Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Enhancing Plant Productivity Under Salt Stress: Relevance of Poly-omics

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Salt Stress in Plants

Abstract

At present more than 20% of all the irrigated land in the world is estimated as affected by salinity and this trend is increasing with the rapid climate changes as well as the excess use of irrigation water. Salt stress is one of the most devastating abiotic stresses which severely affects the agricultural productivity in various ways. High concentration of salt in the soil or in the irrigation water can have a overwhelming effect on plant metabolism, disrupting cellular homeostasis and uncoupling major physiological and biochemical processes. Salinity cause both osmotic stress and ionic toxicity which hamper the plant productivity by inhibiting or altering the plant growth, dry matter partitioning, seed germination, photosynthesis and yield. Considering the devastating effect of salt stress on plants, one of the important tasks for plant biologists is to explore the approaches that are able to develop salt tolerance in crop plants. In fact, salt tolerance is a multigenic trait which is governed by various morphological and physiological factors. Thus omics approaches therefore, come in forefront to develop salt tolerance as a part of different strategies of conventional plant breeding. Transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, ionomics and micromics together have been a bloom in revealing plant stress responses and the mechanisms that underlie these responses. These techniques have been playing important part in discovering new genes, proteins and secondary plant metabolites those are responsible for plants adaptation to stress. In this review, we have focused on the causes and effects of salinity on crop plants and possible mechanisms of salt tolerance including the possible use of omics in conferring salt tolerance.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abdulrahman FS, William GJ (1981) Temperature and salinity regulation of growth and gas exchange of Saliconia fruticosa L. Oecologia 48:346–352

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abrol IP, Yadav JSP, Massoud FI (1988) Salt-affected soils and their management, vol 39, FAO soils bulletin. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad P (2010) Growth and antioxidant responses in mustard (Brassica juncea L.) plants subjected to combined effect of gibberellic acid and salinity. Arch Agron Soil Sci 56:575–588

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad P, Prasad MNV (2012a) Environmental adaptations and stress tolerance in plants in the era of climate change. Springer, LLC, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad P, Prasad MNV (2012b) Abiotic stress responses in plants: metabolism, productivity and sustainability. Springer, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad P, Sharma S (2008) Salt stress and phyto-biochemical responses of plants. Plant Soil Environ 54:89–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad P, Umar S (2011) Oxidative stress: role of antioxidants in plants. Studium Press, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad P, Sarwat M, Sharma S (2008) Reactive oxygen species, antioxidants and signaling in plants. J Plant Biol 51:167–173

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad P, Jaleel CA, Salem MA, Nabi G, Sharma S (2010a) Roles of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in plants during abiotic stress. Crit Rev Biotechnol 30:161–175

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad P, Jaleel CA, Sharma S (2010b) Antioxidative defence system, lipid peroxidation, proline metabolizing enzymes and biochemical activity in two genotypes of Morus alba L. subjected to NaCl stress. Russ J Plant Physiol 57:509–517

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad P, Umar S, Sharma S (2010c) Mechanism of free radical scavenging and role of phytohormones during abiotic stress in plants. In: Ashraf M, Ozturk M, Ahmad MSA (eds) Plant adaptation and phytoremediation. Springer, Dordrecht/Heidelberg/London/New York, pp 99–108

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad P, Nabi G, Jeleel CA, Umar S (2011) Free radical production, oxidative damage and antioxidant defense mechanisms in plants under abiotic stress. In: Ahmad P, Umar S (eds) Oxidative stress: role of antioxidants in plants. Studium Press, New Delhi, pp 19–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad P, Hakeem KR, Kumar A, Ashraf M, Akram NA (2012) Salt-induced changes in photosynthetic activity and oxidative defense system of three cultivars of mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Afr J Biotechnol 11:2694–2703

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed S (2009) Effect of soil salinity on the yield and yield components of mungbean. Pak J Bot 41:263–268

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Harbi AR, Wahb-Allah MA, Abu-Muriefah SS (2008) Salinity and nitrogen level affects germination, emergence, and seedling growth of tomato. Int J Veg Sci 14:380–392

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ali Y, Aslam Z, Ashraf MY, Tahir GR (2004) Effect of salinity on chlorophyll concentration, leaf area, yield and yield components of rice genotypes grown under saline environment. Int J Environ Sci Technol 1:221–225

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ali S, Zeng F, Cai S, Qiu B, Zhang G (2011) The interaction of salinity and chromium in the influence of barley growth and oxidative stress. Plant Soil Environ 57:153–159

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allakhverdiev SI, Hayashi H, Nishiyama Y, Ivanov AG, Aliev JA, Klimov VV, Murata N, Carpemtier R (2003) Glycinebetaine protects the D1/D2/Cyt b 559 complex of photosystem II against photo-induced and heat-induced inactivation. J Plant Physiol 160:41–49

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allan AC, Fluhr R (1997) Two distinct sources of elicited reactive oxygen species in tobacco epidermal cells. Plant Cell 9:1559–1572

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Mutawa MM (2003) Effect of salinity on germination and seedling growth of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes. Int J Agric Biol 5:226–229

    Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez S, Hicks LM, Pandey S (2011) ABA-dependent and -independent Gprotein signaling in Arabidopsis roots revealed through an iTRAQ proteomics approach. J Proteome Res 10:3107–3122

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amirjani MR (2011) Effect of salinity stress on growth, sugar content, pigments and enzyme activity of rice. Int J Bot 7:73–81

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Apel K, Hirt H (2004) Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress and signal transduction. Annu Rev Plant Biol 55:373–399

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Apse MP, Aharon GS, Snedden WA, Blumwald E (1998) Cloning and characterization of plant sodium/proton antiports. In: Proceedings of the 11th international workshop on plant membrane biology, Cambridge, p 84

    Google Scholar 

  • Ardic M, Sekmen AH, Tokur S, Ozdemir F, Turkan I (2009) Antioxidant responses of chickpea plants subjected to boron toxicity. Plant Biol 11:328–338

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arenas-Huertero C, Pérez B, Rabanal F, Blanco-Melo D, De la Rosa C, Estrada Navarrete G, Sanchez F, Covarrubias AA, Reyes JL (2009) Conserved and novel miRNAs in the legume Phaseolus vulgaris in response to stress. Plant Mol Biol 70:385–401

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asada K (1994) Production and action of active oxygen species in photosynthetic tissues. In: Foyer CH, Mullineaux PM (eds) Causes of photooxidative stress and amelioration of defense systems in plants. CRC Press, London, pp 77–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Asano T, Hakata M, Nakamura H, Aoki N, Komatsu S, Ichikawa H, Hirochika H, Ohsugi R (2010) Functional characterisation of OsCPK21, a calciumdependent protein kinase that confers salt tolerance in rice. Plant Mol Biol 75:179–191

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashraf M, Foolad MR (2007) Roles of glycinebetaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance. Environ Exp Bot 59:206–216

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Axtell MJ, Snyder JA, Bartel DP (2007) Common functions for diverse small RNAs of land plants. Plant Cell 19:1750–1769

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Azaizeh H, Steudle E (1991) Effects of salinity on water transport of excised maize (Zea mays L.) roots. Plant Physiol 99:1136–1145

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Azooz MM, Youssef AM, Ahmad P (2011) Evaluation of salicylic acid (SA) application on growth, osmotic solutes and antioxidant enzyme activities on broad bean seedlings grown under diluted seawater. Int J Plant Physiol Biochem 3:253–264

