Abstract
Ferroptosis is a newly recognized form of oxidative-regulated cell death resulting from iron-mediated lipid peroxidation accumulation. Radical-trapping antioxidant systems can eliminate these oxidized lipids and prevent disrupting the integrity of cell membranes. Epigenetic modifications can regulate ferroptosis by altering gene expression or cell phenotype without permanent sequence changes. These mechanisms include DNA methylation, histone modifications, RNA modifications, and noncoding RNAs. Epigenetic alterations in cancer can control the expression of ferroptosis regulators or related pathways, leading to changes in cell sensitivity to ferroptosis inducers or cancer progression. Epigenetic alterations in cancer are influenced by a wide range of cancer hallmarks, contributing to therapeutic resistance. Targeting epigenetic alterations is a promising approach to overcoming cancer resilience. However, the exact mechanisms involved in different types of cancer remain unresolved. Discovering more ferroptosis-associated epigenetic targets and interventions can help overcome current barriers in anticancer therapy. Many papers on epigenetic modifications of ferroptosis have been continuously published, making it essential to summarize the current state-of-the-art in the epigenetic regulation of ferroptosis in human cancer.
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Abbreviations
- ACSL4:
-
Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4
- ALOX12:
-
Arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase
- AML:
-
Acute myeloid leukemia
- AP-1:
-
Activator protein-1
- ARE:
-
Antioxidant response element
- ATF4:
-
Activating transcription factor 4
- AURKA:
-
Aurora kinase A
- BAP1:
-
BRCA1‑associated protein‑1
- BETf:
-
Bromodomain and extraterminal domain
- BH4 :
-
Tetrahydrobiopterin
- BRD4:
-
Bromodomain-containing protein 4
- ccRCC:
-
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma
- CD44v:
-
CD44 variant
- CDH1:
-
E-cadherin
- ceRNA:
-
Competing endogenous RNA
- CHMP:
-
Charged multivesicular body protein
- CGIs:
-
CpG islands
- CoQ:
-
Ubiquinone
- CoQ10:
-
Coenzyme Q10
- CoQH2 :
-
Ubiquinol
- CoA:
-
Coenzyme A
- circRNAs:
-
Circular non-coding RNAs
- CRC:
-
Colorectal cancer
- DHODH:
-
Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase
- DNMTs:
-
DNA methyltransferases;
- DPP4:
-
Dipeptidyl-peptidase-4;
- EMT:
-
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- ESCRT:
-
Endosomal sorting complexes required for transport
- FABP3:
-
Fatty acid-binding protein 3
- FADS2:
-
Fatty acid desaturase 2
- FAS1:
-
FAS-associated factor 1
- FSP1:
-
Ferroptosis suppressor protein 1
- FTH1:
-
Ferritin heavy chain 1
- GBM:
-
Glioblastoma multiforme
- GCH1:
-
Guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase 1
- GLUT1:
-
Glucose transporter type 1
- GPX4:
-
Glutathione peroxidase 4
- GSH:
-
Glutathione
- GSSG:
-
Glutathione disulfide
- H2Aub:
-
Histone H2A monoubiquitylation
- HATs:
-
Histone acetyltransferases
- HCC:
-
Hepatocellular carcinoma
- HDACi:
-
Histone deacetylase inhibitors
- HMGCR:
-
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase
- HNC:
-
Head and neck cancer
- IDH:
-
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
- iPLA2β:
-
Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2β
- IPP:
-
Isopentenyl pyrophosphate
- IREB2:
-
Iron-responsive element-binding protein 2
- Keap1:
-
Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
- 5mC:
-
5-Methylcytosine
- lncRNAs:
-
Long non-coding RNAs
- LSH:
-
Lymphoid-specific helicase
- m6A:
-
N6-Methyladenosine
- miRNAs:
-
MicroRNAs
- METTL:
-
Methyltransferases-like
- NADP:
-
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- ncRNAs:
-
Non-coding RNAs
- NF2:
-
Merlin
- Nrf2:
-
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- NSCLC:
-
Non-small cell lung cancer
- OTUB1:
-
Ubiquitin hydrolase otubain-1
- PCBP3:
-
Poly(rC)-binding protein 3
- PUFA:
-
Polyunsaturated fatty acid
- RCD:
-
Regulated cell death
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- RTA:
-
Radical-trapping antioxidant
- SCD1:
-
Stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1
- SIRT1:
-
Sirtuin 1
- SLC7A11 (xCT):
-
Solute carrier family 7 member 11
- SLC40A1:
-
Ferroportin
- system xc– :
-
Cystine/glutamate exchange transporter
- SUV39H1:
-
Suppressor of variegation 3–9 homolog 1
- TET:
-
Ten-eleven translocation
- TFR1:
-
Transferrin receptor 1
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Funding
This study was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant, funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT), Republic of Korea (No. 2019R1A2C2002259).
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Highlights
• Ferroptosis is a form of oxidative-regulated cell death caused by iron-mediated lipid peroxidation.
• Epigenetic modifications can regulate ferroptosis by altering gene expression or cell phenotype.
• Epigenetic mechanisms include DNA methylation, histone modifications, RNA modifications, and noncoding RNAs.
• Epigenetic modifications can affect cell sensitivity to ferroptosis inducers.
• Targeting epigenetic alterations is a promising approach to tackling cancer resilience.
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Lee, J., Roh, JL. Epigenetic modulation of ferroptosis in cancer: Identifying epigenetic targets for novel anticancer therapy. Cell Oncol. 46, 1605–1623 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13402-023-00840-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13402-023-00840-7