Abstract
In this study, the effects of wind and seismic loads on 5, 10, and 15 story steel buildings with different bracing systems were investigated. Linear static and nonlinear dynamic analyses were performed to assess the base shear, base moment, and story drift for all bracing systems. In addition, the cost analysis was taken into consideration. Five structural configurations were used: V-bracing, inverted V-bracing, one-story X-bracing, and multistory X-bracing. One of the most important features of a building is lateral stiffness, which defines the resistance to displacement under seismic and wind loads, at the same time, the lateral stiffness has a major impact on the natural time of the structure. Reducing displacement and cost in the structures indicates that the design is safe and economical. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to find the best bracing system that causes minimum displacement, which indicates maximum lateral stiffness. From this point of view, the behavior of bracing systems exposed to wind and seismic loads in buildings with different stories was investigated. Static linear analysis results showed that the best bracing systems to reduce lateral displacement were the one-story X-bracing system for 5 and 15 story buildings and the V-bracing system for 10 story buildings. On the other hand, nonlinear dynamic analysis results showed that lateral displacement was minimum in unbraced, V-bracing, and one-story X-bracing systems for 5, 10, and 15 stories, respectively.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Al-Safi, S., Alameri, I. A., Badhib, R. A. M., & Kuleib, M. (2020). Evaluation of performance-based earthquake engineering in Yemen. Challenge Journal of Structural Mechanics, 6(1), 10–22. https://doi.org/10.20528/cjsmec.2020.01.002.
ANSI/AISC 360-16. (2016). Specification for structural steel buildings. Chicago: American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC).
ASCE/SEI 7-10. (2010). Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers.
Baradaran, M., & Madhkhan, M. (2019). Determination of optimal configuration for mega bracing systems in steel frames using genetic algorithm. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 23(8), 3616–3627. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-019-2369-z.
Bazzaz, M., Andalib, Z., Kheyroddin, A., & Kafi, M. A. (2015). Numerical comparison of the seismic performance of steel rings in off-centre bracing system and diagonal bracing system. Steel and Composite Structures, 19(4), 917–937.
Bazzaz, M., Kafi, M. A., Kheyroddin, A., Andalib, Z., & Esmaeili, H. (2014). Evaluating the seismic performance of off-centre bracing system with circular element in optimum place. International Journal of Steel Structures, 14(2), 293–304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-014-2009-x.
Buyuktaskin, A. H. A. (2017). A study on the comparison of a steel building with braced frames and with RC walls. Earthquakes and Structures, 12(3), 263–270.
Chaudhuri, A. S. (2013). Utility of eccentric bracing frames in seismic-resistant, sustainable steel building. In S. Chakraborty & G. Bhattacharya (Eds.), Proceedings of the international symposium on engineering under uncertainty: Safety assessment and management (ISEUSAM—2012) (pp. 905–911). Delhi: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-0757-3_61
Davaran, A. (2019). Stability analysis and design of double shear lap bolted connections in steel x-bracing systems. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 153, 31–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2018.09.031.
Di Sarno, L., & Elnashai, A. S. (2009). Bracing systems for seismic retrofitting of steel frames. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 65(2), 452–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2008.02.013.
Elnashai, A. S., & Di Sarno, L. (2008). Fundamentals of earthquake engineering. Chichester: Wiley.
Ghaffarzadeh, H., & Maheri, M. R. (2006). Mechanical compression release device in steel bracing system for retrofitting RC frames. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 5(1), 151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-006-0626-x.
Ghowsi, A. F., & Sahoo, D. R. (2015). Performance of medium-rise buckling-restrained braced frame under near field earthquakes. In V. Matsagar (Ed.), Advances in structural engineering (pp. 841–854). New Delhi: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2193-7_66.
IBC. (2012). International Building Code. Falls Church, VA: International Code Council.
Jiang, J., Li, G.-Q., & Usmani, A. (2015). Effect of bracing systems on fire-induced progressive collapse of steel structures using opensees. Fire Technology, 51(5), 1249–1273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-014-0451-0.
Kazemi, M., Kafi, M. A., Hajforoush, M., & Kheyroddin, A. (2020). Cyclic behaviour of steel ring filled with compressive plastic or concrete, installed in the concentric bracing system. Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, 21(1), 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-019-00181-7.
Lai, J.-W., & Mahin, S. A. (2014). Steel concentrically braced frames using tubular structural sections as bracing members: Design, full-scale testing and numerical simulation. International Journal of Steel Structures, 14(1), 43–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-014-1006-4.
Maheri, M. R., & Yazdani, S. (2016). Seismic performance of different types of connections between steel bracing and RC frames. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering, 40(4), 287–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-016-0034-z.
Mirjalali, H., Ghasemi, M., & Labbafzadeh, M. S. (2019). Effect of bracing type and topology on progressive collapse resistance of eccentrically braced frames. International Journal of Steel Structures, 19(5), 1497–1510. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-019-00225-3.
Mohsenian, V., Filizadeh, R., Ozdemir, Z., & Hajirasouliha, I. (2020). Seismic performance evaluation of deficient steel moment-resisting frames retrofitted by vertical link elements. Structures, 26, 724–736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2020.04.043.
Moon, J., Yoon, K.-Y., Han, T.-S., & Lee, H.-E. (2008). Out-of-plane buckling and design of X-bracing systems with discontinuous diagonals. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 64(3), 285–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2007.07.008.
Naderpour, M. N., & Aghakouchak, A. A. (2018). Probabilistic damage assessment of concentrically braced frames with built up braces. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 147, 191–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2018.04.011.
Nassani, D. E., Hussein, A. K., & Mohammed, A. H. (2017). Comparative response assessment of steel frames with different bracing systems under seismic effect. Structures, 11, 229–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2017.06.006.
Palmer, K. D., Roeder, C. W., Lehman, D. E., Okazaki, T., Shield, C. K., & Powell, J. (2012). Concentric X-braced frames with HSS bracing. International Journal of Steel Structures, 12(3), 443–459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-012-3012-8.
Ragni, L., Zona, A., & Dall’Asta, A. (2011). Analytical expressions for preliminary design of dissipative bracing systems in steel frames. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 67(1), 102–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2010.07.006.
Rahimi, A., & Maheri, M. R. (2018). The effects of retrofitting RC frames by X-bracing on the seismic performance of columns. Engineering Structures, 173, 813–830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.07.003.
Rezvani, F. H., Taghizadeh, M. A. M., & Ronagh, H. R. (2017). Effect of inverted-V bracing on retrofitting against progressive collapse of steel moment resisting frames. International Journal of Steel Structures, 17(3), 1103–1113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-017-9019-4.
Roeder, C. W., Lehman, D. E., Clark, K., Powell, J., Yoo, J.-H., Tsai, K.-C., et al. (2011). Influence of gusset plate connections and braces on the seismic performance of X-braced frames. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 40(4), 355–374. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.1024.
Salmasi, A Ch., & Sheidaii, M. R. (2017). Assessment of eccentrically braced frames strength against progressive collapse. International Journal of Steel Structures, 17(2), 543–551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-017-6014-8.
Semko, V., & Prokhorenko, D. (2013). Effect of bracing systems on overall stability and deformability of cold-formed steel roofing structures. In K. Jármai & J. Farkas (Eds.), Design, fabrication and economy of metal structures (pp. 229–234). Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36691-8_35.
Shamivand, A., & Akbari, J. (2020). Ring-shaped lateral bracing system for steel structures. International Journal of Steel Structures, 20(2), 493–503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-019-00299-z.
Tajmir Riahi, H., Zeynalian, M., Rabiei, A., & Ferdosi, E. (2020). Seismic collapse assessment of K-shaped bracings in cold-formed steel frames. Structures, 25, 256–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2020.03.013.
Tenchini, A., D’Aniello, M., Rebelo, C., Landolfo, R., da Silva, L. S., & Lima, L. (2016). High strength steel in chevron concentrically braced frames designed according to Eurocode 8. Engineering Structures, 124, 167–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.06.001.
Yahyai, M., & Rezayibana, B. (2015). A simplified methodology to determine damping for special concentrically-braced frames. International Journal of Steel Structures, 15(3), 541–555. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-015-9003-9.
Yeom, H.-J., & Yoo, J.-H. (2018). Analytical investigation on seismic behavior of inverted V-braced frames. International Journal of Steel Structures, 18(1), 189–198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-018-0315-4.
Yoo, J.-H., Roeder, C. W., & Lehman, D. E. (2009). Simulated behavior of multi-story X-braced frames. Engineering Structures, 31(1), 182–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2008.07.019.
Zahrai, S. M., & Bolandi, H. (2019). Numerical study on the impact of out-of-plane eccentricity on lateral behavior of concentrically braced frames. International Journal of Steel Structures, 19(2), 341–350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-018-0119-6.
Zeng, L., Zhang, W., & Ding, Y. (2019). Representative strain-based fatigue and fracture evaluation of I-shaped steel bracing members using the fiber model. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 160, 476–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2019.05.051.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Al-Safi, S., Alameri, I., Wasel, W.A. et al. Linear and Nonlinear Behavior of Steel Buildings with Different Bracing Systems. Int J Steel Struct 21, 475–486 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-020-00450-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-020-00450-1