Skip to main content

Gallbladder Cancer

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Surgical Oncology

Abstract

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is the most common biliary cancer with an annual incidence of about 6,000 patients in the USA. These patients may present to the surgical oncologist with abnormal findings on imaging such as a gallbladder polyp or a gallbladder and/or liver mass suspicious for GBC. Other common presentations are an incidental GBC suspected during cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis or found at pathologic review after cholecystectomy. Diagnosis and treatment are explained for the different presentations. A cholecystectomy with en bloc liver resection of segments 4b and 5 with lymph node dissection of the hepatoduodenal ligament is recommended for most medically fit patients with resectable GBC. After a potentially curative resection, the median survival and the 5-year survival rate for patients in the SEER database were 16 months and 21 %, respectively.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2013. CA Cancer J Clin. 2013;63(1):11–30. PubMed PMID: 23335087.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Do Carmo M, Perpetuo MO, Valdivieso M, Heilbrun LK, Nelson RS, Connor T, et al. Natural history study of gallbladder cancer: a review of 36 years experience at M. D Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute. Cancer. 1978;42(1):330–5. PubMed PMID: 667804.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. NCCN. Hepatobiliary cancers 2012. 2013. Available from: http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/hepatobiliary.pdf. Cited 27 Feb 2013.

  4. Cunningham JD, Fong Y, Shriver C, Melendez J, Marx WL, Blumgart LH. One hundred consecutive hepatic resections. Blood loss, transfusion, and operative technique. Arch Surg. 1994;129(10):1050–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Randi G, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C. Gallbladder cancer worldwide: geographical distribution and risk factors. Int J Cancer. 2006;118(7):1591–602. PubMed PMID: 16397865.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Reid KM, Ramos-De la Medina A, Donohue JH. Diagnosis and surgical management of gallbladder cancer: a review. J Gastrointest Surg. 2007;11(5):671–81. PubMed PMID: 17468929.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Yamaguchi K, Chijiiwa K, Shimizu S, Yokohata K, Tsuneyoshi M, Tanaka M. Anatomical limit of extended cholecystectomy for gallbladder carcinoma involving the neck of the gallbladder. Int Surg. 1998;83(1):21–3. PubMed PMID: 9706510.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Shirai Y, Yoshida K, Tsukada K, Ohtani T, Muto T. Identification of the regional lymphatic system of the gallbladder by vital staining. Br J Surg. 1992;79(7):659–62. PubMed PMID: 1643479.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Edge SB. AJCC cancer staging manual. 7th ed. New York: Springer; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Chaffer CL, Weinberg RA. A perspective on cancer cell metastasis. Science. 2011;331(6024):1559–64. PubMed PMID: 21436443.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Tsuji T, Kanemitsu K, Hiraoka T, Takamori H, Toyama E, Tanaka H, et al. A new method to establish the rational extent of hepatic resection for advanced gallbladder cancer using dye injection through the cystic artery. HPB. 2004;6(1):33–66. PubMed PMID: 18333043. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2020642.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Wakai T, Shirai Y, Sakata J, Nagahashi M, Ajioka Y, Hatakeyama K. Mode of hepatic spread from gallbladder carcinoma: an immunohistochemical analysis of 42 hepatectomized specimens. Am J Surg Pathol. 2010;34(1):65–74. PubMed PMID: 19956061.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Mayo SC, Shore AD, Nathan H, Edil B, Wolfgang CL, Hirose K, et al. National trends in the management and survival of surgically managed gallbladder adenocarcinoma over 15 years: a population-based analysis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2010;14(10):1578–91. PubMed PMID: 20824371.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Aldouri AQ, Malik HZ, Waytt J, Khan S, Ranganathan K, Kummaraganti S, et al. The risk of gallbladder cancer from polyps in a large multiethnic series. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2009;35(1):48–51. PubMed PMID: 18339513.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Jorgensen T, Jensen KH. Polyps in the gallbladder. A prevalence study. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1990;25(3):281–6. PubMed PMID: 2320947.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Segawa K, Arisawa T, Niwa Y, Suzuki T, Tsukamoto Y, Goto H, et al. Prevalence of gallbladder polyps among apparently healthy Japanese: ultrasonographic study. Am J Gastroenterol. 