Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Process parameters and surface treatment effects on the mechanical and corrosion resistance properties of Ti6Al4V components produced by laser powder bed fusion

  • Full Research Article
  • Published:
Progress in Additive Manufacturing Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Laser powder bed fusion is one of the additive manufacturing technologies which has developed more rapidly in recent years as it enables the production of very complex geometries. Titanium alloys are among the most popular materials in the aerospace industry thanks to excellent mechanical and corrosion resistance. The corrosion behavior and mechanical properties of samples made of Ti6Al4V and characterized by the geometrical features typical of brackets were investigated taking into account the effects of process parameters on porosity and microstructure. A comparison between the corrosion resistance of samples with complex geometry (3D) and specimens characterized by simple geometry (FLAT) was carried out to understand the role of the part geometry in the passive film formation mechanism, also highlighting the effect of the lack of passivation film formed naturally by exposure to air. Finally, the samples with complex geometry were anodized in a fluoride-free aqueous solution and the corrosion resistance was evaluated.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Data are fully available on request.

References

  1. Pal S, Gubeljak N, Hudak R, Lojen G, Rajtukova V, Predan J, Kokol V, Drstvensek I (2019) Tensile properties of selective laser melting products affected by building orientation and energy density. Mater Sci Eng A 743:637–647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.11.130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Gusarov AV, Grigoriev SN, Volosova MA, Melnik YA, Laskin A, Kotoban DV, Okunkova AA (2018) On productivity of laser additive manufacturing. J Mater Process Technol 261:213–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.05.033

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Liu S, Shin YC (2019) Additive manufacturing of Ti6Al4V alloy: a review. Mater Des 164:107552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.107552

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Shipley H, McDonnell D, Culleton M, Coull R, Lupoi R, O’Donnell G, Trimble D (2018) Optimisation of process parameters to address fundamental challenges during selective laser melting of Ti-6Al-4V: a review. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 128:1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2018.01.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Al-Mamun NS, MairajDeen K, Haider W, Asselin E, Shabib I (2020) Corrosion behavior and biocompatibility of additively manufactured 316L stainless steel in a physiological environment: the effect of citrate ions. Addit Manuf 34:101237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Esmaily M, Zeng Z, Mortazavi AN, Gullino A, Choudhary S, Derra T, Benn F, D’Elia F, Müther M, Thomas S, Huang A, Allanore A, Kopp A, Birbilis N (2020) A detailed microstructural and corrosion analysis of magnesium alloy WE43 manufactured by selective laser melting, addit. Manuf 35:101321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101321

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Metalnikov P, Ben-Hamu G, Eliezer D (2022) Corrosion behavior of AM-Ti-6Al-4V: a comparison between EBM and SLM. Prog Addit Manuf 7:509–520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-022-00293-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Mehta S, Jha S, Liang H (2022) Corrosion of nickel-based alloys fabricated through additive manufacturing: a review. Prog Addit Manuf. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-022-00298-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Toptan F, Alves AC, Carvalho Ó, Bartolomeu F, Pinto AMP, Silva F, Miranda G (2019) Corrosion and tribocorrosion behaviour of Ti6Al4V produced by selective laser melting and hot pressing in comparison with the commercial alloy. J Mater Process Technol 266:239–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.11.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Leon A, Levy GK, Ron T, Shirizly A, Aghion E (2020) The effect of hot isostatic pressure on the corrosion performance of Ti-6Al-4 V produced by an electron-beam melting additive manufacturing process. Addit Manuf 33:101039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101039

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. De Assis SL, Wolynec S, Costa I (2006) Corrosion characterization of titanium alloys by electrochemical techniques. Electrochim Acta 51:1815–1819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2005.02.121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Qin T, Lin X, Yu J, Wang M, Guo P, Li J, Zhang Y, Liu J, Zhang S, Huang W (2021) Performance of different microstructure on electrochemical behaviors of laser solid formed Ti–6Al–4V alloy in NaCl solution. Corros Sci 185:109392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2021.109392

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Il Seo D, Lee JB (2020) Effects of competitive anion adsorption (Br− or Cl−) and semiconducting properties of the passive films on the corrosion behavior of the additively manufactured Ti–6Al–4V alloys. Corros Sci 173:108789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2020.108789

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Longhitano GA, Conde A, Arenas MA, Jardini AL, de Zavaglia CAC, MacielFilho R, de Damborenea JJ (2021) Corrosion resistance improvement of additive manufactured scaffolds by anodizing. Electrochim Acta 366:137423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137423

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. de Damborenea JJ, Larosa MA, Arenas MA, Hernández-López JM, Jardini AL, Ierardi MCF, Zavaglia CAC, Filho RM, Conde A (2015) Functionalization of Ti6Al4V scaffolds produced by direct metal laser for biomedical applications. Mater Des 83:6–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.05.078

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Yin J, Peng G, Chen C, Yang J, Zhu H, Ke L, Wang Z, Wang D, Ma M, Wang G, Zeng X (2018) Thermal behavior and grain growth orientation during selective laser melting of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. J Mater Process Technol 260:57–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.04.035

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Dai N, Zhang LC, Zhang J, Chen Q, Wu M (2016) Corrosion behavior of selective laser melted Ti-6Al-4 V alloy in NaCl solution. Corros Sci 102:484–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2015.10.041

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Dabrowski B, Swieszkowski W, Godlinski D, Kurzydlowski KJ (2010) Highly porous titanium scaffolds for orthopaedic applications. J Biomed Mater Res Part B Appl Biomater 95:53–61. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.31682

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Seah KHW, Thampuran R, Teoh SH (1998) The influence of pore morphology on corrosion. Corros Sci 40:547–556. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-938X(97)00152-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Xie FX, He XB, Cao SL, Lu X, Qu XH (2013) Structural characterization and electrochemical behavior of a laser-sintered porous Ti-10Mo alloy. Corros Sci 67:217–224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Shi G, Guan C, Quan D, Wu D, Tang L, Gao T (2020) An aerospace bracket designed by thermo-elastic topology optimization and manufactured by additive manufacturing. Chin J Aeronaut 33:1252–1259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cja.2019.09.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Barriobero-Vila P, Gussone J, Haubrich J, Sandlöbes S, Da Silva JC, Cloetens P, Schell N, G. (2017) Requena, Inducing stable α + β microstructures during selective laser melting of Ti-6Al-4V using intensified intrinsic heat treatments. Materials (Basel). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10030268

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Liu Y, Yang Y, Wang D (2016) A study on the residual stress during selective laser melting (SLM) of metallic powder. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 87:647–656. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-016-8466-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. HemmasianEttefagh A, Zeng C, Guo S, Raush J (2019) Corrosion behavior of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V parts and the effect of post annealing, addit. Manuf 28:252–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.05.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Robinson JH, Ashton IRT, Jones E, Fox P, Sutcliffe C (2019) The effect of hatch angle rotation on parts manufactured using selective laser melting. Rapid Prototyp J 25:289–298. https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-06-2017-0111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Ohmori Y, Nakai K, Ohtsubo H, Tsunofuri M (1994) Formation of widmastätten alpha structure in a Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Mater Transac JIM 35:238–246. https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans1989.35.238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Tamilselvi S, Murugaraj R, Rajendran N (2007) Electrochemical impedance spectroscopic studies of titanium and its alloys in saline medium. Mater Corros 58:113–120. https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.200603979

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Di Franco F, Zaffora A, Santamaria M, Di Quarto F (2018) Anodization and anodic oxides. In: Wandelt K (ed) Encyclopedia of interfacial chemistry: surface science and electrochemistry, vol 6. Elsevier, pp 26–40

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  29. Tanvir MT, Fushimi K, Shimizu K, Nagata S, Skeldon P, Thompson GE, Habazaki H (2007) Influence of silicon on the growth of barrier-type anodic films on titanium. Electrochim Acta 52:6834–6840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2007.04.113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Pourbaix M, Zhang H, Pourbaix A (1997) Presentation of an Atlas of chemical and electrochemical equilibria in the presence of a gaseous phase. Mater Sci Forum 251–254:143–148. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.251-254.143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Di Quarto F, Di Franco F, Monarca C, Santamaria M, Habazaki H (2013) Photoelectrochemical characterization of amorphous anodic films on Ti–6at.%Si. Electrochim Acta 110:517–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.01.120

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

Regione Siciliana.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy

    Gianluca Buffa, Dina Palmeri, Gaetano Pollara, Francesco Di Franco, Monica Santamaria & Livan Fratini

Authors
  1. Gianluca Buffa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dina Palmeri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Gaetano Pollara
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Francesco Di Franco
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Monica Santamaria
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Livan Fratini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Livan Fratini.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Buffa, G., Palmeri, D., Pollara, G. et al. Process parameters and surface treatment effects on the mechanical and corrosion resistance properties of Ti6Al4V components produced by laser powder bed fusion. Prog Addit Manuf 9, 151–167 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-023-00440-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-023-00440-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation