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Synthesis methods and applications of high entropy nanoparticles

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Abstract

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are an important research direction in the materials science field and engineering field. Different from traditional alloys which usually contain only one basic element and infrequently two, HEAs are made up of many major elements in much larger numbers. With impressive mechanical properties, impressive corrosion resistance and superior thermal stability, HEAs offer overwhelming advantages over conventional alloys. HEAs have received a lot of attention due to its unique concept and performance. In recent years, many researchers have prepared HEAs at the nanometer level, and the obtained high-entropy nanoparticles (HEA-NPs) have been extensively used in multifarious fields. This paper reviews the main characteristics, core effects, conventional synthesis methods and their applications in various fields of HEA-NPs. Furthermore, the vast space to be explored is discussed and the future development direction and outlook are outlined productively.

Graphical abstract

摘要

高熵合金(HEAs)是材料科学和工程领域的一个重要研究方向。传统合金通常只含有一种基本元素，很少含有两种，不同于传统合金，HEAs由大量的主要元素组成。HEAs具有令人印象深刻的机械性能，令人印象深刻的耐腐蚀性和优越的热稳定性，与传统合金相比具有压倒性的优势。HEAs以其独特的概念和性能受到了广泛的关注。近年来，许多研究者在纳米水平上制备了HEAs，得到的高熵纳米粒子(HEA-NPs)已广泛应用于各个领域。本文综述了HEA-NPs的主要特点、核心效应、常规合成方法及其在各个领域的应用。探讨了有待探索的广阔空间，并对未来的发展方向和前景进行了富有成效的展望。

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Fig. 1
Scheme 1
Fig. 2

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [39]. Copyright 2013, Elsevier. b Schematic representation of proposed differences in lattice potential energy distributions along atomic diffusion paths in pure elements or dilute solid solutions (top) and HEA lattices (bottom). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [4]. Copyright 2016, Taylor & Francis Group. c Schematic representation of strain lattice in HEA. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [40]. Copyright 2013, Springer. d EBSD phase maps after heat-treatment of NbTaTiV and NbTaTiVZr and 1D concentration depth profiles of homogenized both HEAs components. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [43]. Copyright 2020, Wiley–VCH

Scheme 2
Fig. 3

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [53]. Copyright 2020, Wiley–VCH. e Schematic representation of sample preparation and time evolution of temperature during 55-ms thermal shock; f microscopic images of fine precursor salt particles on carbon nanofibers (CNFs) support before thermal shock and well-dispersed (PtNi) nanoparticles synthesized after CTS; g low power single particle element diagram, high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) image and corresponding atom diagram of binary PtNi alloy and HEA-NP element diagram composed of eight different elements, scale bars: 10 nm. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [31]. Copyright 2018, American Association for the Advancement of Science

Fig. 4

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [63]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier. e Composition and grain size distribution of various alloys observed in 0 at% Ti and 7 at% Ti; f representative selection diffraction patterns of HEAs. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [64]. Copyright 2017, Elsevier

Fig. 5

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [69]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. e Table of contents (TOC) diagram of material synthesis characterization and testing; f TEM micrographs of HEO powder, low and high magnification, selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern, particle size histograms and XRD patterns; g HAADF-STEM image and EDS elemental map of HEO nanoparticles calcined at 950 °C. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [70]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier

Fig. 6

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [83]. Copyright 2019, The Royal Society of Chemistry

Fig. 7

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [94]. Copyright 2019, The Royal Society of Chemistry. c Composition analysis diagram endothermic proof diagram and extended X-ray absorption fine structure, where S/kB is calculated configurational entropy in an N-component solid solutions as a function of mol% of the Nth component, abscissa k is photo electron wave. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [92]. Copyright 2015, Springer Nature Limited. d Characteristic XRD patterns of medium and high entropy NAs; e STEM-EDS of different HEA-NPs; f elemental characteristics of Rh0.5Pt0.5NA samples; g elemental characteristics of Rh0.5Ru0.5NA samples. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [95]. Copyright 2019, Wiley–VCH

Fig. 8

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [103]. Copyright 2020, Springer Nature Limited. d SEM images and XRD patterns of mechanically activated mixture HfNbTaTiZr, combustion products, and spark plasma-sintered high entropy nitrides; e diagram of elements corresponding to three products; f plot of fracture toughness versus hardness, and measurements for high-entropy nitrides and previously reported ceramics. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [105]. Copyright 2020, Springer Nature Limited

Scheme 3
Fig. 9

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [126]. Copyright 2020, The Royal Society of Chemistry. d HER polarization curves of us-HEA/C, precursor, C, commercial Rh/C, commercial Pt/C before and after electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) standardization and specific activities of ECSA; e HER polarization curves after standardized flat metal mass loading, where mass activities at different potentials were quantitatively compared and us-HEA/C quality activities with use of actual precious metal catalysts were compared; f comparison of turnover frequencies of us-HEA/C and other advanced noble metal catalysts reported previously. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [127]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society

Fig. 10

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [141]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society

Fig. 11

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [149]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society

Fig. 12

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [174]. Copyright 2018, Springer Nature Limited

Fig. 13

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [178]. Copyright 2021, American Association for the Advancement of Science

Fig. 14

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [183]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier

Fig. 15

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [187]. Copyright 2017, Elsevier. c TEM characterization and EDS mapping of as-milled Mg12Al11Ti33Mn11Nb33 powder; d differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) curves of Mg12Al11Ti33Mn11Nb33 after PCT measurement. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [192]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier

Fig. 16

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [195]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier. c Plot of ΔSmix versus δ of alloys; d thermomagnetic curve measured at 2 K·min−1. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [197]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier

Fig. 17

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [210]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier

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Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. U1904215), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. BK20200044), and Changjiang Scholars Program of the Ministry of Education (No. Q2018270).

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  1. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, China

    Yi-Bo Lu, Guang-Xun Zhang, Fei-Yu Yang, Meng-Qi Yao, Li-Ye Liu & Huan Pang

  2. Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China

    Guang-Xun Zhang

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Lu, YB., Zhang, GX., Yang, FY. et al. Synthesis methods and applications of high entropy nanoparticles. Rare Met. 42, 3212–3245 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-023-02460-4

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