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Camelid Single-Domain Antibodies for the Development of Potent Diagnosis Platforms

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Abstract

The distinct biophysical and pharmaceutical properties of camelid single-domain antibodies, referred to as VHHs or nanobodies, are associated with their nanometric dimensions, elevated stability, and antigen recognition capacity. These biomolecules can circumvent a number of diagnostic system limitations, especially those related to the size and stability of conventional immunoglobulins currently used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and point-of-care, electrochemical, and imaging assays. In these formats, VHHs are directionally conjugated to different molecules, such as metallic nanoparticles, small peptides, and radioisotopes, which demonstrates their comprehensive versatility. Thus, the application of VHHs in diagnostic systems range from the identification of cancer cells to the detection of degenerative disease biomarkers, viral antigens, bacterial toxins, and insecticides. The improvements of sensitivity and specificity are among the central benefits resulting from the use of VHHs, which are indispensable parameters for high-quality diagnostics. Therefore, this review highlights the main biotechnological advances related to camelid single-domain antibodies and their use in in vitro and in vivo diagnostic approaches for human health.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Amy Grabner for providing the English editing of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratório de Engenharia de Anticorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, 76812-245, Brazil

    Nairo Brilhante-da-Silva, Rosa Maria de Oliveira Sousa, Andrelisse Arruda, Eliza Lima dos Santos & Soraya dos Santos Pereira

  2. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, IOC, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Nairo Brilhante-da-Silva, Carla Freire Celedonio Fernandes & Soraya dos Santos Pereira

  3. Plataforma de Desenvolvimento de Anticorpos e Nanocorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Ceará, Eusebio, Brazil

    Anna Carolina Machado Marinho & Carla Freire Celedonio Fernandes

  4. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil

    Anna Carolina Machado Marinho & Carla Freire Celedonio Fernandes

  5. Plataforma Bi-institucional de Medicina Translacional.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil

    Rodrigo Guerino Stabeli

  6. Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil

    Soraya dos Santos Pereira

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  1. Nairo Brilhante-da-Silva
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  2. Rosa Maria de Oliveira Sousa
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  3. Andrelisse Arruda
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  4. Eliza Lima dos Santos
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  8. Soraya dos Santos Pereira
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Correspondence to Soraya dos Santos Pereira.

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The authors express their gratitude to Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Rondônia (FAPERO), and Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) for their financial support.

Conflicts of interest

Nairo Brilhante-Silva, Rosa Maria de Oliveira Sousa, Andrelisse Arruda, Eliza Lima dos Santos, Anna Carolina Machado Marinho, Rodrigo Guerino Stabeli, Carla Freire Celedonio Fernandes, and Soraya dos Santos Pereira have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.

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Author contribution

NBdS: conceptualization, data curation, writing-original draft. RMdOS: investigation, data curation, writing-review & editing. AA: formal analysis, writing-original draft, data curation, methodology. ELdS: Data curation, investigation, visualization. ACMM: writing-original draft, investigation. RGS: formal analysis, writing-review & editing. CFCF: formal analysis, data curation, writing-review & editing. SdSP: conceptualization, formal analysis, data curation, writing-original draft, supervision.

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Brilhante-da-Silva, N., de Oliveira Sousa, R.M., Arruda, A. et al. Camelid Single-Domain Antibodies for the Development of Potent Diagnosis Platforms. Mol Diagn Ther 25, 439–456 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40291-021-00533-7

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