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barkla B, Apse MP, Manolson MF, Blumwald E (1994) The plant vacuolar Na+/H+ antiport. In: Blatt M, Leigh R, Sanders D (eds) Membrane transport in plants and fungi: molecular mechanisms and control. SEB, London, pp 141–153

    Google Scholar 

  • Baxter I, Brazelton JN, Yu D, Huang YS, Lahner B (2010) A coastal cline in sodium accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana is driven by natural variation of the sodium transporter AtHKT1;1. PLoS Genet 6(11):e1001193

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baxter I, Hermans C, Lahner B, Yakubova E, Tikhonova M, Verbruggen N, Chao DY, Salt DE (2012) Biodiversity of mineral nutrient and trace element accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 7:e35121

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benmahioul B, Daguin F, Kaid-Harche M (2009) Effects of salt stress on germination and in vitro growth of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.). C R Biol 332:752–758

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein L (1961) Osmotic adjustment of plants to saline media. I. Steady state. Am J Bot 48:909–918

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein L, Hayward HE (1958) Physiology of salt tolerance. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 9:25–46

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhalla R, Narasimhan K, Swarup S (2005) Metabolomics and its role in understanding cellular responses in plants. Plant Cell Rep 24:562–571

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bindschedler LV, Palmblad M, Cramer R (2008) Hydroponic isotope labelling of entire plants (HILEP) for quantitative plant proteomics; an oxidative stress case study. Phytochem 69:1962–1972

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bohnert HJ, Nelson DE, Jensen RG (1995) Adaptations to environmental stresses. Plant Cell 7:1099–1111

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bordi A (2010) The influence of salt stress on seed germination, growth and yield of canola cultivars. Not Bot Hort Agrobot Cluj 38:128–133

    Google Scholar 

  • Brinker M, Brosche M, Vinocur B, Abo-ogiala A, Fayyaz P, Janz D, Ottow EA, Cullmann AD, Saborowski J, Kangasjärvi J, Altman A, Polle A (2010) Linking the salt transcriptome with physiological responses of a salt-resistant Populus species as a strategy to identify genes important for stress acclimation. Plant Physiol 154:1697–1709

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brosché M, Vinocur B, Alatalo ER, Lamminmäki A, Teichmann T, Ottow EA, Djilianov D, Afif D, Bogeat-Triboulot MB, Altman A (2005) Gene expression and metabolite profiling of Populus euphratica growing in the Negev desert. Genome Biol 6:R101

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buxton GV, Greenstock CL, Helman WP (1988) Critical review of rate constants for reactions of hydrated electrons, hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solution. J Phys Chem Ref Data 17:512–579

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carillo P, Grazia Annunziata M, Pontecorvo G, Fuggi A, Woodrow P (2011) Salinity stress and salt tolerance. In: Shanker AK, Venkateswarlu B (eds) Abiotic stress in plants – mechanisms and adaptations. InTech, Rijeka, pp 21–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpıcı EB, Celık N, Bayram G (2009) Effects of salt stress on germination of some maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars. Afr J Biotechnol 8:4918–4922

    Google Scholar 

  • Caruso GC, Cavaliere C, Guarino R, Gubbiotti PF, Lagana A (2008) Identification of changes in Triticum durum L. Leaf proteome in response to salt stress by two-dimenstional electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 391:381–390

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cha-Um S, Kirdmanee C (2010) Effect of glycinebetaine on proline, water use, and photosynthetic efficiencies, and growth of rice seedlings under salt stress. Turk J Agric For 34:517–527

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaves MM, Flexas J, Pinheiro C (2009) Photosynthesis under drought and salt stress: regulation mechanisms from whole plant to cell. Ann Bot 103:551–560

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chazen O, Hartung W, Neumann PM (1995) The different effects of PEG 6000 and NaCl on leaf development are associated with differential inhibition of root water transport. Plant Cell Environ 18:727–735

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheeseman JM (1988) Mechanism of salinity tolerance in plants. Plant Physiol 87:547–550

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Q, Yang L, Ahmad P, Wan X, Hu X (2011) Proteomic profiling and redox status alteration of recalcitrant tea (Camellia sinensis) seed in response to desiccation. Planta 233:593–609

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen THH, Murata N (2008) Glycinebetaine: an effective protectant against abiotic stress in plants. Trends Plant Sci 13:499–505

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen SL, Polle A (2010) Salinity tolerance of Populus. Plant Biol 12:317–333

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen J, Li WX, Xie D, Peng JR, Ding SW (2004) Viral virulence protein suppresses RNA silencing-mediated defense but upregulates the role of microrna in host gene expression. Plant Cell 16:1302–1313

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Z, Cuin TA, Zhou M, Twomey A, Naidu BP, Shabala S (2007) Compatible solute accumulation and stress-mitigating effects in barley genotypes contrasting in their salt tolerance. J Exp Bot 58:4245–4255

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chitteti BR, Peng ZH (2007) Proteome and phosphor proteome differential expression under salinity stress in rice (Oryza sative) roots. J Proteome Res 6:1718–1727

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chutipaijit S, Cha-um S, Sompornpailin K (2011) High contents of proline and anthocyanin increase protective response to salinity in Oryza sativa L. spp. indica. Aust J Crop Sci 5:1191–1198

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cramer GR, Ergul A, Grimplet J et al (2007) Water and salinity stress in grapevines: early and late changes in transcript and metabolite profiles. Funct Integr Genomics 7:111–134

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford RMM (1989) Studies in plant survival. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford/London/Edinburgh/Boston/Palo Alto/Melbourne

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuartero J, Fernandez-Munoz R (1999) Tomato and salinity. Sci Hortic 78:83–125

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cullu MA (2003) Estimation of the effect of soil salinity on crop yield using remote sensing and geographic information system. Turk J Agric For 27:23–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Cushman JC, Meyer G, Michalowski CB, Schmitt JM, Bohnert HJ (1989) Salt stress leads to differential expression of two isogenes of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase during crassulacean acid metabolism induction in the common ice plant. Plant Cell 1(7):715–725

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dajic Z (1996) Ekoloska studija halofitske zajednice Puccinellietum limosae (Rapcs.) Wend. (Ecological study of halophytic community Puccinellietum limosae (Rapcs.) Wend.). Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, FRY

    Google Scholar 

  • Dajic Z (2006) Salt stress. In: Madhava Rao KV, Raghavendra AS, Janardhan Reddy K (eds) Physiology and molecular biology of salt tolerance in plant. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 41–99

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Dajic Z, Stajkovic M, Jakovljevic M (1997) An ecophysiological study of Suaeda maritime (Chenopodiaceae) in Serbia. Bocconea 5:11–516

    Google Scholar 

  • Darley CP, van Wuyt Swinkel D, van der Woude K, Mager P, de Goer B (1998) ANA1 a Na+/H+ antiport from Arabidopsis? In: Proceedings of the international workshop on plant membrane biology. Cambridge, p 8

    Google Scholar 

  • Davenport R, James R, Zakrisson-Plogander A, Tester M, Munns R (2005) Control of sodium transport in durum wheat. Plant Physiol 137:807–818

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Souza ER, dos Santos Freire MBG, da Cunha KPV, do Nascimento CWA, Ruiz HA, Teixeira Lins CM (2012) Biomass, anatomical changes and osmotic potential in Atriplex nummularia Lindl. cultivated in sodic saline soil under water stress. Environ Exp Bot 82:20–27

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Debnath M, Pandey M, Bisen PS (2011) An omics approach to understand the plant abiotic stress. OMICS J Integ Biol 15:739–762

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delfine S, Alvino A, Villani MC, Loreto F (1999) Restrictions to carbon dioxide conductance and photosynthesis in spinach leaves recovering from salt stress. Plant Physiol 119:1101–1106

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dell’Aquila A, Spada D (1993) The effect of salinity stress upon protein synthesis of germinating wheat embryos. Ann Bot 72:97–101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ding D, Zhang L, Wang H, Liu Z, Zhang Z, Zheng Y (2009) Differential expression of miRNAs in response to salt stress in maize roots. Ann Bot 103:29–38

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dionisio-Sese ML, Tobita S (1998) Antioxidant responses of rice seedlings to salinity stress. Plant Sci 135:1–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dracup MNH, Greenway H (1985) A procedure for isolating vacuoles from leaves of the halophyte Suaeda maritima. Plant Cell Environ 8:149–154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dupont F (1992) Salt-induced changes in ion transport: regulation of primary pumps and secondary transporters. In: Cooke D, Clarkson D (eds) Transport and receptor proteins of plant membranes. Plenum, New York, pp 91–100

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Elstner EF (1987) Metabolism of activated oxygen species. In: Davies DD (ed) The biochemistry of plants, vol II, Biochemistry of metabolism. Academic, San Diego, pp 252–353

    Google Scholar 

  • Essa TA (2002) Effect of salinity stress on growth and nutrient composition of three soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) cultivars. J Agron Crop Sci 88:86–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evers D, Legay S, Lamoureux D, Hausman JF, Hoffmann L, Renaut J (2012) Towards a synthetic view of potato cold and salt stress response by transcriptomic and proteomic analyses. Plant Mol Biol 78:503–514

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evlagon D, Ravina I, Neumann PM (1990) Interactive effects of salinity and calcium on osmotic adjustment, hydraulic conductivity and growth in primary roots of maize seedlings. Isr J Bot 39:239–247

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ezlit YD, Smith RJ, Raine SR (2010) A review of salinity and sodicity in irrigation, vol 01/10, Irrigation matters series. CRC for Irrigation Futures, Toowoomba

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO (2000) Global network on integrated soil management for sustain-able use of salt-affected soils. Rome. http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/agll/spush

  • Flexas J, Bota J, Loreto F, Cornic G, Sharkey TD (2004) Diffusive and metabolic limitations to photosynthesis under drought and salinity in C-3 plants. Plant Biol 6:269–279

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flexas J, Ribas-Carbo M, Diaz-Espejo A, Galmes J, Medrano H (2008) Mesophyll conductance to CO2: current knowledge and future prospects. Plant Cell Environ 31:602–621

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flowers TJ, Dalmond D (1992) Protein synthesis in halophytes: the influence of potassium, sodium and magnesium in vitro. Plant Soil 146:153–161

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flowers TJ, Hajibagheri MA (2001) Salinity tolerance in Hordeum vulgare: ion concentrations in root cells of cultivars differing in salt tolerance. Plant Soil 231:1–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flowers TJ, Troke PF, Yeo AR (1977) The mechanisms of salt tolerance in halophytes. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 28:89–121

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flowers TJ, Hajibagheri MA, Clipson NJW (1986) Halophytes. Q Rev Biol 61:313–337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fortmeier R, Schubert S (1995) Salt tolerance of maize (Zea mays L.): the role of sodium exclusion. Plant Cell Environ 18:1041–1047

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foyer CH, Noctor G (2003) Redox sensing and signalling associated with reactive oxygen in chloroplasts, peroxisomes and mitochondria. Physiol Plant 119:355–364

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foyer CH, Noctor G (2005) Redox homeostasis and antioxidant signaling a metabolic interface between stress perception and physiological responses. Plant Cell 17:1866–1875

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Francois LE, Donovan T, Maas EV (1984) Salinity effects on seed yield, growth, and germination of grain sorghum. Agron J 76:741–744

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freitas H, Breckle SW (1992) Importance of bladder hairs for the salt tolerance of field grown Atriplex species from a Portuguese salt marsh. Flora 187:283–297

    Google Scholar 

  • Gadallah MAA (1999) Effect of proline and glycinebetaine on Vicia faba responses to salt stress. Biol Plant 42:249–257

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gagneul D, Ainouche A, Duhaze C, Lugan R, Lahrer FR, Bouchereau A (2007) A reassessment of the function of the so-called compatible solutes in the halophytic Plumbginaceae Limonium latifolium. Plant Physiol 144:1598–1611

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garg N, Manchanda G (2008a) Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation on salt-induces nodule senescence in Cajanus cajan (Pigeonpea). J Plant Growth Regul 27:115–124

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garg N, Manchanda G (2008b) Salinity and its effects on the functional biology of legumes. Acta Physiol Plant 30:595–618

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gavaghan CL, Li JV, Hadfield ST, Hole S, Nicholson JK, Wilson ID, Howe PWA, Stanley PD, Holmes E (2011) Application of NMR-based metabolomics to the investigation of salt stress in maize (Zea mays). Phytochem Anal 22:214–224

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghannoum O (2009) C-4 photosynthesis and water stress. Ann Bot 103:635–644

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gill SS, Tuteja N (2010) Polyamines and abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Plant Signal Behav 51:26–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glenn E, Miyamoto M, Moore D, Brown JJ, Thompson TL, Brown P (1997) Water requirements for cultivating Salicornia bigelovii Torr. with seawater on sand in a coastal desert environment. J Arid Environ 36:711–730

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gong QQ, Li PH, Ma SS, Indu Rupassara S, Bohnert HJ (2005) Salinity stress adaptation competence in the extremophile Thellungiella halophila in comparison with its relative Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 44:826–839

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gorham J (1987) Photosynthesis, transpiration and salt fluxes through leaves of Leptocloa fuska L. Kunth. Plant Cell Environ 10:191–196

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gorham J, Randall PJ, Delhaize E, Richards RA, Munns R (1993) Genetics and physiology of enhanced K/Na discrimination. Genetic aspects of plant mineral nutrition. Dev Plant Soil Sci 50:151–158

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenway H, Munns R (1980) Mechanisms of salt tolerance in non halophytes. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 31:149–190

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gu R, Fonseca S, Puskás LG, Hackler L Jr, Zvara A, Dudits D, Pais MS (2004) Transcript identification and profiling during salt stress and recovery of Populus euphratica. Tree Physiol 24:265–276

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gueta-Dahan Y, Yaniv Z, Zilinskas BA, Ben-Hayyim G (1997) Salt and oxidative stress: similar and specific responses and their relation to salt tolerance in citrus. Planta 204:460–469

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guleria P, Goswami D, Mahajan M, Kumar V, Bhardwaj J, Yadav SK (2012) MicroRNAs and their role in plants during abiotic stresses. In: Environmental adaptations and stress tolerance in plants in the era of climate change. Springer, New York, pp 265–278

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guo Y, Wang X-B, He W, Zhou G, Guo B-F, Zhang L, Liu Z-X, Luo Z, Wang L, Qiu L (2011) Soybean omics and biotechnology in China. Plant Omics J 4:318–328

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guy C, Kaplan F, Kopka J, Selbig J, Hincha DK (2008) Metabolomics of temperature stress. Physiol Plant132:220–235

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hajibagheri MA, Hall JL, Flowers TJ (1984a) Stereological analysis of leaf cell of the halophyte Suaeda maritima (L.) Dum. J Exp Bot 35:1547–1557

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hajibagheri MA, Harvey DMR, Flowers TJ (1984b) Photosynthetic oxygen evolution in relation to ion contents in the chloroplast of Suaeda maritima. Plant Sci Lett 34:353

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC (1985) Free radicals in biology and medicine. Clarendon, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC (1989) Protection against oxidants in biological systems: the super oxide theory of oxygen toxicity. In: Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM (eds) Free radicals in biology and medicine. Clarendon, Oxford, pp 86–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Halliwell B, Gutteridge MC (1990) Role of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human disease: an overview. Methods Enzymol 186:1–85

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harivandi MA, Butler JD, Wu L (1992) Salinity and turfgrass culture. In: Waddington DV, Carrow RN, Shearman RC (eds) Turfgrass. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI, pp 207–229

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasanuzzaman M, Fujita M (2011) Selenium pretreatment upregulates the antioxidant defense and methylglyoxal detoxification system and confers enhanced tolerance to drought stress in rapeseed seedlings. Biol Trace Elem Res 143:1758–177610.1007/s12011-011-8998-9

  • Hasanuzzaman M, Fujita M, Islam MN, Ahamed KU, Nahar K (2009) Performance of four irrigated rice varieties under different levels of salinity stress. Int J Integr Biol 6:85–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasanuzzaman M, Hossain MA, Fujita M (2011a) Selenium-induced up-regulation of the antioxidant defense and methylglyoxal detoxification system reduces salinity-induced damage in rapeseed seedlings. Biol Trace Elem Res 143:1704–172110.1007/s12011-011-8958-4

  • Hasanuzzaman M, Hossain MA, Fujita M (2011b) Nitric oxide modulates antioxidant defense and the methylglyoxal detoxification system and reduces salinity-induced damage of wheat seedlings. Plant Biotechnol Rep 5:353–365

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasanuzzaman M, Hossain MA, da Silva JAT, Fujita M (2012a) Plant responses and tolerance to abiotic oxidative stress: antioxidant defenses is a key factors. In: Bandi V, Shanker AK, Shanker C, Mandapaka M (eds) Crop stress and its management: perspectives and strategies. Springer, Berlin, pp 261–316

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hasanuzzaman M, Hossain MA, Fujita M (2012b) Exogenous selenium pretreatment protects rapeseed seedlings from cadmium-induced oxidative stress by upregulating the antioxidant defense and methylglyoxal detoxification systems. Biol Trace Elem Res 149:248–261

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hasanuzzaman M, Nahar K, Alam MM, Fujita M (2012c) Exogenous nitric oxide alleviates high temperature induced oxidative stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedlings by modulating the antioxidant defense and glyoxalase system. Aust J Crop Sci 6:1314–1323

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hasanuzzaman M, Nahar K, Fujita M (2013) Plant response to salt stress and role of exogenous protectants to mitigate salt-induced damages. In: Ahmad P, Azooz MM, Prasad MNV (eds) Ecophysiology and responses of plants under salt stress. Springer, New York. pp 25–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasegawa PM, Bressan RA, Zhu JK, Bohnert HJ (2000) Plant cellular and molecular responses to high salinity. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 51:463–499

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hatzimanikatis V, Choe LH, Lee KH (1999) Proteomics: theoretical and experimental considerations. Biotechnol Prog 15:312–318

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayward HE, Wadleigh CH (1949) Plant growth on saline and alkali soils. Adv Agron 1:1–35

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hefny M, Abdel-Kader DZ (2009) Antioxidant enzyme system as selection criteria for salt tolerance in forage sorghum genotypes (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). In: Ashraf M, Ozturk M, Athar HR (eds) Salinity and water stress. Springer, Amsterdam, pp 25–36

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hellebust JA (1976) Osmoregulation. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 27:485–505

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hong-bo S, Li-ye C, Ming-an S, Abdul Jaleel C, Hong-mei M (2008) Higher plant antioxidants and redox signaling under environmental stresses. C R Biol 331:433–441

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang J, Redman RE (1995) Response of growth, morphology and anatomy to salinity and calcium supply in cultivated and wild barley. Can J Bot 73:1859–1866

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang J, Lu X, Yan H, Chen S, Zhang W, Huang R, Zheng Y (2012) Transcriptome characterization and sequencing-based identification of salt-responsive genes in Millettia pinnata, a semi-mangrove plant. DNA Res19:1–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Hura T, Grzesiak S, Hura K, Grzesiak M, Rzepka A (2006) Differences in the physiological state between triticale and maize plants during drought stress and followed rehydration expressed by the leaf gas exchange and spectrofluorimetric methods. Acta Physiol Plant 28:433–443

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hussein MM, Balbaa LK, Gaballah MS (2007) Salicylic acid and salinity effects on growth of maize plants. Res J Agric Biol Sci 3(4):321–328

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ILRI (1989) Effectiveness and social/environmental impacts of irrigation projects: a review, In: Annual report 1988 of the international institute for land reclamation and improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, pp 18–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Jabeen M, Ibrar M, Azim F, Hussain F, Ilahi I (2003) The effect of sodium chloride salinity on germination and productivity of mung bean (Vigna mungo Linn.). J Sci Technol Univ Peshawar 27:1–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaleel CA, Gopi R, Sankar B, Manivannan P, Kishorekumar A, Sridharan R, Panneerselvam R (2007) Studies on germination, seedling vigour, lipid peroxidation and proline metabolism in Catharanthus roseus seedlings under salt stress. S Afr J Bot 73:190–195

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • James RA, Blake C, Byrt CS, Munns R (2011) Major genes for Na+ exclusion, Nax1 and Nax2 (wheat HKT1;4 and HKT1;5), decrease Na+ accumulation in bread wheat leaves under saline and waterlogged conditions. J Exp Bot. doi:10.1093/jxb/err003

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaspers P, Kangasjärvi J (2010) Reactive oxygen species in abiotic stress signaling. Physiol Plant 138:405–413

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang Y, Yang B, Harris NS, Deyholos MK (2007) Comparative proteomics analysis of NaCl stress responsive proteins in Arabidopsis roots. J Exp Bot 58:3591–3607

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson MK, Johnson EJ, MacElroy RD, Speer HL, Bruff BS (1968) Effects of salts on the halophilic alga Dunaliella viridis. J Bacteriol 95:1461–1468

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jossier M, Bouly JP, Meimoun P, Arjmand A, Lessard P, Hawley S, Grahame Hardie D, Thomas M (2009) SnRK1 (SNF1-related kinase 1) has a central role in sugar and ABA signalling in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 59:316–328

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kacperska A (2004) Sensor types in signal transduction pathways in plant cells responding to abiotic stressors: do they depend on stress intensity? Physiol Plant 122:159–168

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kantar M, Unver T, Budak H (2010) Regulation of barley miRNAs upon dehydration stress correlated with target gene expression. Funct Integr Genomics 10:493–507

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katare DP, Nabi G, Azooz MM, Aeri V, Ahmad P (2012) Biochemical modifications and enhancement of psoralen content in salt-stressed seedlings of Psoralea corylifolia Linn. J Funct Environ Bot 2:65–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Katerji N, van Hoorn ZW, Hamdy A, Karam F, Mastrorilli M (1994) Effect of salinity on emergence and on water stress and early seedling growth of sunflower and maize. Agric Water Manag 26:81–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katerji N, van Hoorn JW, Hamdy A, Mastrorilli M (1998) Response of tomatoes, a crop of determinate growth to soil salinity. Agic Water Manag 38:59–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katerji N, Van Hoorn JW, Hamdy A, Mastrorelli M (2001a) Salt tolerance of crops according to three classifications methods and examination of some hypothesis about salt tolerance. Agric Water Manag 47:1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katerji N, Van Hoorn JW, Hamdy A, Mastrorilli M, Oweis T, Erskine W (2001b) Response of two varieties of lentil to soil salinity. Agric Water Manag 47:179–190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufmann K, Smaczniak C, de Vries S, Angenent GC, Karlova R (2011) Proteomics insights into plant signaling and development. Proteomics 11:744–755

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaveh H, Nemati H, Farsi M, Jartoodeh SV (2011) How salinity affect germination and emergence of tomato lines. J Biol Environ Sci 5:159–163

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemble AR, MacPherson HT (1954) Liberation of amino acids in perennial ray grass during wilting. Biochem J 58:46–59

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khodarahmpour Z, Ifar M, Motamedi M (2012) Effects of NaCl salinity on maize (Zea mays L.) at germination and early seedling stage. Afr J Biotechnol 11:298–304

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kidner CA, Martienssen RA (2005) The developmental role of microRNA in plants. Curr Opin Plant Biol 8:38–44

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim JK, Bamba T, Harada K, Fukusaki E, Kobayashi A (2007) Time-course metabolic profiling in Arabidopsis thaliana cell cultures after salt stress treatment. J Exp Bot 58:415–424

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kondo T, Yoshida K, Nakagawa A, Kawai T, Tamura H, Goto T (1992) Commelinin, a highly associated metalloanthocyanin present in the blue flower petals of Commelina communis. Nature 358:515–517

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koryo HW (1997) Ulstrastructural and physiological changes in root cells of sorghum plants (Shorghum bicolor S. Sudanensis cv. Sweet Sioux) induced by NaCl. J Exp Bot 308:693–706

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koyro HW, Eisa SS (2008) Effect of salinity on composition, viability and germination of seeds of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Plant Soil 302:79–90

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer D (1980) Transfer cells in the epidermis of roots. In: Spanswick RM, Lucas WJ, Dainty J (eds) Plant membrane transport: current conceptual issues. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 393–394

    Google Scholar 

  • Krasensky J, Jonak C (2012) Drought, salt, and temperature stress-induced metabolic rearrangements and regulatory networks. J Exp Bot. doi:10.1093/jxb/err460

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuramoto RT, Brest DE (1979) Physiological responses to salinity by four salt marsh plants. Bot Gaz 140:295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kurth E, Cramer GR, Läuchli A, Epstein E (1986) Effects of NaCl and CaCl2 on cell enlargement and cell production in cotton roots. Plant Physiol 82:1102–1106

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lahner B, Gong J, Mahmoudian M, Smith EL, Abid KB, Rogers EE, Guerinot ML, Harper JF, Ward JM, McIntyre L et al (2003) Genomic scale profiling of nutrient and trace elements in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nat Biotechnol 21:1215–1221

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larcher W (1980) Physiological plant ecology, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin, pp 303

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Levitt J (1980) Responses of plants to environmental stresses, vol II. Academic, New York, pp 35–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin SL, Chang D, Ying SY (2005) Asymmetry of intronic pre-miRNA structures in functional RISC assembly. Gene 356:32–38

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu Z, Neumann PM (1999) Water stress inhibits hydraulic conductance and leaf growth in rice seedlings but not transport of water via mercury sensitive water channels in the root. Plant Physiol 120:143–152

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maas EV (1990) Crop salt tolerance. In: Tanji KK (ed) Agricultural salinity assessment and management, vol 71, ASCE manuals and reports on engineering practice. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, pp 262–304

    Google Scholar 

  • Maas EV, Hoffman GJ (1977) Crop salt tolerance–current assessment. J Irrig Drain Div 103:115–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahajan S, Tuteja N (2005) Cold, salinity and drought stresses: an overview. Arch Biochem Biophys 444:139–158

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mäkelä P, Kärkkäinen J, Somersalo S (2000) Effect of glycine betaine on chloroplast ultrastructure, chlorophyll and protein content, and RuBPCO activity in tomato grown under drought or salinity. Biol Plant 43:471–475

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marcum KB, Murdoch CL (1992) Salt tolerance of the coastal salt marsh grass, Sporobulus virginicus (L.) Kunth. New Phytol 120:281–288

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maria MC, Costa JM, Saibo NJM (2011) Recent advances in photosynthesis under drought and salinity. Adv Bot Res 57:50–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell K, Johnson GN (2000) Chlorophyll fluorescence-a practical guide. J Exp Bot 51:659–668

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mazzucotelli E, Mastrangelo AM, Crosatti C, Guerra D, Stanca AM, Cattivelli L (2008) Abiotic stress response in plants: when post-transcriptionaland post-translational regulations control transcription. Plant Sci 174:420–431

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKenzie D, Orange PLM (2003) Salinity and sodicity – what’s the difference. The Australian Cottongrower 24:28

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller G, Shulaev V, Mittler R (2008) Reactive oxygen signaling and abiotic stress. Physiol Plant 133:481–489

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller G, Suzuki N, Ciftci-Yilmaz S, Mittler R (2010) Reactive oxygen species homeostasis and signaling during drought and salinity stresses. Plant Cell Environ 33:453–467

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mittler M (2002) Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends Plant Sci 7:405–410

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mittler R, Vanderauwera S, Gollery M, Breusegem FV (2004) Reactive oxygen gene network of plants. Trends Plant Sci 9:490–498

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mittova V, Guy M, Tal M, Volokita M (2004) Salinity upregulates the antioxidative system in root mitochondria and peroxisomes of the wild salt-tolerant tomato species Lycopersicon pennellii. J Exp Bot 55:1105–1113

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mochida K, Shinozaki K (2011) Advances in omics and bioinformatics tools for systems analyses of plant functions. Plant Cell Physiol 52:2017–2038

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohr H, Schopfer P (1995) Metabolism of water and inorganic ions. In: Mohr H, Schopfer P (eds) Plant physiology. Springer, Berlin, p 265

    Google Scholar 

  • Moradi F, Ismail AM (2007) Responses of photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence and ROS-scavenging systems to salt stress during seedling and reproductive stages in rice. Ann Bot 99:1161–1173

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Munns R (2002) Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant Cell Environ 25:239–250

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Munns R (2005) Genes and salt tolerance: bringing them together. New Phytol 167:645–663

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Munns R (2011) Plant adaptations to salt and water stress: differences and commonalities. Adv Bot Res 57. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-387692-8.00001-1, Elsevier Ltd

    Google Scholar 

  • Munns R, Rawson HM (1999) Effect of salinity on salt accumulation and reproductive development in the apical meristem of wheat and barley. Aust J Plant Physiol 26:459–464

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Munns R, Sharp RE (1993) Involvement of abscisic acid in controlling plant growth in soils of low water potential. Aust J Plant Physiol 20:425–437

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Munns R, Termaat A (1986) Whole-plant responses to salinity. Aust J Plant Physiol 13:143–160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Munns R, Tester M (2008) Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annu Rev Plant Biol 59:651–681

