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Oil palm leaf-derived nanoporous carbon via hydrothermal carbonization combined with NaOH microwave activation for tetracycline adsorption

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Abstract

Generally, the increase in pharmaceutical industrial activities has led to a corresponding rise in water resource contamination. Efforts have been dedicated to addressing the urgent challenge of waste biomass disposal by developing recycling methods capable of producing bio-adsorbents. Adsorption is a promising approach for removing tetracycline contaminants, owing to its simplicity, stability, and cost-effectiveness. In this study, a low-cost activated biochar was successfully developed using oil palm leaf (OPL) via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) combined microwave-assisted pyrolysis system (MAPS) using sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The HTC and MAPS processes enhanced high mass yield, porosity, energy efficiency, and reduced reaction time. NaOH treatment improved the porosity of the activated biochar derived from OPL, resulting primarily in a mesoporous structure. However, NaOH treatment via the MAPS process increased surface area and porosity. Among the samples tested, OPLC-NaOH-1:1 exhibited the largest surface area and highest porosity, making it the chosen candidate for further TC adsorption tests. The adsorption experiments revealed that the Langmuir isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model accurately matched the experimental data, suggesting a mono-layered adsorption mechanism due to micropores and chemisorption interactions. Additionally, thermodynamic analysis indicated an endothermic and spontaneous reaction during the adsorption process. The adsorption of nanoporous carbon for TC was primarily regulated by pore filling, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic effects, and π-π interactions also playing a significant role. Overall, this study highlights the potential of utilizing OPL waste as a sustainable material for producing nanoporous carbon and underscores the effectiveness of nanoporous carbon for adsorbing antibiotics.

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by a research grant from the Nanotechnology and Material Analytical Instrument Service Unit (NMIS), College of Materials Innovation and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering. The authors acknowledge King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang for facility support.

Funding

This research was funded by the School of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, KMITL (2565–02-01–019).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Ladkrabang, 10520, Bangkok, Thailand

    Sirayu Chanpee, Naruemon Apinyakul & Pornsawan Assawasaengrat

  2. Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand

    Napat Kaewtrakulchai

  3. National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, 111 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong Nueng, Klong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand

    Narathon Khemasiri

  4. College of Materials Innovation and Technology, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Ladkrabang, 10520, Bangkok, Thailand

    Apiluck Eiad-ua

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  1. Sirayu Chanpee
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Contributions

Sirayu Chanpee conceived and designed the research. Sirayu Chanpee and Napat Kaewtrakulchai conducted the experiments and synthesized the nanoporous carbon. Sirayu Chanpee and Naruemon Apinyakul conducted the physicochemical and structural characterization of the nanoporous. Naruemon Apinyakul and Narathon Khemasiri tested the tetracycline adsorption performance of the nanoporous carbon. Napat Kaewtrakulchai and Apiluck Eiad-ua wrote the paper. Apiluck Eiad-ua and Pornsawan Assawasaengrat reviewed and edited the manuscript. Napat Kaewtrakulchai, Apiluck Eiad-ua, and Pornsawan Assawasaengrat revised the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Pornsawan Assawasaengrat.

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Highlights

• Oil palm leaf as a sustainable raw material for NPC synthesis is proposed.

• Activated carbon with relatively high surface area is achieved using NaOH activation.

• Microwave-assisted NaOH activation has a great potential to synthesize NPC with relatively high surface area.

• Pore filling, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic effects, and π-π interactions play the role on TC adsorption process.

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Chanpee, S., Apinyakul, N., Kaewtrakulchai, N. et al. Oil palm leaf-derived nanoporous carbon via hydrothermal carbonization combined with NaOH microwave activation for tetracycline adsorption. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-05661-8

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