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Ecological and Geochemical Assessment of the State of Soils in the City of Baikal’sk according to the Content of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

  • DEGRADATION, REHABILITATION, AND CONSERVATION OF SOILS
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Abstract

The pollution of the topsoil in the city of Baikal’sk (Irkutsk oblast) under the influence of industrial emissions and wastes of the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill (BPPM) was studied. The contents of 16 individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in samples of urban and background soils taken during the soil geochemical survey in the summer of 2019 were analyzed. Relatively low contents of PAHs were found in lignin sludge from the BPPM and ash from the combined heat and power station (CHPS). The concentration of total PAHs in CHPS ash reaches 46 mg/kg with a predominance of low molecular weight compounds (the proportion of naphthalene and its homologues is 24% and 34% of the total PAHs, respectively). Among high molecular weight PAHs, 5-nuclear benzo(b)fluoranthene dominates (16%). In lignin sludge, the amount of PAHs is 7.16 mg/kg with a predominance of benzo(b)fluoranthene (83%). In soils of Baikal’sk, the mean total content of PAHs (38.4 mg/kg) is five times higher than the background content. In urban soils, 4–5-nuclear fluoranthene (61.1%) and benzo(b)fluoranthene (29.4%) prevail. This enables us to assign soil pollution to the fluoranthene type. Soils of the motor traffic (total content of PAHs is 105 mg/kg) and industrial (59.5 mg/kg) zones are most strongly polluted and display contrasting geochemical anomalies of PAHs. Land use zones of the city may be arranged in the following sequence with respect to the amount of PAHs: motor traffic > industrial > residential single-story > railway transport > residential multi-story > recreational zone. Several local anomalies with increased contents of PAHs form two large pollution halos in the west and east of the city. The leading factors in the accumulation of high molecular weight PAHs in soils include acid–alkaline conditions and soil organic matter, while the accumulation of low molecular weight polyarenes is mainly controlled by pH. The environmental hazard of pollution of Baikal’sk soils with polyarenes is by 83.5% related to benzo(b)fluoranthene.

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Funding

This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research and the Russian Geographical Society, project no. 17-29-05055/17. The estimation of the ecological danger of the contamination with PAHs was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project no. 19-77-30004-P.

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  1. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia

    N. E. Kosheleva, E. M. Nikiforova & N. B. Zhaxylykov

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  1. N. E. Kosheleva
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Fig. S1 . Distribution of fluoranthene in soils of Baikal’sk for various combinations of anthropogenic and landscape factors. The mean amount of PAHs, the variation coefficient Cv, and the number of sampling sites n are given for each end node. Land use zones: (A) industrial, (B) recreational, (C) residential multi–story, (D) residential single-story, (E) motor traffic, and (F) railway transport.

Fig. S2 . Distribution of benzo(b)fluoranthene in soils of Baikal’sk for various combinations of anthropogenic and landscape factors. The mean amount of PAHs, the variation coefficient Cv, and the number of sampling sites n are given for each end node. The interpretation of the designations of land use zones is given in Fig. S1.

Fig. S3 . The distribution of the total PAHs in soils of Baikal’sk for various combinations of anthropogenic and landscape factors. The mean amount of PAHs, the variation coefficient Cv, and the number of sampling sites n are given for each end node. The interpretation of the designations of land use zones is given in Fig. S1.

Fig. S4 . Distribution of the (A) high molecular weight and (B) low molecular weight PAHs in soils of Baikal’sk for various combinations of anthropogenic and landscape factors. The mean amount of PAHs, the variation coefficient Cv, and the number of sampling sites n are given for each end node. The interpretation of the designations of land use zones is given in Fig. S1.

Table S1 . Variability of the content of PAHs (Cv, %) in the upper horizon of background mountainous podburs (Skeletic Entic Podzols) and urban soils with respect to land use zones of the city of Baikal’sk

Table S2 . Indicator ratios of PAHs in the upper horizon of urban soils with respect to land use zones of the city of Baikal’sk

Table S3 . Toxic equivalence factors (TEF) for some PAHs [72]

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Kosheleva, N.E., Nikiforova, E.M. & Zhaxylykov, N.B. Ecological and Geochemical Assessment of the State of Soils in the City of Baikal’sk according to the Content of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Eurasian Soil Sc. 57, 692–709 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229323603335

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