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Munns R, James RA, Lauchli A (2006) Approaches to increasing the salt tolerance of wheat and other cereals. J Exp Bot 57:1025–1043

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nahar K, Hasanuzzaman M (2009) Germination, growth, nodulation and yield performance of three mungbean varieties under different levels of salinity stress. Green Farming 2:825–829

    Google Scholar 

  • Nam MH, Huh SM, Kim KM, Park WJ, Seo JB, Cho K, Kim DY, Kim BG, Yoon IS (2012) Comparative proteomic analysis of early salt stress-responsive proteins in roots of SnRK2 transgenic rice. Proteome Sci 10:25

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nanjo Y, Nouri MZ, Komatsu S (2011) Quantitative proteomics analyses of crop seedlings subjected to stress conditions; a commentary. Phytochemistry 72:1263–1272

    Google Scholar 

  • Netondo GW, Onyango JC, Beck E (2004) Sorghum and salinity: II. Gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of sorghum under salt stress. Crop Sci 44:806–811

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neumann PM, Azaizeh H, Leon D (1994) Hardening of root cell walls: a growth inhibitory response to saliny stress. Plant Cell Environ 17:303–309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neumann PM (2011) Recent advances in understanding the regulation of whole-plant growth inhibition by salinity, drought and colloid stress. In: Kader JC, Delseny M (eds) Adv Bot Res 57:33–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niinemets U, Cescatti A, Rodeghiero M, Tosens T (2005) Leaf internal diffusion conductance limits photosynthesis more strongly in older leaves of Mediterranean evergreen broad-leaved species. Plant Cell Environ 28:1552–1566

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niinemets U, Diaz-Espejo A, Flexas J, Galmes J, Warren CR (2009) Role of mesophyll diffusion conductance in constraining potential photosynthetic productivity in the field. J Exp Bot 60:2249–2270

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Niu X, Bressan RA, Hasegawa PM, Pardo JM (1995) Ion homeostasis in NaCl stress environments. Plant Physiol 109:735–742

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nounjan N, Nghia PT, Theerakulpisut P (2012) Exogenous proline and trehalose promote recovery of rice seedlings from salt-stress and differentially modulate antioxidant enzymes and expression of related genes. J Plant Physiol 169:596–604

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ouyang SQ, Liu YF, Liu P, Lei G, He SJ, Ma B, Zhang WK, Zhang JS, Chen SY (2010) Receptor-like kinase OsSIK1 improves drought and salt stress tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa) plants. Plant J 62:316–329

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pardo JM (2010) Biotechnology of water and salinity stress tolerance. Curr Opin Biotechnol 21:185–196

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parida AK, Das AB (2005) Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants: a review. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 60:324–349

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parida AK, Das AB, Mohanty P (2004) Investigations on the antioxidative defense responses to NaCl stress in a mangrove, Bruguiera parviflora: differential regulations of isoforms of some antioxidative enzymes. Plant Growth Regul 42:213–226

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parker R, Flowers TJ, Moore AL, Harpham VJ (2006) An accurate and reproducible method for proteome profiling of the effects of salt stress in the rice leaf lamina. J Exp Bot 57:1109–1118

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pastori GM, Foyer CH (2002) Common components, networks, and pathways of cross-tolerance to stress. The central role of “Redox” and abscisic acid-mediated controls. Plant Physiol 129:460–468

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paul S, Kundu A, Pal A (2011) Identification and validation of conserved microRNAs along with their differential expression in roots of Vigna unguiculata grown under salt stress. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 105:233–242

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pessarakli M, Szabolcs I (2010) Soil salinity and sodicity as particular plant/crop stress factors. In: Pessarakli M (ed) Handbook of plant and crop stress, 3rd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 3–21

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Poljakoff-Mayber A, Somers GF, Werker E, Gallagher JL (1994) Seeds of Koteletzkya virginica (Malvaceae): their structure, germination and salt tolerance. Am J Bot 81:54–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Popp M (1995) Salt resistance in herbaceous halophytes and mangroves. Prog Bot 56:415–429

    Google Scholar 

  • Posmyk MM, Kontek R, Janas KM (2009) Antioxidant enzymes activity and phenolic compounds content in red cabbage seedlings exposed to copper stress. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 72:596–602

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Price AH, Handry GAF (1991) Iron-catalysed oxygen radical formation and its possible contribution to drought damage in nine native grasses and three cereals. Plant Cell Environ 14:477–484

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rahnama A, Poustini K, Munns R, James RA (2010) Stomatal conductance as a screen for osmotic stress tolerance in durum wheat growing in saline soil. Funct Plant Biol 37:255–263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rasheed R (2009) Salinity and extreme temperature effects on sprouting buds of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.): some histological and biochemical studies. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

    Google Scholar 

  • Rausch T, Kirsch M, Low R, Lehr A, Viereck R, Zhigang A (1996) Salt stress responses of higher plants: the role of proton pumps and Na+/H+-antiporters. J Plant Physiol 148:425–433

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rea PA, Yongcheol K, Sarafian V, Poole RJ, Davies JM, Sanders D (1992) Vacuolar H+ −translocating pyrophosphatases: a new category of ion translocase. TIBS 17:348–353

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Remorini D, Melgar JC, Guidi L, Degl’lnnocenti E, Castelli S, Traversi ML, Massai R, Tattini M (2009) Interaction effects of root-zone salinity and solar irradiance on the physiology and biochemistry of Olea europaea. Environ Exp Bot 65:210–219

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rengasamy P (2006) World salinization with emphasis on Australia. J Exp Bot 57:1017–1023

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rhoades JD, Kandiah A, Mashali AM (1992) The use of saline waters for crop production, vol 48, FAO irrigation and drainage paper. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers ME, Noble CL, Halloran GM, Nicolas ME (1995) The effect of NaCl on the germination and early seedling growth of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) populations selected for high and low salinity tolerance. Seed Sci Technol 23:277–287

    Google Scholar 

  • Romero-Aranda R, Soria T, Cuartero S (2001) Tomato plant-water uptake and plant-water relationships under saline growth conditions. Plant Sci 160:265–272

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruffino AMC, Rosa M, Hilal M, González JA, Prado FE (2009) The role of cotyledon metabolism in the establishment of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) seedlings growing under salinity. Plant Soil 326:213–224

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salekdeh GH, Siopongco J, Wade LJ, Ghareyazie B, Bennet J (2002) Proteomic analysis of rice leaves during drought stress and recovery. Proteomics 2:1131–1145

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salt DE, Baxter I, Lahner B (2008) Ionomics and the study of the plant ionome. Annu Rev Plant Biol 59:709–733

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez DH, Lippold F, Redestig H, Hannah M, Erban A, Krämer U, Kopka J, Udvardi MK (2008a) Integrative functional genomics of salt acclimatization in the model legume Lotus japonicus. Plant J 53:973–987

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez DH, Redestig H, Krämer U, Udvardi MK, Kopka J (2008b) Metabolome–ionome–biomass interactions: what can we learn about salt stress by multiparallel phenotyping? Plant Signal Behav 3:598–600

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez D, Pieckenstain FL, Escaray F, Erban A, Kraemer U, Udvardi MK, Kopka J (2011a) Comparative ionomics and metabolomics in extremophile and glycophytic Lotus species under salt stress challenge the metabolic pre-adaptation hypothesis. Plant Cell Environ 34: 605–617

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez DH, Pieckenstain FL, Szymanski J, Erban A, Bromke M (2011b) Comparative functional genomics of salt stress in related model and cultivated plants identifies and overcomes limitations to translational genomics. PLoS One 6(2):e17094

