Abstract
With the rapid development of internet of things and wearable electronics, how to conveniently power uncountable sensors remains a huge challenge. Energy harvesting strategy is suggested to collect and convert environmental energies into electrical energy. Thereinto, piezoelectric polymers are utilized as flexible harvesters to convert mechanical energy. The latter widely distributes in both our daily life and industrial environment. Intrinsic piezoelectric property further drives piezoelectric polymers to construct flexible self-powered strain sensors. However, relatively low piezoelectric performance restricts their application in detection and conversion of weak mechanical excitations. Herein, wave-shaped 3D piezoelectric device was fabricated by embossing electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride nanofibers. This 3D structured device presents better longitudinal and transverse piezoelectric performance than usual flat-type one. This wave-shaped piezoelectric device was developed for acoustic detection and recognition with a frequency resolution better than 0.1 Hz. This wave-shaped device was capable of frequency spectrum analyses of various sound sources from human and animals and well presents its potential for future wearable acoustic sensors and transducers.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ma M, Guo L, Anderson DG, Langer R. Bio-inspired polymer composite actuator and generator driven by water gradients. Science. 2013;339:186.
Wei W, Gao J, Yang J, Wei J, Guo J. A NIR light-triggered pyroelectric-dominated generator based on a liquid crystal elastomer composite actuator for photoelectric conversion and self-powered sensing. RSC Adv. 2018;8:40856.
Zhou H, Zhang Y, Qiu Y, Wu H, Qin W, Liao Y, Yu Q, Cheng H. Stretchable piezoelectric energy harvesters and self-powered sensors for wearable and implantable devices. Biosens Bioelectron. 2020;168:112569.
Zhou J, Fei P, Gao Y, Gu Y, Liu J, Bao G, Wang ZL. Mechanical-electrical triggers and sensors using piezoelectric micowires/nanowires. Nano Lett. 2008;8:2725.
Nazemi H, Joseph A, Park J, Emadi A. Advanced micro-and nano-gas sensor technology: A review. Sensors. 2019;19:1285.
Hosseini ES, Manjakkal L, Shakthivel D, Dahiya R. Glycine-chitosan-based flexible biodegradable piezoelectric pressure sensor. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2020;12:9008.
Nguyen DN, Moon W. Piezoelectric polymer microfiber-based composite for the flexible ultra-sensitive pressure sensor. J Appl Polym Sci. 2020;137:48884.
Shi J, Wang L, Dai Z, Zhao L, Du M, Li H, Fang Y. Multiscale hierarchical design of a flexible piezoresistive pressure sensor with high sensitivity and wide linearity range. Small. 2018;14:1800819.
Yu R, Xia T, Wu B, Yuan J, Ma L, Cheng GJ, Liu F. Highly sensitive flexible piezoresistive sensor with 3D conductive network. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2020;12:35291.
Ma L, Shuai X, Hu Y, Liang X, Zhu P, Sun R, Wong C-P. A highly sensitive and flexible capacitive pressure sensor based on a micro-arrayed polydimethylsiloxane dielectric layer. J Mater Chem C. 2018;6:13232.
Kim H, Kim G, Kim T, Lee S, Kang D, Hwang MS, Chae Y, Kang S, Lee H, Park HG. Transparent, flexible, conformal capacitive pressure sensors with nanoparticles. Small. 2018;14:1703432.
Pignanelli J, Schlingman K, Carmichael TB, Rondeau-Gagné S, Ahamed MJ. A comparative analysis of capacitive-based flexible PDMS pressure sensors. Sens Actuator A Phys. 2019;285:427.
Lee S, Bae SH, Lin L, Yang Y, Park C, Kim SW, Cha SN, Kim H, Park YJ, Wang ZL. Super-flexible nanogenerator for energy harvesting from gentle wind and as an active deformation sensor. Adv Funct Mater. 2013;23:2445.
Lang C, Fang J, Shao H, Ding X, Lin T. High-sensitivity acoustic sensors from nanofibre webs. Nat Commun. 2016;7:1.
Yang Y, Zhang H, Lin Z-H, Zhou YS, Jing Q, Su Y, Yang J, Chen J, Hu C, Wang ZL. Human skin based triboelectric nanogenerators for harvesting biomechanical energy and as self-powered active tactile sensor system. ACS Nano. 2013;7:9213.
Zeng W, Tao X-M, Chen S, Shang S, Chan HLW, Choy SH. Highly durable all-fiber nanogenerator for mechanical energy harvesting. Energy Environ Sci. 2013;6:2631.
Wang J, Ding W, Pan L, Wu C, Yu H, Yang L, Liao R, Wang ZL. Self-powered wind sensor system for detecting wind speed and direction based on a triboelectric nanogenerator. ACS Nano. 2018;12:3954.
Wu W, Bai S, Yuan M, Qin Y, Wang ZL, Jing T. Lead zirconate titanate nanowire textile nanogenerator for wearable energy-harvesting and self-powered devices. ACS Nano. 2012;6:6231.
Pi Z, Zhang J, Wen C, Zhang Z-B, Wu D. Flexible piezoelectric nanogenerator made of poly (vinylidenefluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE) thin film. Nano Energy. 2014;7:33.
Wen X, Wu W, Ding Y, Wang ZL. Piezotronic effect in flexible thin-film based devices. Adv Mater. 2013;25:3371.
Wang Z, Hu J, Suryavanshi AP, Yum K, Yu M-F. Voltage generation from individual BaTiO3 nanowires under periodic tensile mechanical load. Nano Lett. 2007;7:2966.
Kawai H. The piezoelectricity of poly (vinylidene fluoride). Jpn J Appl Phys. 1969;8:975.
Chen X, Han X, Shen QD. PVDF-based ferroelectric polymers in modern flexible electronics. Adv Electron Mater. 2017;3:1600460.
Lovinger AJ. Ferroelectric polymers. Science. 1983;220:1115.
Wang J, Li H, Liu J, Duan Y, Jiang S, Yan S. On the α→β transition of carbon-coated highly oriented PVDF ultrathin film induced by melt recrystallization. J Am Chem Soc. 2003;125:1496.
Pan H, Na B, Lv R, Li C, Zhu J, Yu Z. Polar phase formation in poly (vinylidene fluoride) induced by melt annealing. J Polym Sci Pol Phys. 2012;50:1433.
Sencadas V, Moreira MV, Lanceros-Méndez S, Pouzada AS, Gregório Filho R. α-to β transformation on PVDF films obtained by uniaxial stretch. Mater Sci Forum. 2006;872:514–516. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.514-516.872
Sencadas V, Gregorio R Jr, Lanceros-Méndez S. α to β phase transformation and microestructural changes of PVDF films induced by uniaxial stretch. J Macromol Sci. 2009;48:514.
Davis G, McKinney J, Broadhurst M, Roth S. Electric-field-induced phase changes in poly (vinylidene fluoride). J Appl Phys. 1978;49:4998.
Li M, Wondergem HJ, Spijkman M-J, Asadi K, Katsouras I, Blom PW, De Leeuw DM. Revisiting the δ-phase of poly (vinylidene fluoride) for solution-processed ferroelectric thin films. Nat Mater. 2013;12:433.
Kang SJ, Park YJ, Bae I, Kim KJ, Kim HC, Bauer S, Thomas EL, Park C. Printable ferroelectric PVDF/PMMA blend films with ultralow roughness for low voltage non-volatile polymer memory. Adv Funct Mater. 2009;19:2812.
Shah D, Maiti P, Gunn E, Schmidt DF, Jiang DD, Batt CA, Giannelis EP. Dramatic enhancements in toughness of polyvinylidene fluoride nanocomposites via nanoclay-directed crystal structure and morphology. Adv Mater. 2004;16:1173.
Yu S, Zheng W, Yu W, Zhang Y, Jiang Q, Zhao Z. Formation mechanism of β-phase in PVDF/CNT composite prepared by the sonication method. Macromolecules. 2009;42:8870.
Garain S, Jana S, Sinha TK, Mandal D. Design of in situ poled Ce3+-doped electrospun PVDF/graphene composite nanofibers for fabrication of nanopressure sensor and ultrasensitive acoustic nanogenerator. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2016;8:4532.
Baji A, Mai Y-W, Li Q, Liu Y. Electrospinning induced ferroelectricity in poly (vinylidene fluoride) fibers. Nanoscale. 2011;3:3068.
Liu Z, Pan C, Lin L, Huang J, Ou Z. Direct-write PVDF nonwoven fiber fabric energy harvesters via the hollow cylindrical near-field electrospinning process. Smart Mater Struct. 2013;23:025003.
Persano L, Dagdeviren C, Su Y, Zhang Y, Girardo S, Pisignano D, Huang Y, Rogers JA. High performance piezoelectric devices based on aligned arrays of nanofibers of poly (vinylidenefluoride-co-trifluoroethylene). Nat Commun. 2013;4:1.
Ma S, Ye T, Zhang T, Wang Z, Li K, Chen M, Zhang J, Wang Z, Ramakrishna S, Wei L. Highly oriented electrospun P (VDF-TrFE) fibers via mechanical stretching for wearable motion sensing. Adv Mater Technol. 2018;3:1800033.
Chang C, Tran VH, Wang J, Fuh Y-K, Lin L. Direct-write piezoelectric polymeric nanogenerator with high energy conversion efficiency. Nano Lett. 2010;10:726.
Li C, Wu P-M, Lee S, Gorton A, Schulz MJ, Ahn CH. Flexible dome and bump shape piezoelectric tactile sensors using PVDF-TrFE copolymer. J Microelectromech Syst. 2008;17:334.
Fuh YK, Wang BS, Tsai C-Y. Self-powered pressure sensor with fully encapsulated 3D printed wavy substrate and highly-aligned piezoelectric fibers array. Sci Rep. 2017;7:6759.
Zhao J, You Z. A shoe-embedded piezoelectric energy harvester for wearable sensors. Sensors. 2014;14:12497.
You S, Shi H, Wu J, Shan L, Guo S, Dong S. A flexible, wave-shaped P (VDF-TrFE)/metglas piezoelectric composite for wearable applications. J Appl Phys. 2016;120:234103.
Jung W-S, Lee M-J, Kang M-G, Moon HG, Yoon S-J, Baek S-H, Kang C-Y. Powerful curved piezoelectric generator for wearable applications. Nano Energy. 2015;13:174.
Cui N, Gu L, Liu J, Bai S, Qiu J, Fu J, Kou X, Liu H, Qin Y, Wang ZL. High performance sound driven triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting noise energy. Nano Energy. 2015;15:321.
Wang Y, Zhu X, Zhang T, Bano S, Pan H, Qi L, Zhang Z, Yuan Y. A renewable low-frequency acoustic energy harvesting noise barrier for high-speed railways using a Helmholtz resonator and a PVDF film. Appl Energy. 2018;230:52.
Zhao H, Xiao X, Xu P, Zhao T, Song L, Pan X, Mi J, Xu M, Wang ZL. Dual-tube helmholtz resonator-based triboelectric nanogenerator for highly efficient harvesting of acoustic energy. Adv Energy Mater. 2019;9:1902824.
Hwang YJ, Choi S, Kim HS. Highly flexible all-nonwoven piezoelectric generators based on electrospun poly (vinylidene fluoride). Sens Actuator A Phys. 2019;300:111672.
Lee B-S, Park B, Yang H-S, Han JW, Choong C, Bae J, Lee K, Yu W-R, Jeong U, Chung U-I. Effects of substrate on piezoelectricity of electrospun poly (vinylidene fluoride)-nanofiber-based energy generators. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2014;6:3520.
Li B, Zhang F, Guan S, Zheng J, Xu C. Wearable piezoelectric device assembled by one-step continuous electrospinning. J Mater Chem C. 2016;4:6988.
You S, Zhang L, Gui J, Cui H, Guo S. A flexible piezoelectric nanogenerator based on aligned P (VDF-TrFE) nanofibers. Micromachines. 2019;10:302.
Fang J, Niu H, Wang H, Wang X, Lin T. Enhanced mechanical energy harvesting using needleless electrospun poly (vinylidene fluoride) nanofibre webs. Energy Environ Sci. 2013;6:2196.
Reneker DH, Yarin AL. Electrospinning jets and polymer nanofibers. Polymer. 2008;49:2387.
Lei T, Cai X, Wang X, Yu L, Hu X, Zheng G, Lv W, Wang L, Wu D, Sun D. Spectroscopic evidence for a high fraction of ferroelectric phase induced in electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride fibers. RSC Adv. 2013;3:24952.
Lang C, Fang J, Shao H, Wang H, Yan G, Ding X, Lin T. High-output acoustoelectric power generators from poly (vinylidenefluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) electrospun nano-nonwovens. Nano Energy. 2017;35:146.
Andrew J, Clarke D. Enhanced ferroelectric phase content of polyvinylidene difluoride fibers with the addition of magnetic nanoparticles. Langmuir. 2008;24:8435.
Martins P, Lopes A, Lanceros-Mendez S. Electroactive phases of poly (vinylidene fluoride): Determination, processing and applications. Prog Polym Sci. 2014;39:683.
Yang L, Zhao Q, Chen K, Ma Y, Wu Y, Ji H, Qiu J. PVDF-based composition-gradient multilayered nanocomposites for flexible high-performance piezoelectric nanogenerators. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2020;12:11045.
Jung W-S, Lee M, Baek S-H, Jung IK, Yoon S-J, Kang C-Y. Structural approaches for enhancing output power of piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride generator. Nano Energy. 2016;22:514.
Liu H, Zhong J, Lee C, Lee S-W, Lin L. A comprehensive review on piezoelectric energy harvesting technology: Materials, mechanisms, and applications. Appl Phys Rev. 2018;5:041306.
Jiang H, Yang J, Xu F, Wang Q, Liu W, Chen Q, Wang C, Zhang X, Zhu G. VDF-content-guided selection of piezoelectric P (VDF-TrFE) films in sensing and energy harvesting applications. Energy Convers Manage. 2020;211:112771.
Lü C, Wu S, Lu B, Zhang Y, Du Y, Feng X. Ultrathin flexible piezoelectric sensors for monitoring eye fatigue. J Micromech Microeng. 2018;28:025010.
Yang J, Chen Q, Xu F, Jiang H, Liu W, Zhang X, Jiang Z, Zhu G. Epitaxy enhancement of piezoelectric properties in P (VDF-TrFE) copolymer films and applications in sensing and energy harvesting. Adv Electron Mater. 2020;6:2000578.
Volandri G, Di Puccio F, Forte P, Carmignani C. Biomechanics of the tympanic membrane. J Biomech. 2011;44:1219.
Leventhall HG. Low frequency noise and annoyance. Noise Health. 2004;6:59.
Guo Z, Liu S, Hu X, Zhang Q, Shang F, Song S, Xiang Y. Self-powered sound detection and recognition sensors based on flexible polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene films enhanced by in-situ polarization. Sens Actuator A Phys. 2020;306:111970.
Acknowledgements
This work was financially supported by the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (STCSM, Grant No. 21520711600 and 20ZR1408200) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, Grant No. 61774043).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Supplementary file2 (MP4 4879 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Xu, F., Yang, J., Dong, R. et al. Wave-Shaped Piezoelectric Nanofiber Membrane Nanogenerator for Acoustic Detection and Recognition. Adv. Fiber Mater. 3, 368–380 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42765-021-00095-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42765-021-00095-7