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Proximate Composition, Antioxidant Activity, Mineral and Lipid Profiling of Spent Coffee Grounds Collected in Morocco Reveal a Great Potential of Valorization

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Abstract

Purpose

Spent coffee grounds (SCGs) are a great pollution hazard towards the environment. However, SCGs may offer important opportunities of valorization. Here, we aimed at assessing SCGs valorization potential through physicochemical characterization.

Methods

Proximate composition and SCG oil physicochemical traits were determined using official analytical methods. Mineral profiling was performed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) along with antioxidant activity were also determined.

Results

Proximate composition varied greatly among samples: Oil content (8.58 ± 0.01–18.55 ± 0.01%), protein content (13.87 ± 1.12–16.12 ± 1.30%), ash content (2.16 ± 0.01–3.61 ± 0.01%), and carbohydrates content (61.76 ± 1.21–70.37 ± 1.21%). Major elements were K (8323.23 ± 974.00), Ca (6181.18 ± 500.67), and Mg (2526.51 ± 204.64 mg kg−1). SCGs oil was rich in linoleic acid (43.20 ± 2.19%), palmitic acid (31.78 ± 2.02%), and oleic acid (12.68 ± 1.15%). Likewise, β-sitosterol was the most abundant sterol (44.70 ± 0.01%). SCGs contained important TFC (up to 32.18 ± 0.41 mg QE g–1) and TPC (up to 57.48 ± 0.10 mg GAE g–1) with great antioxidant activity as revealed by ABTS (up to 2.22 ± 0.01 mmol TE g−1), DPPH (up to 92.12 ± 0.22%) and FRAP (up to 93.94 ± 6.19 mg TE g−1) as well as DPPH IC50 (up to 53.73 ± 1.03 µg mL−1).

Conclusion

SCGs, given their investigated physicochemical properties, present promising valorization opportunities for environment, food industry, pharmaceutical fields and agricultural sector.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Mr. Brahim BIJLA for his kind technical assistance. This work was performed in the frame of the Project Valorization of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (3rd edition, VPMA3 2021/09), funded by the National Agency of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (Taounate, Morocco) and National Center for Scientific and Technical Research (CNRST, Morocco).

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The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Physicochemistry of Natural Environments, Materials and Environment Team, Laboratory of Biotechnology, Materials and Environment, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, Ibn-Zohr University, 83000, Taroudant, Morocco

    Laila Bijla, Mohamed Ibourki, Hasna Ait Bouzid, Abdellatif Laknifli & Said Gharby

  2. African Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute (ASARI), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Laayoune, Morocco

    Mohamed Ibourki

  3. Laboratory of Applied Botany, FS, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco

    El Hassan Sakar

  4. Bioprocesses and Environment Team, Superior School of Technology, Ibn-Zohr University, 80000, Agadir, Morocco

    Rabha Aissa

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  1. Laila Bijla
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  2. Mohamed Ibourki
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  3. Hasna Ait Bouzid
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  4. El Hassan Sakar
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  5. Rabha Aissa
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  6. Abdellatif Laknifli
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  7. Said Gharby
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by LB, HAB and MI. The first draft of the manuscript was written by LB. Statistical analyses, investigation and visualization, were realized by EHS. Reviewing the entire manuscript and editing were carried out by RA and AL. Methodology, project administration, supervision, validation, writing, reviewing and editing were performed by SG, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Said Gharby.

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Bijla, L., Ibourki, M., Bouzid, H.A. et al. Proximate Composition, Antioxidant Activity, Mineral and Lipid Profiling of Spent Coffee Grounds Collected in Morocco Reveal a Great Potential of Valorization. Waste Biomass Valor 13, 4495–4510 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-022-01808-8

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