Abstract
The search for potent plastic-degrading bacteria has been a focal point of research over the recent decades to develop sustainable methods for plastic waste management. Despite promising results at the laboratory scale, replicating the same at the field scale has been limited. Natural extremophilic conditions of the landfill host many plastic-degrading bacteria, and recently, culture-independent Next-Generation Sequencing metagenomics approaches are being adopted to screen them and exploit their utilities. However, one of the main challenges is the difficulty in designing the optimum artificial test conditions for understanding the growth and metabolic activities of the concerned microorganisms. In the current study using precision metagenomics, genes coding for PET and PHA degrading enzymes were screened from a landfill-mined soil-like fraction (LMSF) sample, with landfill soil under a freshly deposited waste dump acting as the control. Subsequently, thorough geoenvironmental characterization of the samples was performed to generate an understanding of the growth conditions of the microorganisms. Genes encoding for MHETase outpopulated the genes encoding for PETase in LMSF, while the reverse trend was observed in the control. The abundance and taxonomic distribution of the hosts containing genes of PETase and MHETase enzymes in the samples, when co-related with the FTIR spectra of the samples, indicated that the PET residues might have possibly degraded to MHET under natural conditions. Usually, commercial composts, which are already a market-ready product for the agriculture sector, are used for polymer composting, which is not sustainable in the long run. The structural and functional patterns of the microbes obtained in the metagenomics study and permissible levels of leachable heavy metals generate promise for the landfill-mined soil-like fractions to be potentially used for polymer degradation. Alongside this, the presence of a monotypic oceanic genus Plesiocystis in the landfill environment was confirmed, which is of utmost importance to the field of microbial ecology.
Graphical Abstract
Highlights
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Variation of microbial diversity in landfill associated geoenvironments with differential exposure to extremophilic conditions.
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Distribution of genes encoding PET and PHA degrading enzymes and the taxonomy their corresponding hosts.
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Characterization of geoenvironment in which the plastic degrading microorganisms thrive.
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Presence of monotypic oceanic genus Plesiocystis in landfill environment.
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Data availability
The raw FASTQ files is available in the NCBI SRA Database with accession numbers SRR22269315 and SRR22269685 under Bioproject PRJNA901058.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge and thank the following for providing support with analytical facilities: a. Central Instruments Facility (CIF), North East Centre for Biological Sciences and Healthcare Engineering (NECBH) and Centre for Environment at Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati for XRD, FESEM, and FTIR, respectively. b. Sophisticated Analytical Instruments Facility (SAIF), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay for CHNS analyzer. c. National Centre for Earth Science Studies (NCESS) for XRF. d. National Genomics Core (NGC) at National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani for Next-Generation Sequencing. The authors would also like to thank Prof. Lingaraj Sahoo of the Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering IIT Guwahati and Ms Debolina Ghosh of the Centre for Environment IIT Guwahati for their input and continued support. The authors thank the Ministry of Education, Government of India, for supporting the research through the Contingency Fund of the Prime Minister’s Research Fellowship Scheme granted to Arnab Banerjee (Grant No. 1900810).
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Banerjee, A., Chah, C.N., Dhal, M.K. et al. Microenvironment of Landfill-Mined Soil-Like Fractions (LMSF): Evaluating the Polymer Composting Potential Using Metagenomics and Geoenvironmental Characterization. Int J Environ Res 18, 49 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-024-00598-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-024-00598-2