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Neuroregeneration: Regulation in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Aging

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Abstract

It had been commonly believed for a long time, that once established, degeneration of the central nervous system (CNS) is irreparable, and that adult person merely cannot restore dead or injured neurons. The existence of stem cells (SCs) in the mature brain, an organ with minimal regenerative ability, had been ignored for many years. Currently accepted that specific structures of the adult brain contain neural SCs (NSCs) that can self–renew and generate terminally differentiated brain cells, including neurons and glia. However, their contribution to the regulation of brain activity and brain regeneration in natural aging and pathology is still a subject of ongoing studies. Since the 1970s, when Fuad Lechin suggested the existence of repair mechanisms in the brain, new exhilarating data from scientists around the world have expanded our knowledge on the mechanisms implicated in the generation of various cell phenotypes supporting the brain, regulation of brain activity by these newly generated cells, and participation of SCs in brain homeostasis and regeneration. The prospects of the SC research are truthfully infinite and hitherto challenging to forecast. Once researchers resolve the issues regarding SC expansion and maintenance, the implementation of the SC–based platform could help to treat tissues and organs impaired or damaged in many devastating human diseases. Over the past 10 years, the number of studies on SCs has increased exponentially, and we have already become witnesses of crucial discoveries in SC biology. Comprehension of the mechanisms of neurogenesis regulation is essential for the development of new therapeutic approaches for currently incurable neurodegenerative diseases and neuroblastomas. In this review, we present the latest achievements in this fast–moving field and discuss essential aspects of NSC biology, including SC regulation by hormones, neurotransmitters, and transcription factors, along with the achievements of genetic and chemical reprogramming for the safe use of SCs in vitro and in vivo.

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Abbreviations

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

ALS:

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

ANP:

amplifying neural progenitor

BMP:

bone morphogenetic protein

ESC:

embryonic stem cell

(f)NSC:

(fetal) neural stem cell

FTD:

frontotemporal dementia

GABA:

gamma–aminobutyric acid

GALA:

galantamine

GC:

glucocorticoid

GR:

glucocorticoid receptor

GCV:

ganciclovir

HD:

Huntington disease

hfPSC:

hair follicle–derived pluripotent stem cell

HSP70:

heat shock protein 70

iPSC:

induced pluripotent stem cell

MC:

mineralocorticoid

MR:

mineralocorticoid receptor

MEM:

NMDA receptor antagonist memantine

MS:

multiple sclerosis

MSC:

mesenchymal stem cell

NPC:

neural progenitor cell

NSC:

neural stem cell

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

QNP:

quiescent neu–ral progenitor

SC:

stem cell

SGZ:

subgranular zone

SVZ:

subventricular zone

YB–1:

Y–box binding protein 1

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Acknowledgements

S.L. acknowledges the support by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (Agreement no. 02.A03.21.0003 dated August 28, 2013).

Funding

Funding. This work was supported by grant from the Russian Science Foundation (no. 18–15–00392).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia

    N. V. Bobkova, R. A. Poltavtseva & S. V. Leonov

  2. National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V. I. Kulakov, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997, Moscow, Russia

    R. A. Poltavtseva & G. T. Sukhikh

  3. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), The Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics, 141700, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia

    S. V. Leonov

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  1. N. V. Bobkova
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  4. G. T. Sukhikh
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Contributions. All authors provided substantial contributions to the discussions of the content, made significant contributions to the writing of the article and contributed equally to the review and editing of the manuscript before submission.

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Correspondence to N. V. Bobkova.

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Compliance to ethical norms. This article does not contain description of studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

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Russian Text © The Author(s), 2020, published in Uspekhi Biologicheskoi Khimii, 2020, Vol. 60, pp. 227–276.

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Bobkova, N.V., Poltavtseva, R.A., Leonov, S.V. et al. Neuroregeneration: Regulation in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Aging. Biochemistry Moscow 85 (Suppl 1), 108–130 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297920140060

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