Abstract
Water is a major resource for the sustenance of the living organisms. However, water resources are exploited to satisfy the demand of the growing population for drinking, domestic activities as well as economic expansion of the nation through industries, irrigation and other activities. This led to scarcity of fresh water and impacts on economy, environment and human health. This review details the standard limit of major cations, anions and heavy metals recommended by various organizations, as well as sources and health impacts. It also describes water quality assessment steps. Therefore, it draws an attention to develop interdisciplinary techniques to minimize the large data volume into an understandable format. The suitability of water for drinking, irrigation and industries through indices, health risk assessment through mathematical model, and source identification through statistical procedures as well as application of geostatistics are also reviewed. It reveals that water quality index is very effective technique to determine the suitability of water but it is limited to drinking water quality only. Moreover, the conventional indices evaluating the suitability of water for irrigation or industries does not clearly specify the status as these indices does not aggregate all required compounds. Even, the existing assessment techniques do not estimate the required percentage of pollutants to be removed from the water bodies.
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Abbreviations
- %Na:
-
Percent sodium
- AD:
-
Average Dose
- AHP:
-
Analytical hierarchy process
- BIS:
-
Bureau of Indian Standard
- CA:
-
Cluster Analysis
- CCMEWQI:
-
Council of Minister of the Environmental Water Quality Index
- CDI:
-
Chronic daily intake
- CPCB:
-
Central Pollution Control Board
- CR:
-
Corrositivity ratio
- EC:
-
Electrical conductivity
- EPA:
-
Environmental Protection Agency
- EU:
-
Council of the European Union
- FA:
-
Factor analysis
- GIS:
-
Geographical information system
- HI:
-
Hazard index
- HQ:
-
Hazard quotient
- ISO:
-
International Organization for Standardization
- LOAEL:
-
Lowest observed adverse effect level
- LSI:
-
Langelier saturation index
- MH:
-
Magnesium hazard
- NOAEL:
-
No observable toxic effect
- NGL:
-
No guideline limit
- NM:
-
Not mentioned
- NSFWQI:
-
National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index
- OWQI:
-
Oregon water quality index
- PC:
-
Principal component
- PCA:
-
Principal component analysis
- PI:
-
Permeability index
- PSI:
-
Practical scale index
- RfD:
-
Reference dose
- RSC:
-
Residual sodium carbonate
- RSI:
-
Ryznar stability index
- SAR:
-
Sodium adsorption ratio
- SF:
-
Slope factor
- TDS:
-
Total dissolved solid
- USEPA:
-
United States Environment Protection Agency
- WAWQI:
-
Weight Arithmetic Water Quality Index
- WHO:
-
World Health Organization
- WQI:
-
Water Quality Index
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Saha, P., Paul, B. (2020). Water Quality Assessment Techniques. In: Lichtfouse, E. (eds) Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 40. Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, vol 40. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33281-5_5
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