1992;87(5):630–3. PubMed PMID: 1595653.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Kozuka S, Tsubone N, Yasui A, Hachisuka K. Relation of adenoma to carcinoma in the gallbladder. Cancer. 1982;50(10):2226–34. PubMed PMID: 7127263.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Ito H, Hann LE, D’Angelica M, Allen P, Fong Y, Dematteo RP, et al. Polypoid lesions of the gallbladder: diagnosis and followup. J Am Coll Surg. 2009;208(4):570–5. PubMed PMID: 19476792.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Konstantinidis IT, Bajpai S, Kambadakone AR, Tanabe KK, Berger DL, Zheng H, et al. Gallbladder lesions identified on ultrasound. Lessons from the last 10 years. J Gastrointest Surg. 2012;16(3):549–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Zielinski MD, Atwell TD, Davis PW, Kendrick ML, Que FG. Comparison of surgically resected polypoid lesions of the gallbladder to their pre-operative ultrasound characteristics. J Gastrointest Surg. 2009;13(1):19–25. PubMed PMID: 18972168.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Jang JY, Kim SW, Lee SE, Hwang DW, Kim EJ, Lee JY, et al. Differential diagnostic and staging accuracies of high resolution ultrasonography, endoscopic ultrasonography, and multidetector computed tomography for gallbladder polypoid lesions and gallbladder cancer. Ann Surg. 2009;250(6):943–9. PubMed PMID: 19855259.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Ouchi K, Mikuni J, Kakugawa Y, Organizing Committee TtACotJSoBS. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallbladder carcinoma: results of a Japanese survey of 498 patients. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2002;9(2):256–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Lundberg O, Kristoffersson A. Open versus laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallbladder carcinoma. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2001;8(6):525–9. PubMed PMID: 11956903.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Whalen GF, Bird I, Tanski W, Russell JC, Clive J. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy does not demonstrably decrease survival of patients with serendipitously treated gallbladder cancer. J Am Coll Surg. 2001;192(2):189–95. PubMed PMID: 11220719.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Wibbenmeyer LA, Wade TP, Chen RC, Meyer RC, Turgeon RP, Andrus CH. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy can disseminate in situ carcinoma of the gallbladder. J Am Coll Surg. 1995;181(6):504–10. PubMed PMID: 7582223.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Eelkema HH, Hodgson JR, Stauffer MH. Fifteen-year follow-up of polypoid lesions of the gall bladder diagnosed by cholecystography. Gastroenterology. 1962;42:144–7. PubMed PMID: 13889335.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Corwin MT, Siewert B, Sheiman RG, Kane RA. Incidentally detected gallbladder polyps: is follow-up necessary? – Long-term clinical and US analysis of 346 patients. Radiology. 2011;258(1):277–82. PubMed PMID: 20697115.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Kubota K, Bandai Y, Noie T, Ishizaki Y, Teruya M, Makuuchi M. How should polypoid lesions of the gallbladder be treated in the era of laparoscopic cholecystectomy? Surgery. 1995;117(5):481–7. PubMed PMID: 7740417.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Kim JH, Kim WH, Yoo BM, Kim JH, Kim MW. Should we perform surgical management in all patients with suspected porcelain gallbladder? Hepatogastroenterology. 2009;56(93):943–5. PubMed PMID: 19760916.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Stephen AE, Berger DL. Carcinoma in the porcelain gallbladder: a relationship revisited. Surgery. 2001;129(6):699–703. PubMed PMID: 11391368.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Towfigh S, McFadden DW, Cortina GR, Thompson Jr JE, Tompkins RK, Chandler C, et al. Porcelain gallbladder is not associated with gallbladder carcinoma. Am Surg. 2001;67(1):7–10. PubMed PMID: 11206901.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Kim JH, Jeong IH, Han JH, Kim JH, Hwang JC, Yoo BM, et al. Clinical/pathological analysis of gallbladder adenomyomatosis; type and pathogenesis. Hepatogastroenterology. 2010;57(99–100):420–5. PubMed PMID: 20698201.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Houston JP, Collins MC, Cameron I, Reed MW, Parsons MA, Roberts KM. Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis. Br J Surg. 1994;81(7):1030–2. PubMed PMID: 7922056.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Zhao F, Lu PX, Yan SX, Wang GF, Yuan J, Zhang SZ, et al. CT and MR features of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis: an analysis of consecutive 49 cases. Eur J Radiol. 2013;82:1391–7. PubMed PMID: 23726123.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Agarwal AK, Kalayarasan R, Javed A, Sakhuja P. Mass-forming xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis masquerading as gallbladder cancer. J Gastrointest Surg. 2013;17(7):1257–64. PubMed PMID: 23615807.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Darmas B, Mahmud S, Abbas A, Baker AL. Is there any justification for the routine histological examination of straightforward cholecystectomy specimens? Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2007;89(3):238–41. PubMed PMID: 17394706. Pubmed Central PMCID: 1964718.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Frauenschuh D, Greim R, Kraas E. How to proceed in patients with carcinoma detected after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Langenbeck’s Arch Surg/Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Chirurgie. 2000;385(8):495–500. PubMed PMID: 11201004.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Kwon AH, Imamura A, Kitade H, Kamiyama Y. Unsuspected gallbladder cancer diagnosed during or after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. J Surg Oncol. 2008;97(3):241–5. PubMed PMID: 18095299.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Butte JM, Gonen M, Allen PJ, D’Angelica MI, Kingham TP, Fong Y, et al. The role of laparoscopic staging in patients with incidental gallbladder cancer. HPB. 2011;13(7):463–72. PubMed PMID: 21689230. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3133713.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Duffy A, Capanu M, Abou-Alfa GK, Huitzil D, Jarnagin W, Fong Y, et al. Gallbladder cancer (GBC): 10-year experience at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Centre (MSKCC). J Surg Oncol. 2008;98(7):485–9. PubMed PMID: 18802958.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Pawlik TM, Gleisner AL, Vigano L, Kooby DA, Bauer TW, Frilling A, et al. Incidence of finding residual disease for incidental gallbladder carcinoma: implications for re-resection. J Gastrointest Surg. 2007;11(11):1478–86. discussion 86–7. PubMed PMID: 17846848.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Lee SE, Jang JY, Lim CS, Kang MJ, Kim SW. Systematic review on the surgical treatment for T1 gallbladder cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2011;17(2):174–80. PubMed PMID: 21245989. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3020370.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Goetze TO, Paolucci V. Immediate re-resection of T1 incidental gallbladder carcinomas: a survival analysis of the German Registry. Surg Endosc. 2008;22(11):2462–5. PubMed PMID: 18247090.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Hari DM, Howard JH, Leung AM, Chui CG, Sim MS, Bilchik AJ. A 21-year analysis of stage I gallbladder carcinoma: is cholecystectomy alone adequate? HPB. 2013;15(1):40–8. PubMed PMID: 23216778. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3533711.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Coburn NG, Cleary SP, Tan JC, Law CH. Surgery for gallbladder cancer: a population-based analysis. J Am Coll Surg. 2008;207(3):371–82. PubMed PMID: 18722943.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Jensen EH, Abraham A, Habermann EB, Al-Refaie WB, Vickers SM, Virnig BA, et al. A critical analysis of the surgical management of early-stage gallbladder cancer in the United States. J Gastrointest Surg. 2009;13(4):722–7. PubMed PMID: 19083068.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Goetze TO, Paolucci V. Benefits of reoperation of T2 and more advanced incidental gallbladder carcinoma: analysis of the German registry. Ann Surg. 2008;247(1):104–8. PubMed PMID: 18156929.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Fong Y, Jarnagin W, Blumgart LH. Gallbladder cancer: comparison of patients presenting initially for definitive operation with those presenting after prior noncurative intervention. Ann Surg. 2000;232(4):557–69. PubMed PMID: 10998654. Pubmed Central PMCID: 1421188.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Reddy SK, Marroquin CE, Kuo PC, Pappas TN, Clary BM. Extended hepatic resection for gallbladder cancer. Am J Surg. 2007;194(3):355–61. PubMed PMID: 17693282.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Petrowsky H, Wildbrett P, Husarik DB, Hany TF, Tam S, Jochum W, et al. Impact of integrated positron emission tomography and computed tomography on staging and management of gallbladder cancer and cholangiocarcinoma. J Hepatol. 2006;45(1):43–50. PubMed PMID: 16690156.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Corvera CU, Blumgart LH, Akhurst T, DeMatteo RP, D’Angelica M, Fong Y, et al. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography influences management decisions in patients with biliary cancer. J Am Coll Surg. 2008;206(1):57–65. PubMed PMID: 18155569.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Bickenbach KA, Shia J, Klimstra DS, DeMatteo RP, Fong Y, Kingham TP, et al. High-grade dysplasia of the cystic duct margin in the absence of malignancy after cholecystectomy. HPB. 2011;13(12):865–8. PubMed PMID: 22081921. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3244625.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Shih SP, Schulick RD, Cameron JL, Lillemoe KD, Pitt HA, Choti MA, et al. Gallbladder cancer: the role of laparoscopy and radical resection. Ann Surg. 2007;245(6):893–901. PubMed PMID: 17522515. Pubmed Central PMCID: 1876959.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Grobmyer SR, Lieberman MD, Daly JM. Gallbladder cancer in the twentieth century: single institution’s experience. World J Surg. 2004;28(1):47–9. PubMed PMID: 14639492.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Glenn F, Hill Jr MR. Primary gallbladder disease in children. Ann Surg. 1954;139(3):302–11. PubMed PMID: 13149075. Pubmed Central PMCID: 1609429.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Pack GT, Miller TR, Brasfield RD. Total right hepatic lobectomy for cancer of the gallbladder; report of three cases. Ann Surg. 1955;142(1):6–16. PubMed PMID: 14388606. Pubmed Central PMCID: 1465049.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Endo I, Shimada H, Takimoto A, Fujii Y, Miura Y, Sugita M, et al. Microscopic liver metastasis: prognostic factor for patients with pT2 gallbladder carcinoma. World J Surg. 2004;28(7):692–6. PubMed PMID: 15175901.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Araida T, Higuchi R, Hamano M, Kodera Y, Takeshita N, Ota T, et al. Hepatic resection in 485 R0 pT2 and pT3 cases of advanced carcinoma of the gallbladder: results of a Japanese Society of Biliary Surgery survey – a multicenter study. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2009;16(2):204–15. PubMed PMID: 19219399.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Nagino M, Kamiya J, Nishio H, Ebata T, Arai T, Nimura Y. Two hundred forty consecutive portal vein embolizations before extended hepatectomy for biliary cancer: surgical outcome and long-term follow-up. Ann Surg. 2006;243(3):364–72. PubMed PMID: 16495702. Pubmed Central PMCID: 1448943.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Nishio H, Ebata T, Yokoyama Y, Igami T, Sugawara G, Nagino M. Gallbladder cancer involving the extrahepatic bile duct is worthy of resection. Ann Surg. 2011;253(5):953–60. PubMed PMID: 21490453.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Ogura Y, Mizumoto R, Isaji S, Kusuda T, Matsuda S, Tabata M. Radical operations for carcinoma of the gallbladder: present status in Japan. World J Surg. 1991;15(3):337–43. PubMed PMID: 1853612.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Hawkins WG, DeMatteo RP, Jarnagin WR, Ben-Porat L, Blumgart LH, Fong Y. Jaundice predicts advanced disease and early mortality in patients with gallbladder cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2004;11(3):310–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Kohya N, Miyazaki K. Hepatectomy of segment 4a and 5 combined with extra-hepatic bile duct resection for T2 and T3 gallbladder carcinoma. J Surg Oncol. 2008;97(6):498–502. PubMed PMID: 18314875.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Shimizu Y, Ohtsuka M, Ito H, Kimura F, Shimizu H, Togawa A, et al. Should the extrahepatic bile duct be resected for locally advanced gallbladder cancer? Surgery. 2004;136(5):1012–7. discussion 8. PubMed PMID: 15523394.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Araida T, Higuchi R, Hamano M, Kodera Y, Takeshita N, Ota T, et al. Should the extrahepatic bile duct be resected or preserved in R0 radical surgery for advanced gallbladder carcinoma? Results of a Japanese Society of Biliary Surgery Survey: a multicenter study. Surg Today. 2009;39(9):770–9. PubMed PMID: 19779773.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. D’Angelica M, Dalal KM, DeMatteo RP, Fong Y, Blumgart LH, Jarnagin WR. Analysis of the extent of resection for adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder. Ann Surg Oncol. 2009;16(4):806–16. PubMed PMID: 18985272.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Shukla PJ, Barreto SG. Systematic review: should routine resection of the extra-hepatic bile duct be performed in gallbladder cancer? Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(3):161–7. PubMed PMID: 20616410. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3003211.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Maker AV, Butte JM, Oxenberg J, Kuk D, Gonen M, Fong Y, et al. Is port site resection necessary in the surgical management of gallbladder cancer? Ann Surg Oncol. 2012;19(2):409–17. PubMed PMID: 21698501.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Jarnagin WR, Gonen M, Fong Y, DeMatteo RP, Ben-Porat L, Little S, et al. Improvement in perioperative outcome after hepatic resection: analysis of 1,803 consecutive cases over the past decade. Ann Surg. 2002;236(4):397–406. discussion -7. PubMed PMID: 12368667. Pubmed Central PMCID: 1422593.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Melendez JA, Arslan V, Fischer ME, Wuest D, Jarnagin WR, Fong Y, et al. Perioperative outcomes of major hepatic resections under low central venous pressure anesthesia: blood loss, blood transfusion, and the risk of postoperative renal dysfunction. J Am Coll Surg. 1998;187(6):620–5. PubMed PMID: 9849736.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Fong Y, Brennan MF, Brown K, Heffernan N, Blumgart LH. Drainage is unnecessary after elective liver resection. Am J Surg. 1996;171(1):158–62. PubMed PMID: 8554132.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Ito H, Ito K, D’Angelica M, Gonen M, Klimstra D, Allen P, et al. Accurate staging for gallbladder cancer: implications for surgical therapy and pathological assessment. Ann Surg. 2011;254(2):320–5. PubMed PMID: 21617582.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Lillemoe KD, Jarnagin W. Hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery. J.E. F, editor. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Clavien PA, Sarr MG, Fong Y. Atlas of upper gastrointestinal and hepato-pancreato-biliary surgery. Berlin: Springer; 2007.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  75. Jarnagin WR, Ruo L, Little SA, Klimstra D, D’Angelica M, DeMatteo RP, et al. Patterns of initial disease recurrence after resection of gallbladder carcinoma and hilar cholangiocarcinoma: implications for adjuvant therapeutic strategies. Cancer. 2003;98(8):1689–700. PubMed PMID: 14534886.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Valle J, Wasan H, Palmer DH, Cunningham D, Anthoney A, Maraveyas A, et al. Cisplatin plus gemcitabine versus gemcitabine for biliary tract cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(14):1273–81. PubMed PMID: 20375404.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Sharma A, Dwary AD, Mohanti BK, Deo SV, Pal S, Sreenivas V, et al. Best supportive care compared with chemotherapy for unresectable gall bladder cancer: a randomized controlled study. J Clin Oncol. 2010; 28(30):4581–6. PubMed PMID: 20855823.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Wang SJ, Fuller CD, Kim JS, Sittig DF, Thomas Jr CR, Ravdin PM. Prediction model for estimating the survival benefit of adjuvant radiotherapy for gallbladder cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(13):2112–7. PubMed PMID: 18378567.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Gruenberger B, Schueller J, Heubrandtner U, Wrba F, Tamandl D, Kaczirek K, et al. Cetuximab, gemcitabine, and oxaliplatin in patients with unresectable advanced or metastatic biliary tract cancer: a phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11(12):1142–8. PubMed PMID: 21071270.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Lee J, Park SH, Chang HM, Kim JS, Choi HJ, Lee MA, et al. Gemcitabine and oxaliplatin with or without erlotinib in advanced biliary-tract cancer: a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(2):181–8. PubMed PMID: 22192731.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Saluja SS, Gulati M, Garg PK, Pal H, Pal S, Sahni P, et al. Endoscopic or percutaneous biliary drainage for gallbladder cancer: a randomized trial and quality of life assessment. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6(8):944–50. e3. PubMed PMID: 18585976.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Robson PC, Heffernan N, Gonen M, Thornton R, Brody LA, Holmes R, et al. Prospective study of outcomes after percutaneous biliary drainage for malignant biliary obstruction. Ann Surg Oncol. 2010;17(9):2303–11. PubMed PMID: 20358300.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Hueman MT, Vollmer Jr CM, Pawlik TM. Evolving treatment strategies for gallbladder cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2009;16(8):2101–15. PubMed PMID: 19495882.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Compton CC, Byrd DR, Garcia-Aguilar J, et al. Gallbladder. In: Compton CC, Byrd DR, Garcia-Aguilar J, et al., editors. AJCC cancer staging atlas. New York: Springer; 2012. p. 259–68.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to William R. Jarnagin M.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Koerkamp, B.G., Jarnagin, W.R. (2015). Gallbladder Cancer. In: Chu, Q., Gibbs, J., Zibari, G. (eds) Surgical Oncology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1423-4_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1423-4_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-1422-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-1423-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics