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Flowering and Juvenility in Apple

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The Apple Genome

Part of the book series: Compendium of Plant Genomes ((CPG))

Abstract

Flowering and juvenility are important traits for the cultivation and breeding of apples (Malus spp.). As apples are reported to have been cultivated long before ancient Greek civilization, many findings related to morphological and physiological traits, and well-developed cultivation techniques have been accumulated for many cultivated, ornamental, and rootstock apples. During the first half of the 1990s, elucidation of the molecular mechanism(s) of flower development in model plants has received much attention leading to major advances. This is followed by determinations of genetic sequences and functional analyses of genes controlling flowering and juvenility in these plants using genetic transformation technologies during the latter half of the 1990s. Subsequently, genes involved in floral organ development and genes involved in either flower induction or suppression of the apple, such as MdFT1 and MdTFL1, respectively, have been identified. Over the past decade, either stable or transient gene expression systems have been developed to control the flowering time in apple. These advances have had significant impacts on functional analysis of various genes of interest controlling fruit quality traits and pursuing apple breeding efforts with significantly reduced generation cycles. Future efforts should pursue functional analyses of genes, such as TFL1/FT-like genes; moreover, it is necessary to investigate and delineate relationships between plant hormones/sugars and flowering in apples.

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  1. Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502, Japan

    Nobuhiro Kotoda

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  1. Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA

    Schuyler S. Korban

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Kotoda, N. (2021). Flowering and Juvenility in Apple. In: Korban, S.S. (eds) The Apple Genome. Compendium of Plant Genomes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74682-7_11

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