletti P, Sacco S. Targeting CGRP for migraine treatment: mechanisms, antibodies, small molecules, perspectives. Expert Rev Neurother. 2020;20(6):627–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737175.2020.1772758.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Negro A, Sciattella P, Rossi D, Guglielmetti M, Martelletti P, Mennini FS. Cost of chronic and episodic migraine patients in continuous treatment for two years in a tertiary level headache Centre. J Headache Pain. 2019;20(1):120. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-019-1068-y.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  175. Mecklenburg J, Raffaelli B, Neeb L, Sanchez Del Rio M, Reuter U. The potential of lasmiditan in migraine. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2020;13:1756286420967847. https://doi.org/10.1177/1756286420967847.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  176. Raffaelli B, Neeb L, Reuter U. Monoclonal antibodies for the prevention of migraine. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2019;19(12):1307–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/14712598.2019.1671350.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Tiseo C, Ornello R, Pistoia F, Sacco S. How to integrate monoclonal antibodies targeting the calcitonin gene-related peptide or its receptor in daily clinical practice. J Headache Pain. 2019;20(1):49. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-019-1000-5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  178. Steiner TJ, Antonaci F, Jensen R, Lainez MJ, Lanteri-Minet M, Valade D. Recommendations for headache service organisation and delivery in Europe. J Headache Pain. 2011;12(4):419–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10194-011-0320-x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  179. Agosti R. Migraine burden of disease: from the patient’s experience to a socio-economic view. Headache. 2018;58:17–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Sakai F, Igarashi H. Prevalence of migraine in Japan: a nationwide survey. Cephalalgia. 1997;17(1):15–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Bonafede M, Sapra S, Shah N, Tepper S, Cappell K, Desai P. Direct and indirect healthcare resource utilization and costs among migraine patients in the United States. Headache. 2018;58(5):700–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Silberstein S, Holland S, Freitag F, Dodick DW, Argoff C, Ashman E. Evidence-based guideline update: pharmacologic treatment for episodic migraine prevention in adults Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society. Neurology. 2012;78:1337–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  183. Evers S, Afra J, Frese A, et al. EFNS guideline on the drug treatment of migraine—revised report of an EFNS task force. Eur J Neurol. 2009;16(9):968–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Sanderson JC, Devine EB, Lipton RB, et al. Headache-related health resource utilisation in chronic and episodic migraine across six countries. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013;84(12):1309–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Public Policy Committee. International Society of Pharmacoepidemiology. Guidelines for good pharmacoepidemiology practice (GPP). Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2016;25:2–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  186. Scher AI, Stewart WF, Lipton RB. Migraine and headache: a meta-analytic approach. In: Crombie IK, editor. Epidemiology of pain. WA: IASP press; 1999. p. 159–70.

    Google Scholar 

  187. Al-Hashel J, Ahmed SF, Alroughani R. Prevalence of primary headache disorders in Kuwait. Neuroepidemiology. 2017;48:138–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Steiner TJ, Gururaj G, Andrée C, Katsarava Z, Ayzenberg ISYY, Al Jumah M, Tekle-Haimanot R, Birbeck GL, Herekar A, Linde M, Mbewe E, Manandhar K, Risal A, Jensen R, Queiroz LP, Scher AI, Wang SJ, Stovner LJ. Diagnosis, prevalence estimation and burden measurement in population surveys of headache: presenting the HARDSHIP questionnaire. J Headache Pain. 2014;15:30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Bener A. Frequency of headache and migraine in Qatar. Neuroepidemiology. 2006;27:61–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Deleu D, Khan MA, Al Shehab TA. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of headache in a rural community in Oman. Headache. 2002;42:963–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Ertas M, Baykan B, Orhan EK, Zarifoglu M, Karli N, Saip S, Onal A, Siva A. One-year prevalence and the impact of migraine and tension-type headache in Turkey: a nationwide home-based study in adults. J Headache Pain. 2012;13:147–57.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  192. Rueda-Snchez M, daz-Martnez LA. Prevalence and associated factors for episodic and chronic daily headache in the Colombian population. Cephalalgia. 2008;28(3):216–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  193. Allena M, Steiner TJ, Sances G, et al. Impact of headache disorders in Italy and the public-health and policy implications: a population-based study within the Eurolight project. J Headache Pain. 2015;16:100. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-015-0584-7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  194. Sillanpää M, Andlin-Sobocki P, Lönnqvist J. Costs of brain disorders in Finland. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008;117:167–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Martelletti P, Schwedt TJ, Lanteri-Minet M, et al. My Migraine Voice survey: a global study of disease burden among individuals with migraine for whom preventive treatments have failed. J Headache Pain. 2018;19(1):115.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  196. Buse DC, Manack AN, Fanning KM, Serrano D, Reed ML, Turkel CC, et al. Chronic migraine prevalence, disability, and sociodemographic factors: results from the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention study. Headache. 2012;52(10):1456–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Payne KA, Varon SF, Kawata AK, et al. The international burden of migraine study (IBMS): study design, methodology, and baseline cohort characteristics. Cephalalgia. 2011;31(10):1116–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Andrée C, Stovner LJ, Steiner TJ, Barré J, Katsarava Z, Lainez JM, Lair M-L, Lanteri-Minet M, Mick G, Rastenyte D, Ruiz de la Torre E, Tassorelli C, Vriezen P, Lampl C. The Eurolight project: the impact of primary headache disorders in Europe. Description of methods. J Headache Pain. 2011;12:541–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  199. Silberstein SD, Lee L, Gandhi K, Fitzgerald T, Bell J, Cohen JM. Health care resource utilization and migraine disability along the migraine continuum among patients treated for migraine. Headache. 2018;58:1579–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Ford JH, Schroeder K, Nyhuis AW, Foster SA, Aurora SK. Cycling through migraine preventive treatments: implications for all-cause Total direct costs and disease-specific costs. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2018;25:1–12. https://doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.2018.18058.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  201. Honkasalo ML, Kaprio J, Heikkilä K, Sillanpää M, Koskenvuo M. A population-based survey of headache and migraine in 22,809 adults. Headache. 1993;33:403–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Raggi A, Leonardi M. Burden and cost of neurological diseases: a European north–south comparison. Acta Neurol Scand. 2015;132:16–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Munakata J, Hazard E, Serrano D, et al. Economic burden of transformed migraine: results from the American migraine prevalence and prevention (AMPP) study. Headache. 2009;49:498–508.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Mbewe E, Zairemthiama P, Paul R, Birbeck GL, Steiner TJ. The burden of primary headache disorders in Zambia: national estimates from a population-based door-to-door survey. J Headache Pain. 2015;16:36.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  205. World Health Organization, Burden LT. Atlas of headache disorders and resources in the world 2011. Geneva: WHO; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  206. Salomon JA, Haagsma JA, Davis A, de Noordhout CM, Polinder S, Havelaar AH, Cassini A, Devleesschauwer B, Kretzschmar M, Speybroeck N, Murray CJ, Vos T. Disability weights for the Global Burden of Disease 2013 study. Lancet Glob Health. 2015;3:e712–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00069-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Wateraid UK. Where we work 2017. http://www.Wateraid.Org/Uk/Where-we-work/page/ethiopia (last accessed 3.2.17).

    Google Scholar 

  208. Shahbeigi S, Fereshtehnejad S-M, Mohammadi N, et al. Epidemiology of headaches in Tehran urban area: a population-based cross-sectional study in district 8, year 2010. Neurol Sci. 2013;34(7):1157–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-012-1200-0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. Ayatollahi SMT, Moradi F, Ayatollahi SAR. Prevalences of migraine and tension-type headache in adolescent girls of shiraz (southern Iran). Headache. 2002;42(4):287–90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12010386. Accessed November 16, 2018

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Fallahzadeh H, Alihaydari M. Prevalence of migraine and tension-type headache among school children in Yazd, Iran. J Pediatr Neurosci. 2011;6(2):106–9. https://doi.org/10.4103/1817-1745.92818.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  211. Romdhane NA, Ben Hamida M, Mrabet A, et al. Prevalence study of neurologic disorders in Kelibia (Tunisia). Neuroepidemiology. 1993;12(5):285–99. https://doi.org/10.1159/000110330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  212. Bener A, Swadi H, Qassimi EM, Uduman S. Prevalence of headache and migraine in schoolchildren in the United Arab Emirates. Ann Saudi Med. 18(6):522–4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17344729. Accessed 16 Nov 2018

  213. Bahrami P, Zebardast H, Zibaei M, Mohammadzadeh M, Zabandan N. Prevalence and characteristics of headache in Khoramabad, Iran. Pain Physician. 15(4):327–32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22828686. Accessed 16 Nov 2018

  214. Bessisso MS, Bener A, Elsaid MF, Al-Khalaf FA, Huzaima KA. Pattern of headache in school children in the State of Qatar. Saudi Med J. 2005;26(4):566–70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15900361. Accessed 16 Nov 2018

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  215. Free 2018 ICD-10-CM Codes. https://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes. Accessed 4 June 2018.

  216. Abu-Arafeh I, Razak S, Sivaraman B, Graham C. Prevalence of headache and migraine in children and adolescents: a systematic review of population-based studies. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2010;52(12):1088–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  217. Wöber-Bingöl C. Epidemiology of migraine and headache in children and adolescents. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2013;17(6):341.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  218. Heinrich M, Morris L, Kröner-Herwig B. Self-report of headache in children and adolescents in Germany: possibilities and confines of questionnaire data for headache classification. Cephalalgia. 2009;29(8):864–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  219. Anttila P, Metsähonkala L, Aromaa M, Sourander A, Salminen J, Helenius H, et al. Determinants of tension-type headache in children. Cephalalgia. 2002;22(5):401–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  220. Pothmann R, Frankenberg SV, Muller B, Sartory G, Hellmeier W. Epidemiology of headache in children and adolescents: evidence of high prevalence of migraine. Int J Behav Med. 1994;1(1):76–89.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  221. Antonaci F, Voiticovschi-Iosob C, Di Stefano AL, Galli F, Ozge A, Balottin U. The evolution of headache from childhood to adulthood: a review of the literature. J Headache Pain. 2014;15:15.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  222. Karwautz A, Wöber C, Lang T, Böck A, Wagner-Ennsgraber C, Vesely C, et al. Psychosocial factors in children and adolescents with migraine and tension-type headache: a controlled study and review of the literature. Cephalalgia. 1999;19(1):32–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  223. Juang K-D, Wang S-J, Fuh J-L, Lu S-R, Chen Y-S. Association between adolescent chronic daily headache and childhood adversity: a community-based study. Cephalalgia. 2004;24(1):54–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. Kröner-Herwig B, Heinrich M, Morris L. Headache in German children and adolescents: a population-based epidemiological study. Cephalalgia. 2007;27(6):519–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  225. Bugdayci R, Ozge A, Sasmaz T, Kurt AO, Kaleagasi H, Karakelle A, et al. Prevalence and factors affecting headache in Turkish schoolchildren. Pediatr Int. 2005;47(3):316–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  226. GBD 2015 Neurological Disorders Collaborator Group. Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders during 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet Neurol. 2017;16(11):877–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  227. Rice ASC, Smith BH, Blyth FM. Pain and the global burden of disease. Pain. 2016;157:791–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  228. Malta DC, Bernal RTI, Lima MG, Araújo SSC, MMAD S, MIDF F, et al. Noncommunicable diseases and the use of health services: analysis of the National Health Survey in Brazil. Rev Saude Publica. 2017;51(suppl 1):4s.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  229. Lampe F. Validity of a self-reported history of doctor-diagnosed angina. J Clin Epidemiol. 1999;52:73–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  230. Ramos RQ, Bastos JL, Peres MA. Diagnostic validity of self-reported oral health outcomes in population surveys: literature review. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2013;16:716–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  231. Chrestani MAD, Santos Ida S, Matijasevich AM. Self-reported hypertension: validation in a representative cross-sectional survey. Cad Saude Publica. 2009;25:2395–406.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  232. Moreira NF, Luz VG, Moreira CC, Pereira RA, Sichieri R, Ferreira MG, et al. Self-reported weight and height are valid measures to determine weight status: results from the Brazilian National Health Survey (PNS 2013). Cad Saude Publica. 2018;34:(S)1-13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  233. Queiroz LP, Peres MFP, Piovesan EJ, Kowacs F, Ciciarelli MC, Souza JA, et al. A nationwide population-based study of migraine in Brazil. Cephalalgia. 2009;29:642–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  234. Queiroz LP, Peres MFP, Piovesan EJ, Kowacs F, Ciciarelli MC, Souza JA, et al. A nationwide population-based study of tension-type headache in Brazil. Headache. 2009;49:71–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  235. Queiroz LP, Peres MFP, Kowacs F, Piovesan EJ, Ciciarelli MC, Souza JA, et al. Chronic daily headache in Brazil: a nationwide population-based study. Cephalalgia. 2008;28:1264–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  236. International Headache Society Classification Subcommittee. The international classification of headache disorders. Cephalalgia. 2014;24(suppl 1):1–160. 2nd edition

    Google Scholar 

  237. Stewart W, Lipton R, Kolodner K, Sawyer J, Lee C, Liberman J. Validity of the migraine disability assessment (MIDAS) score in comparison to a diary-based measure in a population sample of migraine sufferers. Pain. 2000;88(1):41–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  238. Lucchetti G, Peres MFP. The prevalence of migraine and probable migraine in a Brazilian favela: results of a community survey. Headache. 2011;51:971–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  239. Goulart AC, Santos IS, Brunoni AR, Nunes MA, Passos VM, Griep RH, et al. Migraine headaches and mood/anxiety disorders in the ELSA Brazil. Headache. 2014;54:1310–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  240. Queiroz LP, Silva Junior AA. The prevalence and impact of headache in Brazil. Headache. 2015;55:32–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  241. Krogh AB, Larsson B, Linde M. Prevalence and disability of headache among Norwegian adolescents: a cross-sectional school-based study. Cephalalgia. 2015;35:1181–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  242. Chong SC, Chan YH, Ong HT, Low PS, Tay SK. Headache diagnosis, disability and co-morbidities in a multi-ethnic, heterogeneous paediatric Asian population. Cephalalgia. 2010;30:953–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  243. Kong CK, Cheng WW, Wong LY. Epidemiology of headache in Hong Kong primary-level schoolchildren: questionnaire study. Hong Kong Med J. 2001;7:29–33.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  244. Rho YI, Chung HJ, Lee KH, Eun BL, Eun SH, Nam SO, et al. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of primary headaches among school children in South Korea: a nationwide survey. Headache. 2012;52(4):592–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  245. Hublin C, Kaprio J, Partinen M, Koskenvuo M. Insufficient sleep--a population-based study in adults. Sleep. 2001;24(4):392–400.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  246. Holt JB, Zhang X, Sizov N, Croft JB. Airport noise and self-reported sleep insufficiency, United States, 2008 and 2009. Prev Chronic Dis. 2015;12:E49.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  247. Cho SJ, Chung YK, Kim JM, Chu MK. Migraine and restless legs syndrome are associated in adults under age fifty but not in adults over fifty: a population-based study. J Headache Pain. 2015;16:554.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  248. Song TJ, Cho SJ, Kim WJ, Yang KI, Yun CH, Chu MK. Anxiety and depression in probable migraine: A population-based study. Cephalalgia. 2017;37(9):845–54.

    Google Scholar 

  249. Oh K, Cho SJ, Chung YK, Kim JM, Chu MK. Combination of anxiety and depression is associated with an increased headache frequency in migraineurs: a population-based study. BMC Neurol. 2014;14:238.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  250. Wijeratne T, Grisold W, Dodick D, Carroll W. World brain day 2019: migraine, the painful truth. Lancet Neurol. 2019;18(10):914. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30281-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  251. Lipton RB, Manack Adams A, Buse DC, Fanning KM, Reed ML. A comparison of the chronic migraine epidemiology and outcomes (CaMEO) study and American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention (AMPP) study: demographics and headache-related disability. Headache. 2016;56(8):1280–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.12878.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  252. Buse DC, Fanning KM, Reed ML, Murray S, Dumas PK, Adams AM, Lipton RB. Life with migraine: effects on relationships, career, and finances from the chronic migraine epidemiology and outcomes (CaMEO) study. Headache. 2019;59(8):1286–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.13613.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  253. Song TJ, Cho SJ, Kim WJ, Yang KI, Yun CH, Chu MK. Sex differences in prevalence, symptoms, impact, and psychiatric comorbidities in migraine and probable migraine: a population-based study. Headache. 2019;59(2):215–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.13470.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  254. Takeshima T, Wan Q, Zhang Y, Komori M, Stretton S, Rajan N, et al. Prevalence, burden, and clinical management of migraine in China, Japan, and South Korea: a comprehensive review of the literature. J Headache Pain. 2019;20:111.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  255. Wang SJ, Chung CS, Chankrachang S, Ravishankar K, Merican JS, Salazar G, Siow C, Cheung RT, Phanthumchinda K, Sakai F. Migraine disability awareness campaign in Asia: migraine assessment for prophylaxis. Headache. 2008;48:1356–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  256. Ueda K, Ye W, Lombard L, Kuga A, Kim Y, Cotton S, et al. Real-world treatment patterns and patient-reported outcomes in episodic and chronic migraine in Japan: analysis of data from the Adelphi migraine disease specific programme. J Headache Pain. 2019;20(1):68.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. Liu R, Yu S, He M, Zhao G, Yang X, Qiao X, et al. Health-care utilization for primary headache disorders in China: a population-based door-to-door survey. J Headache Pain. 2013;14:47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  258. Bagley CL, Rendas-Baum R, Maglinte GA, Yang M, Varon SF, Lee J, et al. Validating migraine-specific quality of life questionnaire v2.1 in episodic and chronic migraine. Headache. 2012;52(3):409–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  259. Jo NJ, Kim BK. Clinical characteristics of migraine with Aura in Korean: a clinic based study. J Korean Neurol Assoc. 2015;33(4):278–81. https://doi.org/10.17340/jkna.2015.4.6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  260. Dodick DW, Loder EW, Manack Adams A, Buse DC, Fanning KM, Reed ML, Lipton RB. Assessing barriers to chronic migraine consultation, diagnosis, and treatment: results from the chronic migraine epidemiology and outcomes (CaMEO) study. Headache. 2016;56(5):821–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.12774.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  261. Katsarava Z, Mania M, Lampl C, Herberhold J, Steiner TJ. Poor medical care for people with migraine in Europe—evidence from the Eurolight study. J Headache Pain. 2018;19:10.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  262. Lipton RB, Buse DC, Serrano D, Holland S, Reed ML. Examination of unmet treatment needs among persons with episodic migraine: results of the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention (AMPP) study. Headache. 2013;53(8):1300–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.12154.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  263. Rao GN, Kulkarni GB, Gururaj G, Stovner LJ, Steiner TJ. The burden attributable to headache disorders in India: estimates from a community-based study in Karnataka state. J Headache Pain. 2015;16:94.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  264. Manandhar K, Risal A, Linde M, Steiner TJ. The burden of headache disorders in Nepal: estimates from a population-based survey. J Headache Pain. 2016;17:3.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. Herekar AD, Herekar AA, Ahmad A, Uqaili UL, Ahmed B, Effendi J, Alvi SZ, Steiner TJ. The burden of headache disorders in Pakistan: methodology of a population-based nationwide study, and questionnaire validation. J Headache Pain. 2013;14:73.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  266. Zebenigus M, Tekle-Haimanot R, Worku DK, Thomas H, Steiner TJ. The burden of headache disorders in Ethiopia: national estimates from a population-based door-to-door survey. J Headache Pain. 2017;18:58.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  267. Ayzenberg I, Katsarava Z, Sborowski A, Chernysh M, Osipova V, Tabeeva G, Steiner TJ. Headache-attributed burden and its impact on productivity and quality of life in Russia: structured healthcare for headache is urgently needed. Eur J Neurol. 2014;21:758–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  268. Rastenytė D, Mickevičienė D, Stovner LJ, Thomas H, Andrée C, Steiner TJ. Prevalence and burden of headache disorders in Lithuania and their public-health and policy implications: a population-based study within the Eurolight project. J Headache Pain. 2017;18:53.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  269. Allena M, Steiner TJ, Sances G, Carugno B, Balsamo F, Nappi G, Andrée C, Tassorelli C. Impact of headache disorders in Italy and the public-health and policy implications: a population-based study within the Eurolight project. J Headache Pain. 2015;16:100.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  270. Selekler MH, Gökmen G, Steiner TJ. Productivity impact of headache on a heavy-manufacturing workforce in Turkey. J Headache Pain. 2013;14:88.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  271. Selekler HM, Gökmen G, Alvur TM, Steiner TJ. Productivity losses attributable to headache, and their attempted recovery, in a heavy-manufacturing workforce in Turkey: implications for employers and politicians. J Headache. 2015;16:96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  272. Katsarava Z, Gil Gouveia R, Jensen R, Gaul C, Schramm S, Schoppe A, Steiner TJ. Evaluation of headache service quality indicators: pilot implementation in two specialist-care centres. J Headache Pain. 2015;16:53.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  273. Schramm S, Uluduz D, Gil Gouveia R, Jensen R, Siva A, Uygunoglu U, Gvantsa G, Mania M, Braschinsky M, Filatova E, Latysheva N, Osipova V, Skorobogatykh K, Azimova J, Straube A, Emre Eren O, Martelletti P, De Angelis V, Negro A, Linde M, Hagen K, Radojicic A, Zidverc-Trajkovic J, Podgorac A, Paemeleire K, De Pue A, Lampl C, Steiner TJ, Katsarava Z. Headache service quality: evaluation of quality indicators in 14 specialist-care centres. J Headache Pain. 2016;17:111.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  274. Braschinsky M, Haldre S, Kals M, Iofik A, Kivisild A, Korjas J, Koljal S, Katsarava Z, Steiner TJ. Structured education can improve primary-care management of headache: the first empirical evidence, from a controlled interventional study. J Headache Pain. 2016;17:24.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  275. Braschinsky M, Haldre S, Kals M, Arge M, Saar B, Niibek M, Katsarava Z, Steiner TJ. Structured education to improve primary-care management of headache: how long do the benefits last? A follow-up observational study. Eur J Neurol. 2018;25(3):497–502.