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Savirnata NM, Jukunen-Titto R, Oksanen E, Karjalainen RO (2010) Leaf phenolic compounds in red clover (Trfolium Pratense L.) induced by exposure to moderately elevated ozone. Environ Pollut 158:440–446

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sawada Y, Akiyama K, Sakata A, Kuwahara A, Otsuki H, Sakurai T, Saito K, Hirai MY (2009) Widely targeted metabolomics based on large-scale MS/MS data for elucidating metabolite accumulation patterns in plants. Plant Cell Physiol 50:37–47

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schafer H, Wink MM (2009) Edicinally important secondary metabolites in recombinant microorganisms or plants: progress in alkaloid biosynthesis. Biotechnol J 4:1684–1703

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scholberg JMS, Locascio SJ (1999) Growth response of snap bean and tomato as affected by salinity and irrigation method. HortScience 34:259–264

    Google Scholar 

  • Sedghi M, Seyed Sharifi R, Pirzad AR, Amanpour-Balaneji B (2012) Phytohormonal regulation of antioxidant systems in petals of drought stressed pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). J Agric Sci Technol 14:869–878

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Serrano R, Mulet JM, Rios G, Marquez JA, de Larriona IF, Leube MP, Mendizabal I, Pascual-Ahuir A, Proft M, Ros R, Montesinos C (1999) A glimpse of the mechanism of ion homeostasis during salt stress. J Exp Bot 50:1023–1036

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shalata A, Neumann PM (2001) Exogenous ascorbic acid (vitamin C) increases resistance to salt stress and reduces lipid peroxidation. J Exp Bot 52:2207–2211

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shalata A, Mittova V, Volokita M, Guy M, Tal M (2001) Response of the cultivated tomato and its wild salt-tolerant relative Lycopersicon pennellii to salt-dependent oxidative stress: the root antioxidative system. Physiol Plant 112:487–494

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shannon MC (1984) Breeding, selection, and the genetics of salt tolerance. In: Staples RC, Toenniessen GH (eds) Salinity tolerance in plants: strategies for crop improvement. Wiley, New York, pp 231–254

    Google Scholar 

  • Sidari M, Mallamaci C, Muscolo A (2008) Drought, salinity and heat differently affect seed germination of Pinus pinea. J For Res 13:326–330

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh RK, Flowers TJ (2010) Physiology and molecular biology of the effects of salinity on rice. In: Handbook of plant and crop stress. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 899–939. doi: 101201/b10329-44

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh RK, Mishra B, Chauhan MS, Yeo AR, Flowers SA, Flowers TJ (2002a) Solution culture for screening rice varieties for sodicity tolerance. J Agric Sci Camb 139:327–333

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh RK, Singh NK, Mishra B (2002b) Identification of genes for physiological mechanisms for salinity tolerance and pyramiding through marker assisted selection. Paper presented during “Rice functional genomics workshop” held at National Research Centre on plant biotechnology, IARI, New Delhi, 20–21 May 2002. Abstract Proceeding page 27

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinha A, Gupta SR (1982) Effect of osmotic tension and salt stress on germination of three grass species. Plant Soil 69:13–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sohan D, Jason R, Zajcek J (1999) Plant-water relations of NaCl and calcium-treated sunflower plants. Environ Exp Bot 42:105–111

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Song C, Fang J, Li X, Liu H, Chao CT (2009) Identification and characterization of 27 conserved microRNAs in citrus. Planta 230:671

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sreevidya VS, Srinivasa RC, Rao C, Sullia SB, Ladha JK, Reddy PM (2006) Metabolic engineering of rice with soyabean isoflavone synthase for promoting nodulation gene expression in rhizobia. J Exp Bot 57:1957–1969

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szabolcs I (1974) Salt affected soils in Europe. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, p 63

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Szpunar J (2004) Metallomics: a new frontier in analytical chemistry. Anal Bioanal Chem 378:54–56

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanji KK, Wallender WW (2011) Nature and extent of agricultural salinity and sodicity. In: Wallender WW, Tanji KK (eds) Agricultural salinity assessment and management, 2nd edn. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanou G, Molassiotis A, Diamantidis G (2009) Induction of reactive oxygen species and necrotic death-like destruction in strawberry leaves by salinity. Environ Exp Bot 65:270–281

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tavakkoli E, Fatehi F, Rengasamy P, McDonald GK (2012) A comparison of hydroponic and soil-based screening methods to identify salt tolerance in the field in barley. J Exp Bot. doi:10.1093/jxb/ers085

    Google Scholar 

  • Tester M, Davenport R (2003) Na+ tolerance and Na+ transport in plants. Ann Bot 91:503–527

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thelen JJ, Peck SC (2007) Quantitative proteomics in plants: choices in abundance. Plant Cell 19:3339–33346

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turhan H, Ayaz C (2004) Effect of salinity on seedling emergence and growth of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars. Int J Agric Biol 6:149–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuteja N, Gill SS, Tiburcio AF, Tuteja R (2012) The micromics revolution: microRNA-mediated approaches to develop stress-resistant crops. In: López C, Pérez-Quintero AL (eds) Improving crop resistance to abiotic stress volume 1 and volume 2. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/9783527632930.ch25

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ulfat M, Athar H, Ashraf M, Akram NA, Jamil A (2007) Appraisal of physiological and biochemical selection criteria for evaluation of salt tolerance in canola (Brassica napus L.). Pak J Bot 39:1593–1608

    Google Scholar 

  • Ungar IA (1991) Ecophysiology of vascular halophytes. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  • USDA-ARS (2005) George E. Brown Jr salinity laboratory, Riverside. http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=8908

  • Vaidyanathan H, Sivakumar P, Chakrabarty R, Thomas G (2003) Scavenging of reactive oxygen species in NaCl-stressed rice (Oryza sativa L.)—differential response in salt-tolerant and sensitive varieties. Plant Sci 165:1411–1418

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van de Graaff R, Patterson RA (2001) Explaining the mysteries of salinity, sodicity, SAR and ESP in on-site practice. In: Patterson RA, Jones MJ (eds) Proceedings of on-site ’01 conference: advancing on-site wastewater systems. Lanfax Laboratories, Armidale, pp 361–368

    Google Scholar 

  • van Hoorn JW, Katerji N, Hamdy A, Mastrorilli M (2001) Effect of salinity on yield and nitrogen uptake of four grain legumes and on biological nitrogen contribution from the soil. Agric Water Manage 51:87–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vinocur B, Altman A (2005) Recent advances in engineering plant tolerance to abiotic stress: achievements and limitations. Curr Opin Biotechnol 16:123–132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Voigt EL, Almeida TD, Chagas RM, Ponte LFA, Viégas RA, Silveira JAG (2009) Source–sink regulation of cotyledonary reserve mobilization during cashew (Anacardium occidentale) seedling establishment under NaCl salinity. J Plant Physiol 166(1):80–89

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wahid A, Javed IUH, Ali I, Baig A, Rasul E (1998) Short term incubation of sorghum caryopses in sodium chloride levels: changes in some pre and post germination physiological parameters. Plant Sci 139:223–232

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wahid A, Farooq M, Basra SMA, Rasul E, Siddique KHM (2010) Germination of seeds and propagules under salt stress. In: Handbook of plant and crop stress. CRC Press, Boca Raton. doi: 10.1201/b10329-16

    Google Scholar 

  • Wahid A, Farooq M, Basra SMA, Rasul E, Siddique KHM (2011) Germination of seeds and propagules under salt stress. In: Pessarakli M (ed) Handbook of plant and crop stress, 3rd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 321–337

    Google Scholar 

  • Waisel Y (1972) Biology of halophytes. Academic, New York/London

    Google Scholar 

  • Waisel Y, Breckle SW (1987) Differences in responses of various radish roots to salinity. Plant Soil 104:191–194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang MC, Peng ZY, Li CL, Li F, Liu C, Xia GM (2008) Proteomic analysis on a high salt tolerance introgression strain of Triticum aestivum/Thinopyrum ponticum. Proteomics 8: 1470–1489

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wei B, Cai T, Zhang R, Li A, Huo N, Li S, Gu QY, Vogel J, Jia J, Qi Y, Mao L (2009) Novel microRNAs uncovered by deep sequencing of small RNA transcriptomes in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Brachypodium distachyon (L.) Beauv. Funct Integr Genomics 9:499–511

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Widodo JJ, Patterson JH, Newbigin E, Tester M, Bacic A, Roessner U (2009) Metabolic responses to salt stress of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars, Sahara and Clipper, which differ in salinity tolerance. J Exp Bot 60:4089–4103

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wild A (2003) Soils, land and food: managing the land during the twenty-first century. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wyn Jones RG, Pollard A (1983) Proteins, enzymes and inorganic ions. In: Laüchli A, Pirson A (eds) Encyclopedia of plant physiology, new series, vol 15B. Springer, Berlin, pp 528–562

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu S, Hu B, He Z, Ma F, Feng J, Shen W, Yan J (2011) Enhancement of salinity tolerance during rice seed germination by presoaking with hemoglobin. Int J Mol Sci 12:2488–2501

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yadav S, Irfan M, Ahmad A, Hayat S (2011) Causes of salinity and plant manifestations to salt stress: a review. J Environ Biol 32:667–685

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yan SZ, Tang WS, Sun W (2005) Proteomic analysis of salt stress responsive proteins in rice roots. Proteomics 5:235–244

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang L, Bai X, Yang Y, Ahmad P, Yang Y, Hu X (2011) Deciphering the protective role of nitric oxide against salt stress at the physiological and proteomic levels in maize. J Proteom Res 10:4349–4364

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang L, Ma C, Wang L, Chen S, Li H (2012) Salt stress induced proteome and transcriptome changes in sugar beet monosomic addition line M14. J Plant Physiol 169:839–850

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yao D, Zhang X, Zhao X, Liu C, Wang C, Zhang Z, Zhang C, Wei Q, Wang Q, Yan H, Li F, Su Z (2011) Transcriptome analysis reveals salt-stress-regulated biological processes and key pathways in roots of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Genomics 98:47–55

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yeo AR (1983) Salinity resistance: physiologies and prices. Physiol Plant 58:214–222

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yeo AR, Flowers SA, Rao G, Welfare K, Senanayake N, Flowers TJ (1999) Silicon reduces sodium uptake in rice (Oryza sativa L.) in saline conditions and this is accounted for a reduction in the transpirational bypass flow. Plant Cell Environ 22:559–565

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yokthongwattana C, Mahong B, Roytrakul S, Phaonaklop N, Narangajavana J, Yokthongwattana K (2012) Proteomic analysis of salinity-stressed Chlamydomonas reinhardtii revealed differential suppression and induction of a large number of important housekeeping proteins. Planta 235:649–659

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshikawa M, Peragine A, Park MY, Poethig RS (2005) A pathway for the biogenesis of trans-acting siRNAs in Arabidopsis. Genes Dev 19:2164–2175

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yupsanis T, Moustakas M, Domiandou K (1994) Protein phosphorylation-dephosphorylation in alfalfa seeds germinating under salt stress. J Plant Physiol 143:234–240

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zapata PJ, Serrano M, Pretel MT, Amoros A, Botella MA (2004) Polyamines and ethylene changes during germination of different plant species under salinity. Plant Sci 167:781–788

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang X, Walker RR, Stevens RM, Prior LD (2002) Yield-salinity relationships of different grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) scion-rootstock combinations. Aust J GrapeWine Res 8:150–156

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang H, Han B, Wang T, Chen S, Li H, Zhang Y, Dai S (2012) Mechanisms of plant salt response: Insights from proteomics. J Proteome Res 11:49–67

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng C, Jiang D, Liu F (2009) Exogenous nitric oxide improves seed germination in wheat against mitochondrial oxidative damage induced by high salinity. Environ Exp Bot 67:222–227

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng M, Wang Y, Liu K, Shu H, Zhou Z (2012) Protein expression changes during cotton fiber elongation in response to low temperature stress. J Plant Physiol 169:399–409

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhong H, Läuchli A (1993) Spatial and temporal aspects of growth in the primary root of cotton seedlings: effect of NaCl and CaCl2. J Exp Bot 44:763–771

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu JK (2001) Plant salt tolerance. Trends Plant Sci 6:66–71

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu JK (2002) Salt and drought stress signal transduction in plants. Annu Rev Plant Biol 53:247–273

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu J, Meinzer FC (1999) Efficiency of C-4 photosynthesis in Atriplex lentiformis under salinity stress. Aust J Plant Physiol 26:79–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu JK, Liu J, Xiong L (1998) Genetic analysis of salt tolerance in arabidopsis. Evidence for a critical role of potassium nutrition. Plant Cell 10:1181–1191

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zuther E, Koehl K, Kopka J (2007) Comparative metabolome analysis of the salt response in breeding cultivars of rice. In: Jenks MA, Hasegawa PM, Jain SM (eds) Advances in molecular breeding toward drought and salt tolerant crops. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York, pp 285–315

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We wish to thank Mr. Md. Mahabub Alam, Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Japan for his vital assistance during the preparation of the manuscript. We also express our sincere thanks to Prof. Dr. Kamal Uddin Ahamed, Department of Agricultural Botany, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh for his continuous encouragement and constructive suggestion during the manuscript preparation. We apologize to all researchers for those parts of their work that were not cited in the manuscripts because of the page limitation.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh

    Mirza Hasanuzzaman

  2. Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh

    Kamrun Nahar

  3. Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan

    Kamrun Nahar & Masayuki Fujita

  4. Department of Botany, A.S. College, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India

    Parvaiz Ahmad

  5. National Institute for Plant Genome Research, 110067, New Delhi, India

    Ruby Chandna

  6. Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India

    Ruby Chandna

  7. Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hydrabad, Andhra Pradesh, India

    M. N. V. Prasad

  8. Department of Botany, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey

    Munir Ozturk

Authors
  1. Mirza Hasanuzzaman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kamrun Nahar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Masayuki Fujita
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Parvaiz Ahmad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ruby Chandna
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. M. N. V. Prasad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Munir Ozturk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mirza Hasanuzzaman .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany A.S. College, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India

    Parvaiz Ahmad

  2. Department of Botany Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt

    M. M. Azooz

  3. Department of Biological Sciences Faculty of Science, King Faisal University, Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia

    M. M. Azooz

  4. Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India

    M. N. V. Prasad

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hasanuzzaman, M. et al. (2013). Enhancing Plant Productivity Under Salt Stress: Relevance of Poly-omics. In: Ahmad, P., Azooz, M.M., Prasad, M.N.V. (eds) Salt Stress in Plants. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6108-1_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation