Abstract
Brinjal eggplant (Solanum melongena) is an annual vegetable cultivated for its edible fruits, which are variable in shape, size and color. Scarlet eggplant (S. aethiopicum) and gboma eggplant (S. macrocarpon) are also cultivated but more locally in Africa. Domestication of brinjal eggplant took place in India and China, but today the plant is cultivated globally and with tremendous economic importance, especially in Asia and the Mediterranean. It is low in calories but rich in antioxidants and phenolic compounds. A warm climate favors the plant as it has a long growing season. Current eggplant breeding aims to develop F1 hybrids and traditional methods include pure-line selection, pedigree methods, and backcrossing for breeding for higher fruit yield, quality and resistance to diseases. In this chapter, we review recent developments including doubled haploids, marker-assisted breeding and tissue culture technologies, but we also focus on pre-breeding, trait discovery and hybridization with crop wild relatives. Broadening the genetic base of cultivated eggplant is a key to develop robust varieties. The primary gene pool includes only S. insanum, which can be easily crossed with cultivated eggplant to give highly fertile hybrids. The secondary and tertiary gene pools include several species of interest (S. dasyphyllum, S. incanum, S. linnaeanum, S. tomentosum, S. torvum, S. sisymbriifolium), which are more distant. Crosses of cultivated eggplant with tertiary gene pool species result in sterile or low fertility hybrids after embryo rescue or somatic hybridization. Still, these wild species are of interest as they are genetically very diverse and could provide tolerance to abiotic stresses, as well as resistance to pests and diseases.
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Acknowledgements
This work was undertaken as part of the initiative Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Collecting, Protecting and Preparing Crop Wild Relatives, which is supported by the Government of Norway. The project is managed by the Global Crop Diversity Trust with the Millennium Seed Bank of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. It is implemented in partnership with national and international gene banks and plant breeding institutes around the world. For further information, see http://www.cwrdiversity.org/. Funding was also received from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (grant agreement No. 677379, G2P-SOL project, Linking genetic resources, genomes and phenotypes of Solanaceous crops). We are also thankful for grants from Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Agencia Estatal de Investigación and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional/European Regional Development Fund (grant RTI-2018-094592-B-100 from MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE). Long-term strategic donors to the World Vegetable Center are Republic of China (Taiwan), UK aid (the UK government), United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), and Germany, Thailand, Philippines, Korea and Japan.
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Appendices
Appendices
1.1 Appendix I: Important Institutions for Eggplant Research
Institutions | Research area | Location and website |
|---|---|---|
Asia | ||
World Vegetable Center (AVRDC) | Germplasm evaluation, crop wild relatives | Tainan, Taiwan |
National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation | Breeding research | Pingtung, Taiwan |
Nanjing Agriculture University | Resistance research | Nanjing, China |
Wuhan Vegetable Research Institute, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Science and Technology | Biotechnology | Wuhan, Hubei, China |
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Agriculture and Biology | Biotechnology | Shanghai, China |
National Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science NARO | Biotechnology | Tsu, Japan |
International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) | Crop wild relatives | Cali, Colombia |
Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) | Breeding research, biotechnology | New Delhi, India |
Indian Institute of Science, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology | Biotechnology , gene technology | Bangalore, India |
Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding | Breeding research | Meerut, India |
Pondicherry University, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences | Crop diversity, crop wild relatives | Kalapet, Pondicherry, India |
University of the Philippines Los Baños, College of Agriculture and Food Science | Breeding research | Laguna, Philippines |
Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute (BATEM), Department of Vegetable Crops and Ornamentals | Breeding research, genetic resources, diseases | Antalya, Turkey |
Izmir Institute of Technology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics. | Molecular markers, breeding research, bioactive compounds | Izmir, Turkey |
Horticultural Crop Research and Development Institute | Breeding research | Peradeniya, Sri Lanka |
Americas | ||
The Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research | Biotechnology , gene transformation | Ithaca, NY, USA |
Genetic Improvement for Fruits & Vegetables Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center | Breeding, phenolics, diversity | Beltsville, Maryland, USA |
Cornell/NYSAES, Department of Entomology | Resistance research | Geneva, New York, USA |
Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Sciences, Virginia Tech. | Resistance research | Blacksburg, Virginia, USA |
Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University | Crop wild relatives, cultivation | Boise, Idaho, USA |
Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University | Crop diversity, crop wild relatives | Columbus, Ohio, USA |
Europe | ||
Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València | Crop wild relatives, pre-breeding, biotechnology, molecular markers, phenotyping | Valencia, Spain |
Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València | Biotechnology , breeding research | Valencia, Spain |
CREA- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’economia Agraria, Unità di Ricerca per l’Orticoltura | Abiotic stress, biotechnology, association mapping | Lodi, Italy |
University of Turin-DISAFA-Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Turin | Biotechnology , association mapping, abiotic stress | Torino, Italy |
Section of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Department of Plant, Soil and Food Science, University of Bari | Resistance breeding | Bari, Italy |
Consiglio per la Ricerca e Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Genomic Research Centre | Biotechology | Piacenza, Italy |
INRA, Unité de Genetique & Amélioration des Fruits et Legumes | Genetic resources, crop wild relatives, breeding, disease resistance | Montfavet Cedex, France |
School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham | Crop wild relatives, conservation | Birmingham, UK |
Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences | Taxonomy | London, UK |
Wageningen University Research | Resistance breeding, genetic resources | Wageningen, Netherlands |
Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University | Biotechnology | Gent, Belgium |
Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Agronomy, Chair for Fruit, Wine and Vegetable Growing, University of Ljubljana | Grafting research | Ljubljana, Slovenia |
Dipartimento Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria | Nutrient use efficiency | Reggio Calabria, Italy |
Technological Institute of Western Greece, Department of Agricultural Technology | Local varieties, breeding research | Amaliada, Greece |
Africa | ||
Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kafrelsheikh | Disease resistance and breeding research | Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt |
Vegetable Crops Research Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture, Research Center | Breeding research, diversity in crop wild relatives | Giza, Egypt |
Laboratory of Genetics, Félix Houphouët-Boigny University | Breeding research, local varieties, diversity | Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire |
Uganda Christian University | Diversity, abiotic stresses | Mukono, Uganda |
African Orphan Crops Consortium, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) | Diversity in minor crops, breeding research, genomics | Nairobi, Kenya |
1.2 Appendix II: Examples of Commercial Cultivars of Eggplant Worldwide
Cultivar | Important traits | Cultivation location |
|---|---|---|
Little Fingers F1 | Long, purple | China |
Long White Angel F1 | Long, white | China |
Ma Zu Purple | Long, purple | China |
Megadok F1 | Long, purple | China |
Ping Tung Long | Long, pale purple | China |
Lucky Green | Long, green | China |
Asian Bride | Long, white-purple | China |
Machiaw | Long, pink | China |
Fengyuan Purple | Long, purple | China |
Round Mauve | Round, reddish purple | China |
Kurume Long Purple | Long, dark purple | Japan |
Kyoto Egg F1 | Round, dark purple | Japan |
Milionaire F1 | Long, dark purple | Japan |
Senryu Ni Gou F1 | Long, dark purple | Japan |
Shoya Long F1 | Long, dark purple | Japan |
Green Doll F1 | Round, small, white with green stripes | Thailand |
Kermit F1 | Round, small, green/white | Thailand |
Thai Round Green | Round, small, green | Thailand |
Thai White Ribbed | Round, ribbed, white | Thailand |
Violet Prince F1 | Round, small, violet | Thailand |
White Ball F1 | Round, small, white | Thailand |
Puangyok Thai Pea | Round, small, green | Thailand |
Thai Yellow Egg | Round, small, yellow | Thailand |
Thai White Egg | Round, small, pinkish | Thailand |
Rolex F1 | Long, green | Thailand |
Tai Long Green F1 | Long, thin, green | Thailand |
White-Purple | Long, light purple with white streaks | Thailand |
Apsara F1 | Oval, small, purple with white stripes | India |
Red Chu F1 | Round, small, purpura | India |
Black Chu F1 | Round, small, blackish purple | India |
Ratna | Oval, small, dark purple | India |
Rhim Jhim | Oval, small, purple with white streaks | India |
Hari F1 | Elongated, green | India |
Bali F1 | Elongated, small, purple | India |
Bharata Star F1 | Round, dark purple | India |
Suphal | Oval, dark purple | India |
Supriya | Round, violet | India |
Orissa | Oval, small, yellow | India |
Harihar | Elongated, green with white stripes | India |
Tarini | Elongated, large, green and white | India |
Harabegan F1 | Long, green | India |
Black Beauty | Oval, blackish purple | Western countries |
Udumalapet | Oval, green with purple streaks | Western countries |
Bonica F1 | Oval, dark purple | Western countries |
Classic F1 | Oval, dark purple | Western countries |
Epic F1 | Oval, dark purple | Western countries |
Galine F1 | Oval, dark purple | Western countries |
Sonata F1 | Oval, dark purple | Western countries |
Nadia F1 | Oval, dark purple | Western countries |
Tudela F1 | Oval, dark purple | Western countries |
Velia F1 | Oval, dark purple | Western countries |
Santana F1 | Oval, blackish purple | Western countries |
Megal F1 | Oval, purple | Western countries |
Bartok F1 | Elongated, dark purple | Western countries |
Lemmy F1 | Elongated, dark purple | Western countries |
Gostbuster F1 | Oval, white | Western countries |
Listada de Grandia | Oval, purpura stripped with white | Western countries |
Neon F1 | Oval, pink purpura | Western countries |
Rosita | Oval, pink lavender | Western countries |
Zebra F1 | Oval, violet stripped with white | Western countries |
Baluroi F1 | Elongated, dark purple | Western countries |
Black King | Elongated, dark purple | Western countries |
Fabina F1 | Elongated, dark purple | Western countries |
Ichiban F1 | Elongated, dark purple | Western countries |
Long Purple | Long, dark purple | Western countries |
New Purple | Elongated, purple | Western countries |
Nite Lady F1 | Elongated, dark purple | Western countries |
Lavender Tough F1 | Elongated, white | Western countries |
Cloud Nine F1 | Elongated, white | Western countries |
Antigua | Elongated, white stripped with lavender | Western countries |
Fairy Tale F1 | Elongated, lavender with white strikes | Western countries |
Baby Bell | Oval, small, blackish purple | Italy |
Bianca Rosa | Oval, small, white with lavender streaks | Italy |
Prosperosa | Round, ribbed, violet | Italy |
Violetta di Firenze | Round, dark purple, ribbed | Italy |
Casper | Elongated, white | France |
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Rakha, M., Prohens, J., Taher, D., Wu, Th., Solberg, S.Ø. (2021). Eggplant (Solanum melongena , S. aethiopicum and S. macrocarpon) Breeding. In: Al-Khayri, J.M., Jain, S.M., Johnson, D.V. (eds) Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Vegetable Crops. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66961-4_5
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