Abstract
This work reports the comprehensive fabrication, characterization, and application of ceramic membranes prepared from natural and pure Kashmir clay. The membranes were prepared from different raw material sizes (-60, -80, -120, and -200 ASTM mesh), compaction pressures (50–200 MPa), and sintering temperatures (800–950℃), to determine the effect of fabrication conditions on membrane properties. FESEM, XRD, porosity, water permeation, and chemical stability tests were performed for the characterization of the membranes. Depending on the fabrication conditions, the membranes ranged in porosity from 14.45 to 57.05%, pore sizes between 13.05 to 189.96 nm, and water permeability between 0.22 to 37.7 × 10–8 m3/m2.s.kPa. Furthermore, one of the membranes S3P4T1 with a porosity of 28.21%, pore size of 13.05 nm and water permeability of 0.22 × 10–8 m3/m2.s.kPa was used for the removal of an anionic dye, Indigo carmine. The effect of pH (1–11), applied pressure (1–4 bar) and initial concentration of dye (5–100 ppm) was studied on the permeate flux and rejection. The membrane achieved the highest rejection of 98.54% for a dye concentration of 100 ppm, applied pressure of 2 bars and pH 1, revealing the significant influence of pH on dye removal efficiency. Also, the application of Hermia's models identified cake filtration as the main cause of flux decline. These results confirm the suitability of the Kashmir clay membranes for filtration applications.
Graphical abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data will be made available on request.
References
B.L. Dargaville, D.W. Hutmacher, Water as the often neglected medium at the interface between materials and biology. Nat. Commun. 13, 4222 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-31889-x
E. OboteyEzugbe, S. Rathilal, Membrane technologies in wastewater treatment: a review. Membranes 10, 89 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes10050089
D. Zheng, K. Wang, B. Bai, A critical review of sodium alginate-based composites in water treatment. Carbohydr. Polym. 331, 121850 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121850
G. Mujtaba, M.U.H. Shah, A. Hai, M. Daud, M. Hayat, A holistic approach to embracing the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goal (SDG-6) towards water security in Pakistan. J. Water Process Eng. 57, 104691 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2023.104691
R. Singh, Membrane technology and engineering for water purification, 2nd edn. (Butterworth-Heinemann, 2015)
R.I. McDonald, P. Green, D. Balk, B.M. Fekete, C. Revenga, M. Todd, M. Montgomery, Urban growth, climate change, and freshwater availability. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108, 6312–6317 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1011615108
C. He, Z. Liu, J. Wu, X. Pan, Z. Fang, J. Li, B.A. Bryan, Future global urban water scarcity and potential solutions. Nat. Commun. 12, 4667 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25026-3
C. Okello, B. Tomasello, N. Greggio, N. Wambiji, M. Antonellini, Impact of population growth and climate change on the freshwater resources of Lamu Island, Kenya. Water 7, 1264–1290 (2015). https://doi.org/10.3390/w7031264
M. Rafatullah, O. Sulaiman, R. Hashim, A. Ahmad, Adsorption of methylene blue on low-cost adsorbents: a review. J. Hazard. Mater. 177, 70–80 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.12.047
C.R. Holkar, A.J. Jadhav, D.V. Pinjari, N.M. Mahamuni, A.B. Pandit, A critical review on textile wastewater treatments: possible approaches. J. Environ. Manage. 182, 351–366 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.07.090
J. Abdi, M. Vossoughi, N.M. Mahmoodi, I. Alemzadeh, Synthesis of metal-organic framework hybrid nanocomposites based on GO and CNT with high adsorption capacity for dye removal. Chem. Eng. J. 326, 1145–1158 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.06.054
V. Katheresan, J. Kansedo, S.Y. Lau, Efficiency of various recent wastewater dye removal methods: a review. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 6, 4676–4697 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.06.060
K. Mojsov, D. Andronikov, A. Janevski, A. Kuzelov, S. Gaber, The application of enzymes for the removal of dyes from textile effluents. Adv. Technol. 5, 81–86 (2016). https://doi.org/10.5937/savteh1601081M
S. De Gisi, G. Lofrano, M. Grassi, M. Notarnicola, Characteristics and adsorption capacities of low-cost sorbents for wastewater treatment: a review. Sustain. Mater. Technol. 9, 10–40 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2016.06.002
J. Dasgupta, M. Singh, J. Sikder, V. Padarthi, S. Chakraborty, S. Curcio, Response surface-optimized removal of Reactive Red 120 dye from its aqueous solutions using polyethyleneimine enhanced ultrafiltration. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 121, 271–278 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.12.041
H. Rondon, W. El-Cheikh, I.A.R. Boluarte, C.-Y. Chang, S. Bagshaw, L. Farago, V. Jegatheesan, L. Shu, Application of enhanced membrane bioreactor (eMBR) to treat dye wastewater. Bioresour. Technol. 183, 78–85 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.01.110
J. Zhang, Q. Zhou, L. Ou, Removal of indigo carmine from aqueous solution by microwave-treated activated carbon from peanut shell. Desalination Water Treat. 57, 718–727 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.967729
S.P. Singh, S. Kaur, D. Singh, Toxicological profile of Indian foods—ensuring food safety in India, in Food Saf. 21st Century. (Elsevier, 2017), pp. 111–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801773-9.00009-1.
J. Echeverría-Pérez, W. Carvajal-Palacio, L. Gómez-Plata, V. Vacca-Jimeno, N. Cubillán, Corn cobs and KOH-treated biomasses for indigo carmine removal: kinetics and isotherms. Emergent Mater. 6, 1217–1229 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42247-023-00526-8
J. Trujillo-Reyes, V. Sánchez-Mendieta, A. Colín-Cruz, R.A. Morales-Luckie, Removal of Indigo Blue in aqueous solution using Fe/Cu nanoparticles and C/Fe–Cu nanoalloy composites. Water Air Soil Pollut. 207, 307–317 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-009-0138-1
M.F. Chowdhury, S. Khandaker, F. Sarker, A. Islam, M.T. Rahman, Md.R. Awual, Current treatment technologies and mechanisms for removal of indigo carmine dyes from wastewater: a review. J. Mol. Liq. 318, 114061–114061 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114061
Q. Sun, L. Yang, The adsorption of basic dyes from aqueous solution on modified peat–resin particle. Water Res. 37, 1535–1544 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00520-1
S. Torbati, A.R. Khataee, A. Movafeghi, Application of watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.) for biotreatment of a textile dye: Investigation of some physiological responses and effects of operational parameters. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 92, 1934–1941 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2014.04.022
F. Torrades, J. García-Montaño, Using central composite experimental design to optimize the degradation of real dye wastewater by Fenton and photo-Fenton reactions. Dyes Pigments 100, 184–189 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2013.09.004
C.-Z. Liang, S.-P. Sun, F.-Y. Li, Y.-K. Ong, T.-S. Chung, Treatment of highly concentrated wastewater containing multiple synthetic dyes by a combined process of coagulation/flocculation and nanofiltration. J. Membr. Sci. 469, 306–315 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2014.06.057
E. Forgacs, T. Cserháti, G. Oros, Removal of synthetic dyes from wastewaters: a review. Environ. Int. 30, 953–971 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2004.02.001
N. Manavi, A.S. Kazemi, B. Bonakdarpour, The development of aerobic granules from conventional activated sludge under anaerobic-aerobic cycles and their adaptation for treatment of dyeing wastewater. Chem. Eng. J. 312, 375–384 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.11.155
S. Rodríguez Couto, Dye removal by immobilised fungi. Biotechnol. Adv. 27, 227–235 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008.12.001
N. Ghafourian, S.N. Hosseini, Z. Mahmoodi, N. Masnabadi, M.R. Thalji, A.R. Abhari, W. Al Zoubi, K.F. Chong, G.A.M. Ali, Z.H. Bakr, TiO2-Mica 450 composite for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue using UV irradiation. Emergent Mater. 6, 1527–1536 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42247-023-00552-6
L. Sawunyama, O.C. Olatunde, O.A. Oyewo, M.F. Bopape, D.C. Onwudiwe, Application of coal fly ash based ceramic membranes in wastewater treatment: a sustainable alternative to commercial materials. Heliyon 10, e24344 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24344
P.S. Goh, K.C. Wong, A.F. Ismail, Membrane technology: a versatile tool for saline wastewater treatment and resource recovery. Desalination 521, 115377 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2021.115377
E.H. Khader, T.J. Mohammed, T.M. Albayati, H.N. Harharah, A. Amari, N.M.C. Saady, S. Zendehboudi, Current trends for wastewater treatment technologies with typical configurations of photocatalytic membrane reactor hybrid systems: a review. Chem. Eng. Process. - Process Intensif. 192, 109503 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2023.109503
B. Van der Bruggen, Mechanisms of retention and flux decline for the nanofiltration of dye baths from the textile industry. Sep. Purif. Technol. 22–23, 519–528 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1383-5866(00)00134-9
H. Ouni, A. Hafiane, M. Dhahbi, The effect of surfactant on dye removal by polyelectrolyte enhanced ultrafiltration. Desalination Water Treat. 56, 1526–1535 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.952670
A. Aouni, C. Fersi, M. Ben Sik Ali, M. Dhahbi, Treatment of textile wastewater by a hybrid electrocoagulation/nanofiltration process. J. Hazard. Mater. 168, 868–874 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.02.112
S. Foorginezhad, M.M. Zerafat, Microfiltration of cationic dyes using nano-clay membranes. Ceram. Int. 43, 15146–15159 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.08.045
A. Agarwalla, K. Mohanty, Comprehensive characterization, development, and application of natural/Assam Kaolin-based ceramic microfiltration membrane. Mater. Today Chem. 23, 100649–100649 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtchem.2021.100649
P. Bhattacharya, D. Mukherjee, N. Deb, S. Swarnakar, S. Banerjee, Indigenously developed CuO/TiO2 coated ceramic ultrafiltration membrane for removal of emerging contaminants like phthalates and parabens: Toxicity evaluation in PA-1 cell line. Mater. Chem. Phys. 258, 123920–123920 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.123920
N. Ahmed, F.Q. Mir, Preparation and characterization of ceramic membrane using waste almond shells as pore forming agent. Mater. Today Proc. 47, 1485–1489 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.04.329
H. Yuan, J. Liu, X. Zhang, L. Chen, Q. Zhang, L. Ma, Recent advances in membrane-based materials for desalination and gas separation. J. Clean. Prod. 387, 135845 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.135845
A.S. Reddy, P. Sharda, S.P. Nehra, A. Sharma, Advanced strategies in MOF-based mixed matrix membranes for propylene/propane separation: a critical review. Coord. Chem. Rev. 498, 215435 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215435
Z. Zhang, G. Huang, Y. Li, X. Chen, Y. Yao, S. Ren, M. Li, Y. Wu, C. An, Electrically conductive inorganic membranes: a review on principles, characteristics and applications. Chem. Eng. J. 427, 131987 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.131987
A.B. Olabintan, E. Ahmed, H. Al Abdulgader, T.A. Saleh, Hydrophobic and oleophilic amine-functionalised graphene/polyethylene nanocomposite for oil–water separation. Environ. Technol. Innov. 27, 102391 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2022.102391
Y. Xin, B. Qi, X. Wu, C. Yang, B. Li, Different types of membrane materials for oil-water separation: status and challenges. Colloid Interface Sci. Commun. 59, 100772 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colcom.2024.100772
J. Ma, W. Chen, J. Qian, A. Shui, B. Du, C. He, Co-pressing and co-sintering preparation of cost-effective and high-performance asymmetric ceramic membrane for oily wastewater treatment. Sep. Purif. Technol. 323, 124373 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2023.124373
A. El-Kordy, A. Elgamouz, A. Abdelhamid, A.-N. Kawde, N. Tijani, E.M. Lemdek, Manufacturing of novel zeolite-clay composite membrane from natural clay and diatomite, an electrochemical study of the surface and application towards heavy metals removal. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 12, 112143 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2024.112143
N. Ahmed, F.Q. Mir, Chromium(VI) removal using micellar enhanced microfiltration (MEMF) from an aqueous solution: Fouling analysis and use of ANN for predicting permeate flux. J. Water Process Eng. 44, 102438–102438 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102438
S. Foorginezhad, M.M. Zerafat, Y. Mohammadi, M. Asadnia, Fabrication of tubular ceramic membranes as low-cost adsorbent using natural clay for heavy metals removal. Clean. Eng. Technol. 10, 100550 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2022.100550
J. He, X. Cai, K. Chen, Y. Li, K. Zhang, Z. Jin, F. Meng, N. Liu, X. Wang, L. Kong, X. Huang, J. Liu, Performance of a novelly-defined zirconium metal-organic frameworks adsorption membrane in fluoride removal. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 484, 162–172 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2016.08.074
P.L. Kiew, C.Y. Ng, L.S. Tan, Y.T. Chung, M.M. Nasef, Advanced membrane technology for removal of ammonia from industrial wastewater, in Resour. Recovery Ind. Waste Waters. (Elsevier, 2023), pp. 421–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-95327-6.00031-2
D.L. Gao, Y.X. Xue, F.F. Dai, Y.X. Liu, N. Qin, Y.Y. Zhang, J.H. Chen, Q. Yang, Efficient separation of phosphate ions in water using tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane modified polyaniline-p-phenylenediamine composite membrane. Sep. Purif. Technol. 331, 125691 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2023.125691
F. Lipnizki, Cross-flow membrane applications in the food industry, in Membr. Technol. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany, 2010), pp. 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527631384.ch1
K.V.V. Satyannarayana, R.V. Kumar, Tangential microfiltration of lime and pineapple juices using inexpensive tubular ceramic membrane and analysis of fouling mechanism. Appl. Food Res. 3, 100284 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afres.2023.100284
J. Wen, Y. Chen, Q. Yan, L. Jiang, X. Chen, Y. Fan, Experiment on and modeling of purification of fructooligosaccharides using ceramic nanofiltration membranes. Sep. Purif. Technol. 323, 124508 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2023.124508
M.D. Alsubei, B. Reid, S.A. Aljlil, M.-O. Coppens, L.C. Campos, Fabrication and characterization of coated ceramic membranes from natural sources for water treatment applications. J. Membr. Sci. 690, 122226 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2023.122226
N. Chaukura, W. Moyo, T.A. Kajau, A.A. Muleja, B.B. Mamba, T.T. Nkambule, Low-cost ceramic filtration for point-of-use water treatment in low-income countries. Water Secur. 20, 100145 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasec.2023.100145
N.M.A. Omar, M.H.D. Othman, Z.S. Tai, M.F. Rabuni, A.O.A. Amhamed, M.H. Puteh, J. Jaafar, M.A. Rahman, T.A. Kurniawan, Overcoming challenges in water purification by nanocomposite ceramic membranes: a review of limitations and technical solutions. J. Water Process Eng. 57, 104613 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2023.104613
D.N. Awang Chee, F. Aziz, M.A. Mohamed Amin, A.F. Ismail, ZIF-8 membrane: the synthesis technique and nanofiltration application. Emergent Mater. 5, 1289–1310 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42247-021-00336-w
A.K. Shukla, J. Alam, U. Mishra, K.K. Kesari, Investigating the efficiency of a ceramic-based thin-film composite nanofiltration membrane for dyes removal. Ceram. Int. 49, 37670–37679 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.09.093
K. Banjerdteerakul, H. Peng, K. Li, Ceramic hollow fibre supported covalent organic framework membranes prepared by direct interfacial polymerisation -potential for efficient dye removal from wastewater. J. Membr. Sci. 683, 121852 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121852
SMd. Mamun Kabir, H. Mahmud, H. Schӧenberger, Recovery of dyes and salts from highly concentrated (dye and salt) mixed water using nano-filtration ceramic membranes. Heliyon 8, e11543 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11543
H. Liu, J. Zhao, X. Wen, J. Zhang, H. Zhang, H. Wang, J. Wei, Fabrication of CFOx-PVDF catalytic membrane for removal of dyes in water and its mechanism. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 198, 14–24 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2023.08.039
S. Saja, A. Bouazizi, B. Achiou, H. Ouaddari, A. Karim, M. Ouammou, A. Aaddane, J. Bennazha, S. AlamiYounssi, Fabrication of low-cost ceramic ultrafiltration membrane made from bentonite clay and its application for soluble dyes removal. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 40, 2453–2462 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2020.01.057
A. Bouazizi, M. Breida, B. Achiou, M. Ouammou, J.I. Calvo, A. Aaddane, S.A. Younssi, Removal of dyes by a new nano–TiO 2 ultrafiltration membrane deposited on low-cost support prepared from natural Moroccan bentonite. Appl. Clay Sci. 149, 127–135 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2017.08.019
N. Saffaj, M. Persin, S.A. Younsi, A. Albizane, M. Cretin, A. Larbot, Elaboration and characterization of microfiltration and ultrafiltration membranes deposited on raw support prepared from natural Moroccan clay: application to filtration of solution containing dyes and salts. Appl. Clay Sci. 31, 110–119 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2005.07.002
M. Mouiya, A. Bouazizi, A. Abourriche, A. Benhammou, Y. El Hafiane, M. Ouammou, Y. Abouliatim, S.A. Younssi, A. Smith, H. Hannache, Fabrication and characterization of a ceramic membrane from clay and banana peel powder: application to industrial wastewater treatment. Mater. Chem. Phys. 227, 291–301 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.02.011
M. Ağtaş, M. Dilaver, İ Koyuncu, Halloysite nanoclay doped ceramic membrane fabrication and evaluation of textile wastewater treatment performance. Process. Saf. Environ. Prot. 154, 72–80 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2021.08.010
S. Foorginezhad, Gh. Rezvannasab, M. Asadnia, Natural clay membranes: A sustainable and affordable solution for treating dye solutions, coal mine washery waste, and aquaculture wastewater. J. Water Process Eng. 54, 104012 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2023.104012
D. El MachtaniIdrissi, Z.C. Elidrissi, B. Achiou, M. Ouammou, S. AlamiYounssi, Fabrication of low-cost kaolinite/perlite membrane for microfiltration of dairy and textile wastewaters. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 11, 109281 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2023.109281
J.L. Lin, C. Huang, J.R. Pan, Y.S. Wang, Fouling mitigation of a dead-end microfiltration by mixing-enhanced preoxidation for Fe and Mn removal from groundwater. Colloids Surf. Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 419, 87–93 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.11.053
D. Vasanth, G. Pugazhenthi, R. Uppaluri, Fabrication and properties of low cost ceramic microfiltration membranes for separation of oil and bacteria from its solution. J. Membr. Sci. 379, 154–163 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2011.05.050
A.R.P. Pizzichetti, C. Pablos, C. Álvarez-Fernández, K. Reynolds, S. Stanley, J. Marugán, Kinetic and mechanistic analysis of membrane fouling in microplastics removal from water by dead-end microfiltration. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 11, 109338 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2023.109338
T. Poerio, T. Denisi, R. Mazzei, F. Bazzarelli, E. Piacentini, L. Giorno, E. Curcio, Identification of fouling mechanisms in cross-flow microfiltration of olive-mills wastewater. J. Water Process Eng. 49, 103058 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.103058
M. Chen, W. Ding, M. Zhou, H. Zhang, C. Ge, Z. Cui, W. Xing, Fouling mechanism of PVDF ultrafiltration membrane for secondary effluent treatment from paper mills. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 167, 37–45 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2020.12.021
N.H.H. Hairom, A.W. Mohammad, A.A.H. Kadhum, Nanofiltration of hazardous Congo red dye: performance and flux decline analysis. J. Water Process Eng. 4, 99–106 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2014.09.008
G.-Q. Chen, Y.-H. Wu, Y.-J. Tan, Z. Chen, X. Tong, Y. Bai, L.-W. Luo, H.-B. Wang, Y.-Q. Xu, Z.-W. Zhang, N. Ikuno, H.-Y. Hu, Pretreatment for alleviation of RO membrane fouling in dyeing wastewater reclamation. Chemosphere 292, 133471 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133471
S. Kim, M. Yu, Y. Yoon, Fouling and retention mechanisms of selected cationic and anionic dyes in a Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene-ultrafiltration hybrid system. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 16557–16565 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c02454
N. Ahmed, F.Q. Mir, Fabrication of a cost effective ceramic microfiltration membrane by utilizing local Kashmir Clay. Trans. Indian Ceram. Soc. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1080/0371750X.2020.1864663
R. JamshidiGohari, F. Korminouri, W.J. Lau, A.F. Ismail, T. Matsuura, M.N.K. Chowdhury, E. Halakoo, M.S. JamshidiGohari, A novel super-hydrophilic PSf/HAO nanocomposite ultrafiltration membrane for efficient separation of oil/water emulsion. Sep. Purif. Technol. 150, 13–20 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2015.06.031
N. Ahmed, F.Q. Mir, Box-Behnken design for optimization of iron removal by hybrid oxidation–microfiltration process using ceramic membrane. J. Mater. Sci. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-022-07567-0
M.C. Almandoz, J. Marchese, P. Prádanos, L. Palacio, A. Hernández, Preparation and characterization of non-supported microfiltration membranes from aluminosilicates. J. Membr. Sci. 241, 95–103 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2004.03.045
S. Caprarescu, A.R. Miron, V. Purcar, A.-L. Radu, A. Sarbu, D. Ion-Ebrasu, L.-I. Atanase, M. Ghiurea, Efficient removal of Indigo Carmine dye by a separation process. Water Sci. Technol. 74, 2462–2473 (2016). https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.388
J. Hermia, Constant pressure blocking filtration laws, application to power-law non-Newtonian fluids. Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng. 60, 183–187 (1982)
Y.-F. Chen, M.-C. Wang, M.-H. Hon, Phase transformation and growth of mullite in kaolin ceramics. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 24(8), 2389–2397 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2219(03)00631-9
Š Csáki, I. Štubňa, T. Kaljuvee, P. Dobroň, F. Lukáč, A. Trník, Electric properties of anorthite ceramics prepared from illitic clay and oil shale ash. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 21, 4164–4173 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.11.030
A. Harabi, S. Zaiou, A. Guechi, L. Foughali, E. Harabi, N.-E. Karboua, S. Zouai, F.-Z. Mezahi, F. Guerfa, Mechanical properties of anorthite based ceramics prepared from kaolin DD2 and calcite. Cerâmica 63, 311–317 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1590/0366-69132017633672020
S. Emani, R. Uppaluri, M.K. Purkait, Preparation and characterization of low cost ceramic membranes for mosambi juice clarification. Desalination 317, 32–40 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2013.02.024
D. Vasanth, R. Uppaluri, G. Pugazhenthi, Influence of sintering temperature on the properties of porous ceramic support prepared by uniaxial dry compaction method using low-cost raw materials for membrane applications. Sep. Sci. Technol. 46(8), 1241–1249 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2011.556097
S. Emani, R. Uppaluri, M.K. Purkait, Microfiltration of oil–water emulsions using low cost ceramic membranes prepared with the uniaxial dry compaction method. Ceram. Int. 40, 1155–1164 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.06.117
F. Bouzerara, A. Harabi, S. Achour, A. Larbot, Porous ceramic supports for membranes prepared from kaolin and doloma mixtures. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 26, 1663–1671 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2005.03.244
B.K. Nandi, R. Uppaluri, M.K. Purkait, Identification of optimal membrane morphological parameters during microfiltration of mosambi juice using low cost ceramic membranes. LWT - Food Sci. Technol. 44(1), 214–223 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2010.06.026
J. Yadav, O. Sahu, Malachite green dye purification from effluent using synthesized ceramic clay: characterisation; optimization and scale up. Ceram. Int. 49, 24831–24851 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.05.010
N. Hilal, H. Al-Zoubi, N.A. Darwish, A.W. Mohamma, M. Abu Arabi, A comprehensive review of nanofiltration membranes: treatment, pretreatment, modelling, and atomic force microscopy. Desalination 170, 281–308 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2004.01.007
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the Central Research Facility (CRF), National Institute of Technology, Srinagar for helping with the XRD and FESEM analysis of the samples.
Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Nasir Ahmed: Investigation, Data curation, Formal analysis, Software, Validation, Writing-Original Draft, Visualization. Fasil Qayoom Mir: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing—Review & Editing, Supervision, Project administration, Resources.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Highlights
• Detailed development and application of pure Kashmir clay ceramic membranes is reported.
• The membranes exhibit tunable porosity (14.45-57.05%), pore size (13.05-189.96 nm), and water permeability (0.22-37.7 × 10-8 m3/m2.s.kPa) depending on fabrication conditions.
• Membrane S3P4T1 achieved a maximum rejection of 98.54% at pH 1 for Indigo carmine, revealing a significant influence of solution pH on dye separation.
• Fouling analysis revealed cake filtration to be the dominant form of fouling during dye removal.
• Kashmir clay is a promising material for the development of ceramic membranes.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Ahmed, N., Mir, F.Q. A comprehensive study on the development of ceramic membranes from natural Kashmir clay and its application in pH-mediated removal of Indigo carmine dye. emergent mater. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42247-024-00695-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42247-024-00695-0