Abstract
Although numerous bacteria dwelling in the sunlit layer of oceans can exploit solar energy, cyanobacteria are the only ones to perform oxygenic photosynthesis and to produce organic carbon, a critical process that sustains the whole marine trophic web. Here, we review the advances on the two most abundant cyanobacterial genera of the ocean, Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus, and on diazotrophic cyanobacteria that by their ability to fix atmospheric dinitrogen constitute a major source of new nitrogen for the microbial community. Diazotrophic cyanobacteria are polyphyletic and display a large range of morphologies and lifestyles. These include both multicellular cyanobacteria such as the colonial Trichodesmium or the heterocyst-forming Calothrix, Richelia, and Nodularia, and unicellular cyanobacteria belonging to three major taxa: the symbiotic species Candidatus Atelocyanobacterium thalassa (UCYN-A) and the free-living genera Crocosphaera watsonii (UCYN-B) and C. subtropica (formerly Cyanothece sp.; UCYN-C). After several billions of years of evolution that led them to colonize most marine niches reached by solar light, cyanobacteria appear as truly fascinating organisms. They are the matter of a thriving field of research investigating their molecular ecology, contribution to biogeochemical cycles, and use for data mining and potential biotechnological applications such as, e.g., production of hydrogen, alkanes, or fluorophores.
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Acknowledgments
Authors of this review were all supported by the EU project MaCuMBA (grant agreement no. 311975). LG and FP have also received grants from the French “Agence Nationale de la Recherche” Programs CINNAMON (ANR-17-CE2–0014) and EFFICACY (ANR-19-CE02–0019). Authors also wish to thank the Tara Oceans expedition (http://oceans.taraexpeditions.org) for data sharing used in analyses used to draw Fig. 3.3 as well as Alexandra Calteau and Jonathan Zehr for sharing other figures used in this review.
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Partensky, F., Hess, W.R., Garczarek, L. (2022). Marine Cyanobacteria. In: Stal, L.J., Cretoiu, M.S. (eds) The Marine Microbiome. The Microbiomes of Humans, Animals, Plants, and the Environment, vol 3. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90383-1_3
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