    Google Scholar 

  276. Steiner TJ. The HALT and HART indices. J Headache Pain. 2007;8(suppl 1):S22–5.

    Google Scholar 

  277. Stovner LJ, Al Jumah M, Birbeck GL, Gururaj G, Jensen R, Katsarava Z, Queiroz LP, Scher AI, Tekle-Haimanot R, Wang SJ, Steiner TJ. The methodology of population surveys of headache prevalence, burden and cost: principles and recommendations from the global campaign against headache. J Headache Pain. 2014;15:5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  278. Eiser C, Morse R. Quality-of-life measures in chronic diseases of childhood. Health Technol Assess. 2001;5(4):1–157.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  279. Raggi A, Covelli V, Schiavolin S, Giovannetti AM, Cerniauskaite M, Quintas R, Leonardi M, Sabariego C, Grazzi L, D’Amico D. Psychosocial difficulties in patients with episodic migraine: a cross-sectional study. Neurol Sci. 2016;37(12):1979–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  280. Juang KD, Wang SJ, Fuh JL, Lu SR, Su TP. Comorbidity of depressive and anxiety disorders in chronic daily headache and its subtypes. Headache. 2000;40:818–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  281. Lipton R, Liberman J, Kolodner K, et al. Migraine headache disability and health-related quality-of-life: a population-based case-control study from England. Cephalalgia. 2003;23:441–50. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.2003.00546.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  282. Bigal ME, Rapoport AM, Lipton RB, et al. Assessment of migraine disability using the migraine disability assessment (MIDAS) questionnaire: a comparison of chronic migraine with episodic migraine. Headache. 2003;43:336–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  283. Gelfand A. Pathophysiology, clincal features, and diagnosis of migraine in children [internet]. UpToDate, Wolters Kluwer. 2017. p. 1–13. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathophysiology-clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-migraine-in-children

  284. Wöber-Bingöl C, Wöber C, Wagner-Ennsgraber C, Zebenholzer K, Vesely C, Geldner J, et al. IHS criteria and gender: a study on migraine and tension-type headache in children and adolescents. Cephalalgia. 1996;16(2):107–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  285. Dooley JM, Gordon KE, Wood EP. Self-reported headache frequency in Canadian adolescents: validation and follow-up. Headache. 2005;45(2):127–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  286. Özge A, Şaşmaz T, Buǧdayci R, Çakmak SE, Kurt AÖ, Kaleaǧasi SH, et al. The prevalence of chronic and episodic migraine in children and adolescents. Eur J Neurol. 2013;20(1):95–101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  287. Casucci G, Terlizzi R, Cevoli S. Headache in school age. Neurol Sci. 2014;35(SUPPL. 1):31–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  288. Millichap GJ, Yee MM. The diet factor in pediatric and adolescent migraine. Pediatr Neurol. 2003;28:9–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  289. Robberstad L, Dyb G, Hagen K, Stovner LJ, Holmen TL, Zwart JA. An unfavorable lifestyle and recurrent headaches among adolescents: the HUNT study. Neurology. 2010;75(8):712–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  290. Hershey AD, Powers SW, Nelson TD, Kabbouche MA, Winner P, Yonker M, et al. Obesity in the pediatric headache population: a multicenter study. Headache. 2009;49(2):170–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  291. Isik U, Ersu RH, Ay P, Save D, Arman AR, Karakoc F, et al. Prevalence of headache and its association with sleep disorders in children. Pediatr Neurol. 2007;36(3):146–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  292. Casez O, Dananchet Y, Besson G. Migraine and somnambulism. Neurology. 2005;65(8):1334–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  293. Milde-Busch A, Blaschek A, Borggräfe I, Heinen F, Straube A, Von Kries R. Associations of diet and lifestyle with headache in high-school students: results from a cross-sectional study. Headache. 2010;50(7):1104–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  294. Moschiano F, Messina P, D’Amico D, Grazzi L, Frediani F, Casucci G, et al. Headache, eating and sleeping behaviors and lifestyle factors in preadolescents and adolescents: preliminary results from an Italian population study. Neurol Sci. 2012;33(SUPPL. 1):S87–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  295. Chakravarty A, Mukherjee A, Roy D. Trigger factors in childhood migraine: a clinic-based study from eastern India. J Headache Pain. 2009;10(5):375–80.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  296. Connelly M, Miller T, Gerry G, Bickel J. Research submission electronic momentary assessment of weather changes as a trigger of headaches in children. Headache. 2010;50:779–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  297. Russo A, Bruno A, Trojsi F, Tessitore A, Tedeschi G. Lifestyle factors and migraine in childhood. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2016;20(2):9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  298. Varni J, Burwinkle T, Seid M, Skarr D. The PedsQL™ 4.0 as a pediatric population health measure: feasibility, reliability, and validity. Ambul Pediatr. 2003;3(6):329–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  299. Neut D, Fily A, Cuvellier JC, Vallée L. The prevalence of triggers in paediatric migraine: a questionnaire study in 102 children and adolescents. J Headache Pain. 2012;13(1):61–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  300. Solotareff L, Cuvellier JC, Duhamel A, Vallée L, Tich SNT. Trigger factors in childhood migraine: a prospective clinic-based study from north of France. J Child Neurol. 2017;32(8):754–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  301. Todd C, Lagman-Bartolome AM, Lay C. Women and migraine: the role of hormones. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2018;18(7):42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  302. Martin VT, Behbehani M. Ovarian hormones and migraine headache: understanding mechanisms and pathogenesis--part 2. Headache. 2006;46(3):365–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  303. Martin VT, Pavlovic J, Fanning KM, Buse DC, Reed ML, Lipton RB. Perimenopause and menopause are associated with high frequency headache in women with migraine: results of the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention study. Headache. 2016;56(2):292–305.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  304. Pavlovic JM, Allshouse AA, Santoro NF, Crawford SL, Thurston RC, Neal-Perry GS, et al. Sex hormones in women with and without migraine: evidence of migraine-specific hormone profiles. Neurology. 2016;87(1):49–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  305. Murialdo G, Martignoni E, De Maria A, Bonura ML, Sances G, Bono G, et al. Changes in the dopaminergic control of prolactin secretion and in ovarian steroids in migraine. Cephalalgia. 1986;6(1):43–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  306. Epstein MT, Hockaday JM, Hockaday TD. Migraine and reproductive hormones throughout the menstrual cycle. Lancet. 1975;1(7906):543–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  307. van Oosterhout WPJ, Schoonman GG, van Zwet EW, Dekkers OM, Terwindt GM, MaassenVanDenBrink A, et al. Female sex hormones in men with migraine. Neurology. 2018;91(4):e374–ee81.

    Google Scholar 

  308. Cobey KD, Buunk AP, Roberts SC, Klipping C, Appels N, Zimmerman Y, Bennink HJTC, Pollet TV. Reported jealousy differs as a function of menstrual cycle stage and contraceptive pill use: a within-subjects investigation. Evol Hum Behav. 2012;33(4):395–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  309. Cobey KD, Roberts SC, Buunk AP. Hormonal contraceptive congruency: implications for relationship jealousy. Pers Individ Differ. 2013;55:569–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  310. Lantagne A, Furman W. Romantic relationship development: the interplay between age and relationship length. Dev Psychol. 2017;53(9):1738–49.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  311. Murtaza M, Kisat M, Daniel H, Sonawalla AB. Classification and clinical features of headache disorders in Pakistan: a retrospective review of clinical data. PLoS One. 2009;4(6):e5827.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  312. D’Amico D, Grazzi L, Curone M, Di Fiore P, Proietti Cecchini A, Leonardi M, et al. Difficulties in work activities and the pervasive effect over disability in patients with episodic and chronic migraine. Neurol Sci. 2015;36(Suppl 1):9–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  313. Park JW, Shin HE, Kim JS, Lee KS. Assessing migraine disability by diary-based measurement: relationship to the characteristics of individual headache attacks. Eur J Neurol. 2008;15(8):817–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  314. Nagpal M, Jangid R, Sathyanarayan RT. A comparative study of the sexual functioning of women with primary headache in India. Indian J Psychiatry. 2018;60(2):224–8. https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_290_17.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  315. Blumenfeld A, Bloudek LM, Becker WJ, et al. Patterns of use and reasons for discontinuation of prophylactic medications for episodic migraine and chronic migraine: results from the second international burden of migraine study (IBMS-II). Headache. 2013;53:644–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  316. Stark RJ, Ravishankar K, Siow HC, Lee KS, Pepperle R, Wang SJ. Chronic migraine and chronic daily headache in the Asia-Pacific region: a systematic review. Cephalalgia. 2013;33(4):266–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  317. Freitag FG. The cycle of migraine: patients’ quality of life during and between migraine attacks. Clin Ther. 2007;29(5):939–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  318. Deb P, Norton EC. Modeling health care expenditures and use. Annu Rev Public Health. 2018;39(1):489–505.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  319. ICF International, Philippine Statistics Authority. National Demographic and Health Survey 2017. Manila, Philippines and Rockville, Maryland, USA: PSA and ICF International; 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  320. Katsarava Z, Buse DC, Manack AN, Lipton RB. Defining the differences between episodic migraine and chronic migraine. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2012;16(1):86–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  321. Bigal ME, Rapoport AM, Lipton RB, Tepper SJ, Sheftell FD. Assessment of migraine disability using the migraine disability assessment (MIDAS) questionnaire: A comparison of chronic migraine with episodic migraine. Headache. 2003;43(4):336–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  322. Bigal ME, Bordini CA, Sheftell FD, Speciali JG, Bigal JO. Migraine with aura versus migraine without aura: Pain intensity and associated symptom intensities after placebo. Headache. 2002;42(9):872–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  323. Buse D, Manack A, Serrano D, Reed M, Varon S, Turkel C, et al. Headache impact of chronic and episodic migraine: Results from the American migraine prevalence and prevention study. Headache. 2012;52(1):3–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  324. American Headache Society. The American Headache Society position statement on integrating new migraine treatments into clinical practice. Headache. 2019;59(1):1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  325. Kawata AK, Coeytaux RR, Devellis RF, Finkel AG, Mann JD, Kahn K. Psychometric properties of the HIT-6 among patients in a headache-specialty practice. Headache. 2005;45(6):638–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  326. Yang M, Rendas-Baum R, Varon SF, Kosinski M. Validation of the headache impact test (HIT-6) across episodic and chronic migraine. Cephalalgia. 2011;31(3):357–67.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  327. Lipton RB, Kolodner K, Bigal ME, Valade D, Lainez MJ, Pascual J, et al. Validity and reliability of the migraine-treatment optimization questionnaire. Cephalalgia. 2009;29(7):751–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  328. Smelt AF, Assendelft WJ, Terwee CB, Ferrari MD, Blom JW. What is a clinically relevant change on the HIT-6 questionnaire? An estimation in a primary-care population of migraine patients. Cephalalgia. 2014;34(1):29–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  329. Rendas-Baum R, Yang M, Varon SF, Bloudek LM, DeGryse RE, Kosinski M. Validation of the headache impact test (HIT-6) in patients with chronic migraine. Health Quality Life Outcomes. 2014;12:117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  330. Bayliss MS, Batenhorst AS. The HIT-6™: A user’s guide. Lincoln, RI: QualityMetric Incorporated; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  331. Lipton RB, Goadsby PJ, Smith J, Schaeffler BA, Biondi DM, Hirman J, et al. Efficacy and safety of eptinezumab in patients with chronic migraine. PROMISE-2. Neurology. 2020;94(13):e1365–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  332. Ayer DW, Skljarevski V, Ford JH, Nyhuis AW, Lipton RB, Aurora SK. Measures of functioning in patients with episodic migraine: Findings from a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2b trial with galcanezumab. Headache. 2018;58(8):1225–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  333. Bagley CL, Rendas-Baum R, Maglinte GA, Yang M, Varon SF, Lee J, et al. Validating migraine-specific quality of life questionnaire v2.1 in episodic and chronic migraine. Headache. 2011;52(3):409–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  334. Cole JC, Lin P, Rupnow MF. Validation of the migraine-specific quality of life questionnaire version 2.1 (MSQ v. 2.1) for patients undergoing prophylactic migraine treatment. Qual Life Res. 2007;16(7):1231–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  335. Kawata AK, Hsieh R, Bender R, Shaffer S, Revicki DA, Bayliss M, et al. Psychometric evaluation of a novel instrument assessing the impact of migraine on physical functioning: The migraine physical function impact diary. Headache. 2017;57(9):1385–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  336. Sauro KM, Rose MS, Becker WJ, Christie SN, Giammarco R, Mackie GF, et al. HIT-6 and MIDAS as measures of headache disability in a headache referral population. Headache. 2010;50(3):383–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  337. Sculpher MJ, Pang FS, Manca A, Drummond MF, Golder S, Urdahl H, et al. Generalisability in economic evaluation studies in healthcare: a review and case studies. Health Technol Assess. 2004;8(49):iii–iv. 1–192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  338. Augustovski F, Iglesias C, Manca A, Drummond M, Rubinstein A, Martí SG. Barriers to generalizability of health economic evaluations in Latin America and the Caribbean region. PharmacoEconomics. 2009;27(11):919–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  339. Drummond M, Manca A, Sculpher M. Increasing the generalizability of economic evaluations: recommendations for the design, analysis, and reporting of studies. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2005;21(2):165–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  340. Ruggeri M, Manca A, Coretti S, Codella P, Iacopino V, Romano F, et al. Investigating the generalizability of economic evaluations conducted in Italy: a critical review. Value Health. 2015;18(5):709–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  341. Yu J, Smith KJ, Brixner DI. Cost effectiveness of pharmacotherapy for the prevention of migraine. CNS Drugs. 2010;24(8):695–712.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  342. Batty AJ, Hansen RB, Varon LF, Sepideh JH, Pennington EW, Lipton BR, et al. The cost-effectiveness of onabotulinumtoxinA for the prophylaxis of headache in adults with chronic migraine in the UK. J Med Econ. 2013;16(7):877–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  343. Sussman M, Benner J, Neumann P, Menzin J. Cost-effectiveness analysis of erenumab for the preventive treatment of episodic and chronic migraine: results from the US societal and payer perspectives. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(10):1644–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  344. Lofland JH, Nash DB. Oral serotonin receptor agonists: a review of their cost effectiveness in migraine. PharmacoEconomics. 2005;23:259–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  345. McCormack PL, Foster RH. Rizatriptan: a pharmacoeconomic review of its use in the acute treatment of migraine. PharmacoEconomics. 2005;23:1283–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  346. Yu J, Goodman JM, Gary O. Economic evaluation of pharmacotherapy of migraine pain: a review of the literature. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2009;23:396–408.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  347. Ambrósio EM, Bloor K, Macpherson H. Costs and consequences of acupuncture as a treatment for chronic pain: a systematic review of economic evaluations conducted alongside randomised controlled trials. Complement Ther Med. 2012;20:364–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  348. Hens M, Villaverde-Hueso A, Alonso V, Abaitua I, Posada de la Paz M. Comparative cost-effectiveness analysis of oral triptan therapy for migraine in four European countries. Eur J Health Econ. 2014;15(4):433–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  349. Ruggeri M. The cost effectiveness of Botox in Italian patients with chronic migraine. Neurol Sci. 2014;35(Suppl. 1):45–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  350. Lipton RB, Brennan A, Palmer S, Hatswell AJ, Porter JK, Sapra S, et al. Estimating the clinical effectiveness and value-based price range of erenumab for the prevention of migraine in patients with prior treatment failures: a US societal perspective. J Med Econ. 2018;21(7):666–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  351. Mwamburi M, Tenaglia AT, Leibler EJ, Staats PS. Cost-effectiveness of noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation for acute treatment of episodic migraine and role in treatment sequence strategies. Am J Manag Care. 2018;24(24 Suppl):S527–33.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  352. Slof J. Cost effectiveness analysis of early versus non-early intervention in acute migraine based on evidence from the “Act when mild” study. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2012;10(3):201–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  353. Hollier-Hann G, Curry A, Onishchenko K, Akehurst R, Ahmed F, Davies B, et al. Updated cost-effectiveness analysis of onabotulinumtoxinA for the prevention of headache in adults with chronic migraine who have previously received three or more preventive treatments in the UK. J Med Econ. 2019;4:1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  354. Giannouchos TV, Mitsikostas DD, Ohsfeldt RL, Vozikis A, Koufopoulou P. Cost-effectiveness analysis of erenumab versus onabotulinumtoxinA for patients with chronic migraine attacks in Greece. Clin Drug Investig. 2019;39(10):979–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  355. Shauly O, Gould DJ, Patel KM. Cost-utility analysis of surgical decompression relative to injection therapy for chronic migraine headaches. Aesthet Surg J. 2019;39(12):NP462–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  356. Asseburg C, Peura P, Oksanen T, Turunen J, Purmonen T, Martikainen J. Cost-effectiveness of oral triptans for acute migraine: mixed treatment comparison. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2012;28(4):382–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  357. World Bank List of Economies. http://www.databank.worldbank.org/data/download/site-content/CLASS.xls . June 2017.

  358. Woldeamanuel YW, Cowan RP. Migraine affects 1 in 10 people worldwide featuring recent rise: a systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based studies involving 6 million participants. J Neurol Sci. 2017;372:307–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  359. Masterson Creber RM, Smeeth L, Gilman RH, Miranda JJ. Physical activity and cardiovascular risk factors among rural and urban groups and rural-to-urban migrants in Peru: a cross-sectional study. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2010;28(1):1–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  360. Hallal PC, Andersen LB, Bull FC, Guthold R, Haskell W, Ekelund U, et al. Global physical activity levels: surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. Lancet. 2012;380(9838):247–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  361. Muthuri SK, Wachira LJ, Leblanc AG, Francis CE, Sampson M, Onywera VO, et al. Temporal trends and correlates of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and physical fitness among school-aged children in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11(3):3327–59. This systematic review addresses the trends and correlates of physical inactivity in Africa. It describes the increasing health problem related to sedentary behavior in low-resource setting

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  362. Peltzer K. Health behavior and protective factors among school children in four African countries. Int J Behav Med. 2009;16(2):172–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  363. Guthold R, Cowan MJ, Autenrieth CS, Kann L, Riley LM. Physical activity and sedentary behavior among schoolchildren: a 34-country comparison. J Pediatr. 2010;157(1):43–9.e1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  364. Al-Hashel JY, Ahmed SF, Alroughani R, Goadsby PJ. Migraine misdiagnosis as a sinusitis, a delay that can last for many years. J Headache Pain. 2013;14:97. This article describes that headache misdiagnosis are delayed by many years in low-resource settings

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  365. World Health Organization. Traditional medicine strategy 2002–2005. Rome: WHO; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  366. NCD and the Sustainable Development Goals. WHO Global Coordination Mechanism on the Prevention and Control of NCDs. http://www.who.int/global-coordination-mechanism/ncd-themes/sustainable-development-goals/en/ .

  367. Temu F, Leonhardt M, Carter J, Thiam S. Integration of non-communicable diseases in health care: tackling the double burden of disease in African settings. Pan Afr Med J. 2014;18:202.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  368. GBD. Diseases and Injuries Collaborators (2020) Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2019;396(10258):1204–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30925-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  369. Steiner TJ, Stovner LJ, Jensen R, Uluduz D, Katsarava Z, on behalf of Lifting The Burden: the Global Campaign against Headache. Migraine remains second among the world’s causes of disability, and first among young women: findings from GBD2019. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):137. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-020-01208-0.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  370. Kothari SF, Jensen RH, Steiner TJ. The relationship between headache-attributed disability and lost productivity. 1. A review of the literature. J Headache Pain. 2021;22:73.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  371. World Health Organization. WHO methods and data sources for global burden of disease estimates 2000–2015 (2017) Global Health Estimates Technical Paper WHO/HIS/IER/GHE/2017.1. https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GlobalDALYmethods_2000_2015.pdf (last accessed 22.10.21).

  372. Radtke A, Neuhauser H. Prevalence and burden of headache and migraine in Germany. Headache. 2009;49:79–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4610.2008.01263.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  373. Mennini FS, Gitto L, Martelletti P. Improving care through health economics analyses: cost of illness and headache. J Headache Pain. 2008;9:199–206.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  374. Stokes M, Becker WJ, Lipton RB, et al. Cost of health care among patients with chronic and episodic migraine in Canada and the USA: results from the international burden of migraine study (IBMS). Headache. 2011;51:1058–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4610.2011.01945.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  375. Gustavsson A, Svensson M, Jacobi F, Allgulander C, Alonso J, Beghi E, CDBE2010Study group, et al. Cost of disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011;21(10):718–79.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  376. Deloitte. Migraine in Australia whitepaper. Prepared for Novartis Australia by Deloitte access economics 2018. https://www2.deloitte.com/au/en/pages/economics/articles/migraine-australia-whitepaper.html . Accessed 8 Jan 2019.

    Google Scholar 

  377. Stewart WF, Wood GC, Manack A, Varon SF, Buse DC, Lipton RB. Employment and work impact of chronic migraine and episodic migraine. J Occup Environ Med. 2010;52(1):8–14. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0b013e3181c1dc56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  378. Centrālās Statistikas Pārvaldes Datubāses. IKG10_010. Total gross domestic product, per capita and per person employed. https://data1.csb.gov.lv/pxweb/en/ekfin/ekfin__ikp__IKP__ikgad/IKG10_010.px . Accessed 8 Feb 2019.

  379. GDP, at current prices. Oficialiosios Statistikos Portalas, Statistics Lithuania. https://osp.stat.gov.lt/statistiniu-rodikliu-analize?indicator=S7R183#/ . Accessed 8 Feb 2019.

  380. Linde M, Dahlöf C. Attitudes and burden of disease among self-considered migraineurs—a nation-wide population-based survey in Sweden. Cephalalgia. 2004;24(6):455–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2004.00703.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  381. Brown JS, Neumann PJ, Papadopoulos G, et al. Migraine frequency and health utilities: findings from a multisite survey. Value Health. 2008;11:315–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  382. Stafford MR, Hareendran A, Ng-Mak DS, Insinga RP, Xu R, Stull DE. EQ-5D-derived utility values for different levels of migraine severity from a UK sample of migraineurs. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2012;10:65.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  383. Stewart WF, Lipton RB, Kolodner K, Liberman J, Sawyer J. Reliability of the migraine disability assessment score in a population-based sample of headache sufferers. Cephalalgia. 1999;19(2):107–14. discussion 74

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  384. Xu R, Insinga RP, Golden W, Hu XH. EuroQol (EQ-5D) health utility scores for patients with migraine. Qual Life Res. 2011;20(4):601–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  385. EuroQol. https://euroqol.org/. Accessed 1 Mar 2018.

  386. Headache Impact Test (HIT-6). https://www.optum.com/solutions/life-sciences/answer-research/patient-insights/condition-specific-surveys.html. Accessed 3 May 2018.

  387. Steiner TJ, Jensen R, Katsarava Z, Stovner LJ, Uluduz D, Adarmouch L, Al Jumah M, Al Khathaami AM, Ashina M, Braschinsky M, Broner S, Eliasson JH, Gil-Gouveia R, Gómez-Galván JB, Gudmundsson LS, Herekar AA, Kawatu N, Kissani N, Kulkarni GB, Lebedeva ER, Leonardi M, Linde M, Luvsannorov O, Maiga Y, Milanov I, Mitsikostas DD, Musayev T, Olesen J, Osipova V, Paemeleire K, Peres MFP, Quispe G, Rao GN, Risal A, de la Torre ER, Saylor D, Togha M, Yu SY, Zebenigus M, Zewde YZ, Zidverc-Trajković J, Tinelli M; Lifting The Burden: the Global Campaign against Headache. Structured headache services as the solution to the ill-health burden of headache: 1. Rationale and description. J Headache Pain. 2021;22(1):78.

    Google Scholar 

  388. Biddle AK, Shih Y-CT, Kwong WJ. Cost-benefit analysis of sumatriptan tablets versus usual therapy for treatment of migraine. Pharmacotherapy. 2000;20:1356–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  389. Ramsberg J, Henriksson M. The cost-effectiveness of oral triptan therapy in Sweden. Cephalalgia. 2007;27:54–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  390. Slof J, Badia X, Magaz S, Láinez MJA, Galván J, Heras J. Cost-efficacy of oral triptans in the treatment of acute migraine. J Med Econ. 2005;8:27–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  391. Witt CM, Reinhold T, Jena S, Brinkhaus B, Willich SN. Cost-effectiveness of acupuncture treatment in patients with headache. Cephalalgia. 2008;28:334–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  392. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2012, updated 2015) Headaches in over 12s: diagnosis and management. Clinical guideline [CG150]. NICE, at: https://www.nice.org.uk/Guidance/CG150. (Surveillance report 2016, https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg150/resources/surveillance-report-2016-headaches-in-over-12s-diagnosis-and-management-2012-nice-guideline-cg150-2721165808/chapter/Surveillance-decision?tab=evidence; Appendix A: Summary of new evidence from surveillance, https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg150/evidence/appendix-a-summary-of-new-evidence-pdf-2721165806).

  393. Ruggeri M, Drago C, Rosiello F, Orlando V, Santori C. Economic evaluation of treatments for migraine: an assessment of the generalizability following a systematic review. PharmacoEconomics. 2020;38:473–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  394. International Headache Society Clinical Trials Subcommittee, Tfelt-Hansen P, Pascual J, Ramadan N, Dahlöf C, D’Amico D, Diener H-C, Møller Hansen J, Lanteri-Minet M, Loder E, McCrory D, Plancade S, Schwedt T. Guidelines for controlled trials of drugs in migraine: Third edition. A guide for investigators. Cephalalgia. 2012;32:6–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  395. Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Moore RA. Aspirin for acute treatment of episodic tension-type headache in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;1:CD011888. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011888.pub2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  396. Derry CJ, Derry S, Moore RA. Sumatriptan (oral route of administration) for acute migraine attacks in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;2:CD008615. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008615.pub2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  397. Ferrari MD, Goadsby PJ, Roon KI, Lipton RB. Triptans (serotonin, 5-HT1B/1D agonists) in migraine: detailed results and methods of a meta-analysis of 53 trials. Cephalalgia. 2002;22:633–58.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  398. Steiner TJ. What efficacy measures are clinically relevant and should be used in Cochrane reviews of acute migraine trials? An alternative viewpoint. Cephalalgia. 2015;35:460–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  399. Tfelt-Hansen PC. What efficacy measures are clinically relevant and should be used in Cochrane Reviews of acute migraine trials? A comment. Cephalalgia. 2015;35:457–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  400. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society. The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia. 2018;38:1–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  401. Landy SH, Runken MC, Bell CF, Higbie RL, Haskins LS. Assessing the impact of migraine onset on work productivity. J Occup Environ Med. 2011;53:74–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  402. Raggi A, Grazzi L, Grignani E, Leonardi M, Sansone E, Scaratti C, D'Amico D. The use of MIDAS in patients with chronic migraine and medication-overuse headache: should we trust it? Neurol Sci. 2018;39:S125–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  403. D'Amico D, Grazzi L, Curone M, Leonardi M, Raggi A. Cost of medication overuse headache in Italian patients at the time-point of withdrawal: a retrospective study based on real data. Neurol Sci. 2017;38(Suppl 1):3–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  404. Raggi A, Leonardi M, Scaratti C, Sansone E, Grazzi L, D'Amico D. Gender and education inequalities in the cost of medication-overuse headache. Neurol Sci. 2018;39:S117–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  405. Yu S, He M, Liu R, Feng J, Qiao X, Yang X, Cao X, Zhao G, Fang Y, Steiner TJ. Headache yesterday in China: a new approach to estimating the burden of headache, applied in a general-population survey in China. Cephalalgia. 2013;33(15):1211–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102413490347.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  406. Steiner TJ, Rao GN, Kulkarni GB, Gururaj G, Stovner LJ. Headache yesterday in Karnataka state, India: prevalence, impact and cost. J Headache Pain. 2016;17(1):74. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-016-0669-y.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  407. Ayzenberg I, Katsarava Z, Sborowski A, Obermann M, Chernysh M, Osipova V, Tabeeva G, Steiner TJ. Headache yesterday in Russia: its prevalence and impact, and their application in estimating the national burden attributable to headache disorders. J Headache Pain. 2015;16(1):7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1129-2377-16-7.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  408. Tinelli M, Leonardi M, Paemeleire K, Mitsikostas D, de la Torre ER, Steiner TJ; European Brain Council Value of Treatment Headache Working Group, the European Headache Federation, the European Federation of Neurological Associations, and Lifting The Burden: the Global Campaign against Headache. Structured headache services as the solution to the ill-health burden of headache. 2. Modelling effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of implementation in Europe: methodology. J Headache Pain. 2021;22(1):99.

    Google Scholar 

  409. Linde M, Gustavsson A, Stovner LJ, Steiner TJ, Barré J, Katsarava Z, Lainez JM, Lampl C, Lantéri-Minet M, Rastenyte D, Ruiz de la Torre E, Tassorelli C, Andrée C. The cost of headache disorders in Europe: the Eurolight project. Eur J Neurol. 2012;19:703–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  410. Dent W, Stelzhammer B, Meindl M, Matuja WB, Schmutzhard E, Winkler AS. Migraine attack frequency, duration, and pain intensity: disease burden derived from a community-based survey in northern Tanzania. Headache. 2011;51:1483–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  411. Cristofolini A, Dalla Serra P, Scherillo G, Orrico D, Micciolo R. The prevalence of headache in a population of health care workers and the effects on productivity costs. Med Lav. 2008;99:8–15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  412. Vinding GR, Zeeberg P, Lyngberg A, Nielsen RT, Jensen R. The burden of headache in a patient population from a specialized headache centre. Cephalalgia. 2007;27:263–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  413. Unalp A, Dirik E, Kurul S. Prevalence and characteristics of recurrent headaches in Turkish adolescents. Pediatr Neurol. 2006;34:110–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  414. Moens G, Johannik K, Verbeek C, Bulterys S. The prevalence and characteristics of migraine among the Belgian working population. Acta Neurol Belg. 2007;107:84–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  415. D’Amico D, Genco S, Perini F. Workplace disability in migraine: an Italian experience. Neurol Sci. 2004;25:s251–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  416. Schwartz BS, Stewart WF, Lipton RB. Lost workdays and decreased work effectiveness associated with headache in the workplace. J Occup Environ Med. 1997;39:320–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  417. Kryst S, Scherl E. A population-based survey of the social and personal impact of headache. Headache. 1994;34:344–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  418. Selekler HM, Gökmen G, Alvur TM, Steiner TJ. Productivity losses attributable to headache, and their attempted recovery, in a heavy-manufacturing workforce in Turkey: implications for employers and politicians. J Headache Pain. 2015;16(1):96. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-015-0579-4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  419. Steiner TJ, Jensen R, Katsarava Z, Stovner LJ, Uluduz D, Adarmouch L, Al Jumah M, Al Khathaami AM, Ashina M, Braschinsky M, Broner S, Eliasson JH, Gil-Gouveia R, Gómez-Galván JB, Gudmundsson LS, Herekar AA, Kawatu N, Kissani N, Kulkarni GB, Lebedeva ER, Leonardi M, Linde M, Luvsannorov O, Maiga Y, Milanov I, Mitsikostas DD, Musayev T, Olesen J, Osipova V, Paemeleire K, Peres MFP, Quispe G, Rao GN, Risal A, de la Torre ER, Saylor D, Togha M, Yu SY, Zebenigus M, Zewde YZ, Zidverc-Trajković J, Tinelli M; Lifting The Burden: the Global Campaign against Headache. Structured headache services as the solution to the ill-health burden of headache: 1. Rationale and description. J Headache Pain. 2021;22(1):78.

    Google Scholar 

  420. Wagner B, Riggs P, Mikulich-Gilbertson S. The importance of distribution-choice in modeling substance use data: a comparison of negative binomial, beta binomial, and zero-inflated distributions. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2015;41(6):489–97.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  421. JBA P, Palmer S, Sapra S, Shah N, Desai P, Villa G, Lipton RB. Modeling migraine day frequency using the beta-binomial distribution: A case study of erenumab as migraine prophylaxis. Presented at ISPOR 22nd Annual International Meeting, Boston, United States; 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  422. Porter JK, Brennan A, Palmer S, Sapra S, Cristino J. Parametric simulation of headache day frequency using a negative binomial distribution: a case study of Erenumab in episodic migraine. Value Health. 2016;19(7):A361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  423. Lee JH, Han G, Fulp WJ, Giuliano AR. Analysis of overdispersed count data: application to the human papillomavirus infection in men (HIM) study. Epidemiol Infect. 2012;140(6):1087–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  424. Quan HM, Mao X, Wang L. A case study of modeling and exposure-response prediction for count data. J Biopharm Stat. 24(5):1073–90.

    Google Scholar 

  425. Houle TT, Turner DP, Houle TA, et al. Rounding behavior in the reporting of headache frequency complicates headache chronification research. Headache. 2013;53(6):908–19.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  426. Silberstein SD, Hulihan J, Karim MR, Wu SC, Jordan D, Karvois D, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of topiramate 200 mg/d in the prevention of migraine with/without aura in adults: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, 12-week pilot study. Clin Ther. 2006;28(7):1002–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  427. Altman DG, Royston P. The cost of dichotomising continuous variables. BMJ. 2006;332(7549):1080.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  428. Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Basic Survey on Wage. Structure. 2017; https://www.mhlw.go.jp/english/database/db-l/ordinary.html. Accessed 1 Oct 2020

  429. World Health Organization. Headache disorders 2016. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/headache-disorders. Accessed 1 Oct 2020.

  430. Kotani K, Shimomura T, Ikawa S, Sakane N, Ishimaru Y, Adachi S. Japanese with headache: suffering in silence. Headache. 2004;44(1):108–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  431. Chinese Medical Association Group. Guide to the prevention and treatment of migraine in China [Chinese]. Chin J Pain Med. 2016;22:721–7.

    Google Scholar 

  432. Marmura MJ, Silberstein SD, Schwedt TJ. The acute treatment of migraine in adults: the American Headache Society evidence assessment of migraine pharmacotherapies. Headache. 2015;55(1):3–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.12499.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  433. Meyers JL, Davis KL, Lenz RA, Sakai F, Xue F. Treatment patterns and characteristics of patients with migraine in Japan: a retrospective analysis of health insurance claims data. Cephalalgia. 2019;39(12):1518–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  434. Lanteri-Minet M. Economic burden and costs of chronic migraine. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2014;18(1):385.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  435. Insinga RP, Ng-Mak DS, Hanson ME. Costs associated with outpatient, emergency room and inpatient care for migraine in the USA. Cephalalgia. 2011;31:1570–5. 2011/10/21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102411425960.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  436. Jacob L, Kostev K. Prescription patterns and the cost of migraine treatments in German general and neurological practices. Pain Pract. 2017;17:747–52. 2016/09/14. https://doi.org/10.1111/papr.12520.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  437. Albers L, Kries RV, Straube A, et al. Age- and sex-specific first health care use for migraine in 2016 in children and adolescents from prospectively collected health insurance data in Germany. Cephalalgia. 2019;39:1156–63. 2019/04/13. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102419844543.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  438. Law EF, Palermo TM, Zhou C, et al. Economic Impact of Headache and Psychiatric Comorbidities on Healthcare Expenditures Among Children in the United States: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study. Headache. 2019;59:1504–15. 2019/09/15. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.13639.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  439. Hjalte F, Olofsson S, Persson U, Linde M. Burden and costs of migraine in a Swedish defined patient population–a questionnaire-based study. J Headache Pain. 2019;20(1):65.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  440. European Medicines Agency (EMA). Summary of Product Characteristics. BOTOX® 50 Allergan Units, Powder for Solution for Injection. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2019.

    Google Scholar 

  441. Chalmer MA, Hansen TF, Lebedeva ER, Dodick DW, Lipton RB, Olesen J. Proposed new diagnostic criteria for chronic migraine. Cephalalgia. 2019:1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  442. Manack AN, Buse DC, Lipton RB. Chronic migraine: epidemiology and disease burden. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2011;15(1):70–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  443. Stovner LJ, Andrée C, Committee ES. Impact of headache in Europe: a review for the Eurolight project. J Headache Pain. 2008;9:139–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10194-008-0038-6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  444. Buse DC, Manack AN, Serrano D, Varon SF, Turkel LRB. Headache impact of chronic and episodic migraine: predictors of impact from the American migraine prevalence and prevention (AMPP) study. Headache. 2012;52(1):3–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  445. Reilly MC, Zbrozek AS, Dukes EM. The validity and reproducibility of a work productivity and activity impairment instrument. PharmacoEconomics. 1993;4:353–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  446. Natoli JL, Manack A, Dean B, Butler Q, Turkel CC, Stovner L, Lipton RB. Global prevalence of chronic migraine: a systematic review. Cephalalgia. 2010;30(5):599–609.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  447. Sumelahti M-L, Mattila K, Sumanen M. Painful musculosceletal disorders and depression among working aged migraineurs. Acta Neurol Scand. 2018;138:93–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  448. Giorgi G, Arcangeli G, Perminiene M, Lorini C, Ariza-Montes A, Fiz-Perez J, Di Fabio A, Mucci N. Work-related stress in the banking sector: a review of incidence, correlated factors, and major consequences. Front Psychol. 2017;8:2166.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  449. Burton WN, Conti DJ, Chen CY, Schultz AB, Edington DW. The economic burden of lost productivity due to migraine headache: a specific worksite analysis. J Occup Environ Med. 2002;44:523–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  450. Nagata T, Mori K, Ohtani M, Nagata M, Kajiki S, Fujino Y, Matsuda S, Loeppke R. Total health-related costs due to absenteeism, presenteeism, and medical and pharmaceutical expenses in Japanese employers. J Occup Environ Med. 2018;60:e273.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  451. Hepp Z, Dodick DW, Varon SF, et al. Persistence and switching patterns of oral migraine prophylactic medications among patients with chronic migraine: a retrospective claims analysis. Cephalalgia. 2017;37:470–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102416678382.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  452. Buse DC, Yugrakh MS, Lee LK, et al. Burden of illness among people with migraine and >/= 4 monthly headache days while using acute and/or preventive prescription medications for migraine. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2020;26:1334–43. https://doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.2020.20100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  453. Hines D, Shah S, Multani J, et al. Changes in acute migraine-specific medications after initiating erenumab: results from a real-world retrospective cohort study in the United States (1685). Neurology. 2020;94:1685.

    Google Scholar 

  454. Tepper S, Fang J, Vo P, et al. Impact of erenumab on acute medication usage and healthcare resource utilization among migraine patients: a US claims database study. Cephalalgia. 2020;40:97–9.

    Google Scholar 

  455. Faust E, Pivneva I, Yang K, et al. Reductions in migraine frequency and duration in patients with chronic migraine treated with erenumab: interim results from a real-world multicenter chart-review study of US headache centers MTV20-DP-001. Cephalalgia. 2020;40:18–110.

    Google Scholar 

  456. Freitag FG, Lyss H, Nissan GR. Migraine disability, healthcare utilization, and expenditures following treatment in a tertiary headache center. Bayl Univ Med Cent Proc. 2013;26(4):363–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  457. Bonafede M, Cai Q, Cappell K, et al. Factors associated with direct health care costs among patients with migraine. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2017;23(11):1169–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  458. Miller S. The acute and preventative treatment of episodic migraine. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2012;15(Suppl 1):S33–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  459. Weatherall MW. The diagnosis and treatment of chronic migraine. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2015;6(3):115–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  460. Wu J, Hughes MD, Hudson MF, Wagner PJ. Antimigraine medication use and associated health care costs in employed patients. J Headache Pain. 2012;13(2):121–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  461. Messali A, Owens G, Bloudek L, Kori S, Cole A, Chia J. Health care resource utilization following initiation of a triptan: a retrospective claims analysis. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2014;20(4):368–75.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  462. Etemad LRea. Costs and utilization of triptan users who receive drug prophylaxis for migraine versus triptan users who do not receive drug prophylaxis. J Manag Care Pharm. 2005;11(2):137–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  463. Swedish Headache Society. Treatment guidelines migraine. 2017. http://www.huvudvarkssallskapet.se/diagnostik_behandling.php?category_id=3. Accessed Sept 2019.

  464. Goadsby PJ, Paemeleire K, Broessner G, et al. Efficacy and safety of erenumab (A MG334) in episodic migraine patients with prior preventive treatment failure: a subgroup analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Cephalalgia. 2019;39:817–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  465. Ashina M, Tepper S, Brandes JL, Reuter U, et al. Efficacy and safety of erenumab (A MG334) in chronic migraine patients with prior preventive treatment failure: a subgroup analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(10):1611–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  466. Brown JS, Papadopoulos G, Neumann PJ, Price M, Friedman M, Menzin J. Cost-effectiveness of migraine prevention: the case of topiramate in the UK. Cephalalgia. 2006;26(12):1473–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  467. Silberstein SD, Lipton RB, Dodick D, et al. Efficacy and safety of topiramate for the treatment of chronic migraine: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Headache. 2007;47(2):170–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  468. Brandes JL, Saper JR, Diamond M, et al. Topiramate for Migraine prevention. JAMA. 2004;291(8):965–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  469. Láinez MJ. The effect of migraine prophylaxis on migraine-related resource use and productivity. CNS Drugs. 2009;23(9):727–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  470. Tepper S, Ashina M, Reuter U, Brandes JL, Dolezil D, Silberstein S, et al. Safety and efficacy of erenumab for preventive treatment of chronic migraine: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2017;16(6):425–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  471. Lipton RB, Tepper SJ, Reuter U, Silberstein S, Stewart WF, Nilsen J, Leonardi DK, Desai P, Cheng S, Mikol DD, Lenz R. Erenumab in chronic migraine: Patient-reported outcomes in a randomized double-blind study. Neurology. 2019;92(19):e2250–60.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  472. Vikelis M, Argyriou AA, Dermitzakis EV, Spingos KC, Mitsikostas DD. Onabotulinumtoxin-A treatment in Greek patients with chronic migraine. J Headache Pain. 2016;17(1):84.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  473. Fendrick AM, Smith DG, Chernew ME, Shah SN. A benefit-based copay for prescription drugs: patient contribution based on total benefits, not drug acquisition cost. Am J Manag Care. 2001;7(9):861–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  474. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS). The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia. 2018;38:1–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  475. Lipton RB, Silberstein SD. Episodic and chronic migraine headache: breaking down barriers to optimal treatment and prevention. Headache. 2015;55(Suppl 2):103–22. (quiz 23–6)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  476. Lafata JE, Moon C, Leotta C, Kolodner K, Poisson L, et al. The medical care utilization and costs associated with migraine headache. J Gen Intern Med. 2004;19:1005–7.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  477. Antonaci F, Dumitrache C, De Cillis I, Allena M. A review of current European treatment guidelines for migraine. J Headache Pain. 2010;11:13–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  478. Goldberg LD. The cost of migraine and its treatment. Am J Manag Care. 2005;11:S62–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  479. Steiner TJ, Jensen R, Katsarava Z, Linde M, MacGregor EA, Osipova V, Paemeleire K, Olesen J, Peters M, Martelletti P, on behalf of the European Headache Federation and Lifting The Burden: the Global Campaign against Headache. Aids to management of headache disorders in primary care (2nd edition). J Headache Pain. 2019;20:57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  480. Katsarava Z, Steiner TJ. Neglected headache: ignorance, arrogance or insouciance? Cephalalgia. 2012;32:1019–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  481. Antonaci F, Valade D, Lanteri-Minet M, Láinez JM, Jensen J, Steiner TJ. Proposals for the organisation of headache services in Europe. Intern Emerg Med. 2008;3:S25–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  482. Steiner TJ, Jensen R, Katsarava Z, Uluduz D, Tinelli M, Thomas H, Stovner LJ. The healthcare solution to headache. Ch 15. In: Steiner TJ, Stovner LJ, editors. Societal impact of headache. Burden, costs and response. Cham: Springer Nature; 2019. p. 203–24.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  483. Lifting The Burden. The global campaign against headache. http://www.l-t-b.org. Accessed 6 June 2021.

  484. European Headache Federation. https://ehf-org.org. Accessed 6 June 2021.

  485. Laughey WF, Holmes WF, Mac Gregor AE, Sawyer JPC. Headache consultation and referral patterns in one UK general practice. Cephalalgia. 1999;19:328–9.

    Google Scholar 

  486. Tfelt-Hansen P. Review. Pharmacological strategies to treat attacks of episodic migraine in adults. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2020;22(3):305–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2020.1828347.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  487. World Health Organization. Headache disorders and public health. Education and management implications. Geneva: WHO (WHO/MSD/MBD/00.9); 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  488. World Health Assembly. Synergies in addressing the burden of epilepsy and other neurological disorders. WHA73_5_en WHO 2020; 2020.

    Google Scholar 

  489. World Health Organization and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Global Conference on Primary Health Care (2018) Declaration of Astana. From Alma-Ata towards universal health coverage and the sustainable development goals. WHO/UNICEF, Astana.

    Google Scholar 

  490. Lifting The Burden. http://www.l-t-b.org.

  491. Tinelli M, Leonardi M, Paemeleire K, Raggi A, Mitsikostas D, de la Torre ER, Steiner TJ; European Brain Council Value of Treatment Headache Working Group, the European Headache Federation, the European Migraine and Headache Alliance and Lifting The Burden: the Global Campaign against Headache. Structured headache services as the solution to the ill-health burden of headache. 3. Modelling effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of implementation in Europe: findings and conclusions. J Headache Pain. 2021;22(1):90.

    Google Scholar 

  492. Linde M, Steiner TJ, Chisholm D. Cost-effectiveness analysis of interventions for migraine in four low- and middle-income countries. J Headache Pain. 2015;16:15.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  493. Steiner TJ, Linde M, Schnell-Inderst P. A universal outcome measure for headache treatments, care-delivery systems and economic analysis. J Headache Pain. 2021;22:63.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  494. Tinelli M, Leonardi M, Paemeleire K, et al. Structured headache services as the solution to the ill-health burden of headache. 3. Modelling effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of implementation in Europe: findings and conclusions. J Headache Pain. 2021;22:90. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-021-01305-8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  495. Steiner TJ, Jensen R, Katsarava Z, Stovner LJ, Uluduz D, Adarmouch L, Al Jumah M, Al Khathaami AM, Ashina M, Braschinsky M, Broner S, Eliasson JH, Gil-Gouveia R, Gómez-Galván JB, Guðmundsson LS, Herekar AA, Kawatu N, Kissani N, Kulkarni GB, Lebedeva ER, Leonardi M, Linde M, Luvsannorov O, Maiga Y, Milanov I, Mitsikostas DD, Musayev T, Olesen J, Osipova V, Paemeleire K, Peres MFP, Quispe G, Rao GN, Risal A, Ruiz de la Torre E, Saylor D, Togha M, Yu SY, Zebenigus M, Zenebe Zewde Y, Zidverc-Trajković J, Tinelli M, on behalf of Lifting The Burden: the Global Campaign against Headache. Structured headache services as the solution to the ill-health burden of headache. 1. Rationale and description. J Headache Pain. 2021;22:78.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  496. GBD 2016 Neurology Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol. 2019;18(5):459–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30499-X.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  497. Viana M, Khaliq F, Zecca C, Figuerola MDL, Sances G, Di Piero V, Petolicchio B, Alessiani M, Geppetti P, Lupi C, Benemei S, Iannacchero R, Maggioni F, Jurno ME, Odobescu S, Chiriac E, Marfil A, Brighina F, Barrientos Uribe N, Pérez Lago C, Bordini C, Lucchese F, Maffey V, Nappi G, Sandrini G, Tassorelli C. Poor patient awareness and frequent misdiagnosis of migraine: findings from a large transcontinental cohort. Eur J Neurol. 2020;27(3):536–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14098.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  498. Tinelli M, Leonardi M, Paemeleire K, Mitsikostas D, de la Torre ER, Steiner TJ, on behalf of the European Brain Council Value of Treatment Headache Working Group, the European Headache Federation, the European Federation of Neurological Associations, and Lifting The Burden: the Global Campaign against Headache. Structured headache services as the solution to the ill-health burden of headache. 2: modelling effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of implementation in Europe: methodology. J Headache Pain. 2021;22:99.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  499. GBD. Viewpoint collaborators (2020) Five insights from the global burden of disease study 2019. Lancet. 2019;396:1135–59.

    Google Scholar 

  500. Stewart WF, Ricci JA, Chee E, Morganstein D, Lipton R. Lost productive time and cost due to common pain conditions in the US workforce. JAMA. 2003;290(18):2443–54. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.290.18.2443.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  501. Simić S, Rabi-Žikić T, Villar JR, Calvo-Rolle JL, Simić D, Simić SD. Impact of individual headache types on the work and work efficiency of headache sufferers. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(18):6918. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186918.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  502. Kothari SF, Jensen RH, Steiner TJ. The relationship between headache-attributed disability and lost productivity: 1. A review of the literature. J Headache Pain. 2021;22(1):73.

    Google Scholar 

  503. Thomas H, Kothari SF, Husøy A, Jensen RH, Katsarava Z, Tinelli M, Steiner TJ. The relationship between headache-attributed disability and lost productivity: 2. Empirical evidence from population-based studies in nine disparate countries. J Headache Pain. 2021;22(1):153.

    Google Scholar 

  504. Steiner TJ, Jensen R, Katsarava Z, Stovner LJ, Uluduz D, Adarmouch L, Al Jumah M, Al Khathaami AM, Ashina M, Braschinsky M, Broner S, Eliasson JH, Gil-Gouveia R, Gómez-Galván JB, Guðmundsson LS, Kawatu N, Kissani N, Kulkarni GB, Lebedeva ER, Leonardi M, Linde M, Luvsannorov O, Maiga Y, Milanov I, Mitsikostas DD, Musayev T, Olesen J, Osipova V, Paemeleire K, Peres MFP, Quispe G, Rao GN, Risal A, Ruiz de la Torre E, Saylor D, Togha M, Yu SY, Zebenigus M, Zenebe Zewde Y, Zidverc-Trajković J, Tinelli M, on behalf of Lifting The Burden: the Global Campaign against Headache. Structured headache services as the solution to the ill-health burden of headache. 1: rationale and description. J Headache Pain. 2021;22:78.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  505. World Health Organization. Choosing Interventions that are Cost–Effective (WHO-CHOICE). Project WHO | WHO-CHOICE. WHO https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/new-cost-effectiveness-updates-from-who-choice (Accessed 27 July 2021) 2014.

  506. World Health Organization. Universal health coverage 2020. https://www.who.int/health-topics/universal-health-coverage#tab=tab_1 (Accessed 13 Dec 2020).

  507. Schramm S, Uluduz D, Gouveia RG, et al. Headache service quality: evaluation of quality indicators in 14 specialist-care centres. J Headache Pain. 2016;17(1):111.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  508. Braschinsky M, Haldre S, Kals M, Arge M, Saar B, Niibek M, Katsarava Z, Steiner TJ. Structured education to improve primary-care management of headache: how long do the benefits last? A follow-up observational study. Eur J Neurol. 2018;25(3):497–502. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.13524.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  509. World Health Organization and Lifting The Burden. Atlas of headache disorders and resources in the world 2011. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  510. Steiner TJ, Jensen R, Katsarava Z, et al. Aids to management of headache disorders in primary care (2nd edition): on behalf of the European Headache Federation and Lifting The Burden: the Global Campaign against Headache. J Headache Pain. 2019;20(1):57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  511. Yoon MS, Katsarava Z, Obermann M, Fritsche G, Oezyurt M, Kaesewinkel K, Katsarova A, Santowski I, Diener H, Moebus S. Prevalence of primary headaches in Germany: results of the German headache consortium study. J Headache Pain. 2012;13:215–23.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  512. Steiner TJ, Paemeleire K, Jensen R, Valade D, Savi L, Lainez MJA, Diener H-C, Martelletti P, Couturier EGM. European principles of management of common headache disorders in primary care. J Headache Pain. 2007;8(suppl 1):S3–S21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  513. Hungarian Headache Society. List of headache centers in Hungary http://fejfajas-tarsasag.hu/info.aspx?sp=17.

  514. May A, et al. EFNS guidelines on the treatment of cluster headache and other trigeminal-autonomic cephalalgias. Eur J Neurol. 2006;13:1066–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  515. Cevoli S, D’Amico D, Martelletti P, Valguarnera F, Del Bene E, De Simone R, Sarchielli P, Narbone M, Testa L, Genco S, Bussone G, Cortelli P. Underdiagnosis and undertreatment of migraine in Italy: a survey of patients attending for the first time 10 headache centres. Cephalalgia. 2009;29(12):1285–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2009.01874.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  516. Brockmann N, Evers S. Migraine in neurologists and headache specialists. Headache. 2010;50(1):138–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  517. Alstadhaug KB, Hernandez A, Næss H, et al. Migraine among Norwegian neurologists. Headache. 2012;52(9):1369–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  518. Lu SR, Wang SJ, Fuh JL. The practice pattern of migraine management among neurologists in Taiwan. Cephalalgia. 2006;26(3):310–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  519. Yeh WZ, Blizzard L, Taylor BV. What is the actual prevalence of migraine. Brain Behav. 2018;8(6):e00950.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  520. Hettiarachchi J, Lipton RB, Dodick D, et al. A self administered screener for migraine in primary care. Neurology. 2012;61(3):375–82.

    Google Scholar 

  521. Evans RW, Evans RE, Kell HJ. A survey of family doctors on the likeability of migraine and other common diseases and their prevalence of migraine. Cephalalgia. 2010;30(5):620–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  522. Waters WE. Migraine in general practitioners. Br J Prev Soc Med. 1975;29:48–52.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  523. Dalsgaard-Nielsen T, Ulrich J. Prevalence and heredity of migraine and migrainoid headaches among 461 Danish doctors. Headache. 1973;12(4):168–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  524. Diener H-C, Holle-Lee D, Nägel S, Dresler T, Gaul C, Göbel H, Heinze-Kuhn K, Jürgens T, Kropp P, Meyer B, May A, Schulte L, Solbach K, Straube A, Kamm K, Förderreuther S, Gantenbein A, Petersen J, Sandor P, Lampl C. Treatment of migraine attacks and prevention of migraine: Guidelines by the German Migraine and Headache Society and the German Society of Neurology. Clin Translational Neurosci. 2019;3:1–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  525. Viticchi G, Silvestrini M, Falsetti L, Lanciotti C, Cerqua R, Luzzi S, Provinciali L, Bartolini M. Time delay from onset to diagnosis of migraine. Headache. 2011;51(2):232–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4610.2010.01778.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  526. Goadsby PJ, Sprenger T. Current practice and future directions in the prevention and acute management of migraine. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9:285–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  527. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS). The international classification of headache disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia Int J Headache. 2018;38(1):1–1211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  528. World Health Organization. Atlas of headache disorders and resources in the world 2011. Geneva: WHO; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  529. Stovner LJ, Andree C. Prevalence of headache in Europe: a review for the Eurolight project. J Headache Pain. 2010;11:289–99.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  530. World Bank. http://www.worldbank.org/en/results . Accessed 6 Feb 2017.

  531. Yu S, Zhang M, Zhou J, Liu R, Wan Q, Li Y. Headache care in China. Headache. 2014;54(4):601–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.12330.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Paolo Martelletti .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Martelletti, P. (2022). Public Health. In: Martelletti, P. (eds) Migraine in Medicine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97359-9_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97359-9_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-97358-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-97359-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics