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Assessment of heavy metal pollution in the urban stream sediments and its tributaries

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Abstract

Globally, aquatic ecosystems are highly polluted with heavy metals arising from anthropogenic and terrigenous sources. The objective of this study was to investigate the pollution of stream sediments and possible sources of pollutants in Nakivubo Channel Kampala, Uganda. Stream sediments were collected and analysed for heavy metal concentration using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The degree of pollution in Nakivubo channelized stream sediments for lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, manganese and iron was assessed using enrichment factor, geo-accumulation index and pollution load index. The results indicated that (1) the sediments have been polluted with lead, cadmium and zinc and have high anthropogenic influences; (2) the calculation of geo-accumulation index suggest that Nakivubo stream sediments have background concentration for copper, manganese and Fe (I geo ≤ 0); (3) factor analysis results reveal three sources of pollutants as explained by three factors (75.0 %); (i) mixed origin or retention phenomena of industrial and vehicular emissions; (ii) terrigenous and (iii) dual origin of zinc (vehicular and industrial). In conclusion, the co-precipitation (inclusion, occlusion and adsorption) of lead, cadmium and zinc with manganese and iron hydroxides, scavenging ability of other metals, very low dissolved oxygen and slightly acidic to slightly alkaline pH in stream water could account for the active accumulation of heavy metals in Nakivubo stream sediments. These phenomena may pose a risk of secondary water pollution under sediment disturbance and/or changes in the geo-chemistry of sediments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environment, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kampala International University, P. O. Box 20000, Kampala, Uganda

    K. Sekabira (Ph.D. Candidate, Lecturer)

  2. Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda

    H. Oryem Origa Ph.D. (Full Professor), G. Mutumba Ph.D. (Assisstant Professor) & E. Kakudidi Ph.D. (Head of Department and a lecturer)

  3. Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda

    T. A. Basamba Ph.D. (Deputy Dean and a lecturer)

Authors
  1. K. Sekabira
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  2. H. Oryem Origa Ph.D.
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  3. T. A. Basamba Ph.D.
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  4. G. Mutumba Ph.D.
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  5. E. Kakudidi Ph.D.
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Correspondence to K. Sekabira.

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Sekabira, K., Origa, H.O., Basamba, T.A. et al. Assessment of heavy metal pollution in the urban stream sediments and its tributaries. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 7, 435–446 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03326153

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03326153

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