Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Consolidation of renders and plasters

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Materials and Structures Aims and scope Submit manuscript

A Correction to this article was published on 02 July 2018

This article has been updated

Abstract

The paper addresses the consolidation of plasters and renders showing loss of cohesion, with the use of a treatment with a liquid consolidating product aiming to reach a depth of several mm up to several cm. The main aim of the paper is offering a guideline on how to choose a consolidant, suitable and compatible for the mortar type and its condition, and how to assess the performance of a consolidation treatment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

Change history

  • 02 July 2018

    Due to an unfortunate turn of events, the article title was only partly given in the article next to the fact that the list of TC members had accidently been left out. Please find in this erratum the correct article title and the list of TC members. Both should be considered as part of the final version by the reader.

Notes

  1. Chapter 3—From problem to intervention: the decision process (RILEM TC203-RHM Repair Mortars for Historic Masonry).

  2. N.b. acc. to [7] TAMIN, P. F.-Étude du comportement mécanique des revêtements de façade. Enduits. Thèse de doctorat. Paris, Ècole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées (ENPC), décembre 1986, the static Elastic Modulus/Dynamic elastic modulus by frequency of resonance lies between 0.76 and 0.79 for elastic modules in the range of 2–8 Gpa.

  3. Acoustic Microscopy is a non-destructive technique, using very high frequency ultrasound. The ultrasonic waves are emitted from the transducer into the measured sample through the used coupling medium. Since ultrasound propagates from the transducer to subject, echoes are generated by the interfaces of different micro-structures within the material. An echo is the reflective component of the initially generated wave. The density of the reflection depends on the difference of the acoustic impedances of the engaged materials. By measuring the depth a wave travels into the material, conclusions may be drawn on the penetration depth of a consolidant [9].

References

  1. Drdácký M (2011) Non-standard testing of mechanical characteristics of historic mortars. Int J Archit Herit 5(4–5):94–383

    Google Scholar 

  2. Drdácký M (2012) Non-standard testing in characterisation and consolidation assessment of historic mortars. In: Válek J, Hughes J, Groot C (eds) Historic mortars: characterisation, assessment, conservation and repair. Springer, Dordrecht

    Google Scholar 

  3. Válek J, Veiga R (2005) Characterisation of mechanical properties of historic mortars—testing of irregular samples. Adv Archit Ser 20(2005):365–374

    Google Scholar 

  4. Veiga MR, Magalhães A, Bosiljkov V (2001) Capillarity tests on Historic mortar samples extracted from site. Methodology and compared results. In: 13th international masonry conference, Amsterdam, July 2004

  5. van Hees R, Lubelli B, Nijland T, Bernardi A (2014) Compatibility and performance criteria for nano-lime consolidants. In: Proceedings 9th MONUBASIN, Ankara, 2014, in press

  6. van Hees RPJ (ed) (1998) Evaluation of the performance of surface treatments for the conservation of historic brick masonry, Research Report No 7, European Commission, 1998, ISBN 92-828-2366-0

  7. Tamin PF (1986) Étude du comportement mécanique des revêtements de façade. Enduits. Thèse de doctorat. Paris, Ècole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées (ENPC), décembre 1986

  8. Borsoi G, Tavares M, Veiga R, Santos Silva A (2012) Microstructural and physical-mechanical analysis of the performance of nanostructured and other compatible consolidation products for historical renders. Mater Technol Mag (Materili in Tehnologije) 46(2012):93–97

    Google Scholar 

  9. Stefanidou M, Karagiannis G, Apostolidis G, Matziaris K (2015) Application of acoustic microscopy technique for the assessment of the efficacy of water repellent treatment in fired bricks. In: 15th Euroseminar on microscopy applied to building materials (EMABM), pp 16–19 June 2015 Delft, The Netherlands

  10. Tiano P, Delgado Rodrigues J, De Witte E, Verges-Belmin V, Massey S,. Snethlage R, Costa D, Cadot-Leroux L, Garrod E, Singer B (2000) The conservation of monuments: a new method to evaluate consolidating treatments. Int J Restor Build Monum 6(2):115–132

  11. Ioanna Papayianni: private communication

  12. Singh M Jain, K. Kand Sigh T. (1990) Some studies on the suitability of lime mortars based on ancient Indian formulation for restoration purposes. Superfici dell’ architettura, le finiture, Bressanone, pp 151–158

  13. Satish C (2013) “History of Architecture and Ancient Building Materials in India” Tech Book International, New Delhi, India, pp 315–334

  14. Siegesmund S, Snethlage R (2011) Stone in architecture—properties, durability. Germany, ISBN 978-3-642-14474-5

  15. Matteini M, Rescic S, Fratini F, Botticelli G (2011) Ammonium phosphates as consolidating agents for carbonatic stone materials used in architecture and cultural heritage: preliminary research. Int J Archit Herit 5(6):717–736. doi:10.1080/15583058.2010.495445

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Denninger E (1958) Die chemischen Vorgänge bei der Festigung von Wandmalereien mit sogenanntem Kalksinterwasser. Maltechnik 64(1958):67–69

    Google Scholar 

  17. Brajer I, Kalsbeek N (1999) Limewater absorption and calcite crystal formation on limewater-impregnated secco wall paintings. Stud Conserv 44(1999):145–156

    Google Scholar 

  18. Hansen E et al (2003) A review of selected inorganic consolidants and protective treatments for porous calcareous materials. Rev Conserv 4:14–25

    Google Scholar 

  19. Tavares M, Veiga R, Fragata A (2008) Conservation of old renderings—the consolidation of rendering with loss of cohesion. In: HMC08—1st historical mortars conference 2008: characterization, diagnosis, conservation, repair and compatibility, Lisbon, LNEC, 24–26 September 2008. ISBN 978-972-49-2156-3

  20. Girsa V, Hanzl M, Michoinová D (2009) Sodstupem ke konzervaci severního průčelí hradu Pernštejn (in Czech), With a distance to the conservation of the north facade of the castle Pernštejn, Zprávy památkové péče, 69, 2009, No 1

  21. Slížková Z, Drdácký M, Viani A (2015) Consolidation of weak lime mortars by means of saturated solution of calcium hydroxide or barium hydroxide. J Cultural Herit 16(4): s.452–460. ISSN 1296-2074

  22. Drdácký M, Slížková Z (2015) In situ peeling tests for assessing the cohesion and consolidation characteristic of historic plaster and render surfaces. Stud Conserv 60(2):121–130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Dei L, Salvadori B (2006) Nanotechnology in cultural heritage conservation: nanometric slaked lime saves architectonic and artistic surfaces from decay. J Cultural Herit 7(2006):110–115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Ziegenbalg G (2008) Colloidal calcium hydroxide—a new material for consolidation and conservation of carbonatic stones. In: Lukaszewicz J, Niemcewicz P (eds) Proceedings of the 11th international congress on deterioration and conservation of stone. Nicolaus Copernicus University Press, Poland, pp 1109–1115

    Google Scholar 

  25. Baglioni P, Giorgi R, Dei L (2009) Soft condensed matter for the conservation of cultural heritage. C. R. Chimie 12(2009):61–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Matteini M, Moles A, Giovannoni S (1994). Calcium oxalates as a protective mineral system for wall paintings: methodology and analyses. In: Proceedings of 3rd international symposium on the conservation of monuments in the Mediterranean Basin, Venice, S.B.A.S. Venezia, June 1994, pp 155–161

  27. Matteini M, Giovannoni S (1996) The Protective effect of ammonium oxalate treatment on the surface of wall paintings. In: Painted facades. Proceedings of the Eurocare Project, Vienna 1996, pp 95–101

  28. Sassoni E, Naidu S, Scherer GW (2011) The use of hydroxyapatite as a new inorganic consolidant for damaged carbonate stones. J Cultural Herit 12(4):346–355

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Franzoni E, Sassoni E, Graziani G (2015) Brushing, poultice or immersion? The role of the application technique on the performance of a novel hydroxyapatite-based consolidating treatment for limestone. J Cultural Herit 16:173–184

  30. Lubelli B, van Hees RPJ, Nijland TG, Bolhuis J (2015) A new method for making artificially weathered stone specimens for testing of conservation treatments. J Cultural Herit 16(2015):698–704. doi:10.1016/j.culher.2015.01.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Drdácký M, Slížková Z (2013) Enhanced affordable methods for assessing material characteristics and consolidation effects on stone and mortar. J Geophys Eng 10 (2013) 064005 (6 pp) doi:10.1088/1742-2132/10/6/064005

  32. Laurenzi Tabasso M, Simon S (2006). Testing methods and criteria for the selection/evaluation of products for the conservation of porous building materials. Rev Conserv (7)

  33. Bläuer C, Franzen C, Vergès-Belmin V (2012). Simple field tests in stone conservation. 12th International congress on the deterioration and conservation of stone 2012 [Online]. http://iscs.icomos.org/pdf-files/NewYorkConf/blauetal.pdf (accessed Jan 23, 2015)

  34. Borsoi G, van Hees R, Lubelli B, Veiga R, Santos Silva A (2015). Nanolime deposition in Maastricht limestone: back-migration or accumulation at the absorption surface? In: Çopuroğlu O (ed) Proceedings of the 15th Euroseminar on microscopy applied to building materials, Delft, pp 77–86

  35. Veiga MR, Velosa A, Magalhães A (2007) Evaluation of mechanical compatibility of renders to apply on old walls based on a restrained shrinkage test. Mater Struct 40:1115–1126. doi:10.1617/s11527-006-9209-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Daehne A, Herm C (2013) Calcium hydroxide nanosols for the consolidation of porous building materials—results from EU-STONECORE Heritage Science 2013, 1:11. (http://www.heritagesciencejournal.com/content/1/1/11)

  37. Moreau C, Slížková Z, Drdácký M (2010). Strengthening of pure lime mortars with nanoparticles of calcium hydroxide. In: Proceeding of the 2nd historic mortars conference HMC2010 and RILEM TC 203-RHM ‘Repair mortars for historic masonry’ Final Workshop, 22–24 September 2010, Prague, Czech Republic, s. 128 (+CD ROM full paper s.1113–1121)

Standards

  • EN 14581 (2004), Natural stone test methods. Determination of linear thermal expansion coefficient

  • EN 14146 (2006), Natural stone test methods. Determination of the dynamic modulus of elasticity (by measuring the fundamental resonance frequency)

  • RILEM 25 PEM (1980), Recommended tests to measure the deterioration of stone and to assess the effectiveness of treatment methods : Test n. 1.1 : Porosity accessible to water, Materials and Structures, vol 13 (75), 177-179

  • EN 1936:2006, Natural stone test methods—Determination of real density and apparent density, and of total and open porosity

  • EN 1015-18:2002, Methods of test for mortar for masonry—Part 18: Determination of water absorption coefficient due to capillarity action of hardened mortar

  • EN 1925:1999, Natural stone test methods—Determination of water absorption coefficient by capillarity

  • EN 16322:2013, Conservation of Cultural Heritage—Test methods–Determination of drying properties

  • EN 1015-19:1998, Methods of test for mortar for masonry—Part 19: Determination of water vapour permeability of hardened rendering and plastering mortars

  • ISO 12572:2001, Hygrothermal performance of building materials and products—Determination of water vapour transmission properties

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. TNO, Delft & TU Delft, Delft, Netherlands

    Rob van Hees

  2. LNEC, Lisbon, Portugal

    Rosario Veiga

  3. ITAM, Prague, Czech Republic

    Zuzana Slížková

Authors
  1. Rob van Hees
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Rosario Veiga
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Zuzana Slížková
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rob van Hees.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

van Hees, R., Veiga, R. & Slížková, Z. Consolidation of renders and plasters. Mater Struct 50, 65 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-016-0894-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-016-0894-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation