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Dry Fiber-Based Electrodes for Electrophysiology Applications

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Abstract

Long-term continuous health care monitoring, using wearable technologies has received considerable interest due to the significant contribution of wearables to the diagnosis of diseases and identification of health conditions. Fibers have been widely applied in human societies due to their unique advantages, including stretchability, small diameters, high dynamic bending elasticity, high length-to-width ratios, and mechanical strength. A new generation of fiber-based electrodes is being integrated into smart textiles and wearables for continuous long-term biosignal monitoring. Dry fiber-based electrodes are breathable, flexible, and durable, unlike conventional disposable gel electrodes, which are difficult to employ for long-term applications because of skin irritation and allergic responses caused by their moist and adhesive interface with the skin. In this review, we provide a concise summary of recent breakthroughs in the design, and manufacturing of dry fiber-based electrodes for electrophysiology applications, with a particular emphasis on applications in electrocardiography, electromyography, and electroencephalography. Focusing on numerous features of electroactive fiber materials, fiber processing, electrode fabrication, scaled-up manufacturing, standardization of testing and performance criteria, we discuss current limitations and provide an outlook for the future development of this field.

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Fig. 1
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Reproduced with permission from Ref. [51], Copyright 2022, Springer. b Skin–electrode impedance measurement test setup on a skin dummy [53]. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [53], Copyright 2022, MDPI

Fig. 5

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [88], Copyright 2022, Elsevier. b Belt with Textrodes [97]. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [97], Copyright 2022, Elsevier. c Baby suit prototype with integrated Textrodes [97]. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [97], Copyright 2022, Elsevier. d Yarn A contains twined filaments of 100% stainless steel. Electrode A is plain knitted (top). Yarn B contains 20% stainless steel and 80% polyester staple fibers. The gray staples are the SS fibers. Wave knitted electrode B with a corrugated structure (middle). Yarn C consists of a core of polyester and a single twined silver-plated copper wire. Woven fabric of electrode C (bottom) [38]. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [38], Copyright 2022, Springer. e Flat textile electrode made of silver yarn (top) and its microscopic image. Raised 3D textile electrode made of silver yarn (bottom) [47]. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [47], Copyright 2022, BioMed Central. f Prototype of the wetting pad (above) and the ECG belt with embroidered Ag/Ti electrodes (below) [24]. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [24], Copyright 2022, MDPI

Fig. 6

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [71], Copyright 2022, MDPI. b Prototype of a knit band sensor, illustrating the outer side (left) and inner side (right) views [41]. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [41], Copyright 2022, IEEE. c Illustration of a fabric-based EEG headband [89]. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [89], Copyright 2022, IEEE. d Schematic of an earpiece for EEG monitoring (left) and the proposed in-ear EEG sensor on a viscoelastic substrate (right) [93]. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [93], Copyright 2022, IEEE

Fig. 7

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [47], Copyright 2022, BioMed Central. b Dry textile electrode made of conductive thermoplastic elastomer and its microscopic image [25]. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [25], Copyright 2022, Wiley. c Textile EMG sleeve inner view [26]. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [26], Copyright 2022, MDPI. d Optical microscopic images of the EMG sleeve representing seamless integration of the electrode structure within surrounding nylon fabric, 40 × magnification (top), 250 × magnification (bottom) [26]. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [26], Copyright 2022, MDPI. e CNT thread and an athletic shirt with CNTT electrodes connected to a wireless heart rate monitor device through CNTT transmission wires [22]. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [22], Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society

Fig. 8

Reproduced with permission from Ref [74], Copyright 2022, PLOS. b Structure of electrodes made of PEDOT-PSS glycerol silk thread. A A string-shaped electrode for ECG and B a flat electrode for EEG monitoring [74]. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [74], Copyright 2022, PLOS

Fig. 9

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [137], Copyright 2022, MDPI. b “Chest-belt type” of tightly fitted sleeveless shirts [60]. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [60], Copyright 2022, Springer. c Test rig design of two chambers, one for heating and one for cooling for assessing breathability testing of textiles [138]. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [138], Copyright 2022, Symbiosis

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge Dr. Siting Ni, Dr. Milad Alizadeh Meghrazi, Dr. Amin Mahnam, and Dr. Bastien Moineau for their contribution and support in framing the rough initial draft of the research. The authors are thankful to Michelle Zheng and Danielle West for graphic design and illustrations. The authors would like to express their appreciation to Prof. Takeshi Kikutani for his valuable time and efforts spent reviewing this manuscript and providing critical feedback.

Funding

The authors would like to acknowledge the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) for the financial support they have provided for this research work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E4, Canada

    Ladan Eskandarian & Hani E. Naguib

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0C5, Canada

    Elmira Pajootan

  3. Research and Development Department, Myant Inc, Toronto, ON, M9W 1B6, Canada

    Amirali Toossi

  4. Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada

    Hani E. Naguib

  5. Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada

    Hani E. Naguib

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  1. Ladan Eskandarian
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  4. Hani E. Naguib
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by LE, EP and AT. The first draft of the manuscript was written by LE and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Hani E. Naguib.

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Eskandarian, L., Pajootan, E., Toossi, A. et al. Dry Fiber-Based Electrodes for Electrophysiology Applications. Adv. Fiber Mater. 5, 819–846 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42765-023-00263-x

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