Abstract
The structural engineering of hydrated ammonium vanadate as a cathode for aqueous Zn-ion batteries has attracted significant research interest because of its ability to suppress vanadium dissolution and accelerate the electrochemical dynamics. Herein, a feasible fabrication strategy for oxygen-deficient (NH4)2V10O25·xH2O/GO (NVOH@GO) composites was proposed, and the charge storage mechanism was discussed. The results of characterization analysis showed that the introduction of graphene oxide (GO) not only enlarged the layer spacing and improved electrical conductivity, providing spacious channels for Zn2+ (de)intercalation and accelerating the ion diffusion dynamics, but also induced more oxygen vacancies, inhibited the dissolution of vanadium, and reduced self-discharging, offering additional and stable active sites for ion storage. The optimized NVOH@GO electrode delivered extraordinarily stable capacities of 334 mAh·g−1 after 2000 cycles at 5 A·g−1 and 238 mAh·g−1 after 10,000 cycles at 20 A·g−1. Furthermore, ex-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman results systematically revealed the electrochemical mechanism, including a phase transition reaction and subsequent Zn2+/H2O co-(de)intercalation process. This study provides an effective strategy for expanding the interlayer spacing, inducing defect engineering, and enhancing the structural stability of vanadium-based cathodes for Zn-ion batteries and other multivalent aqueous ion batteries.
Graphical abstract
摘要
作为水系锌离子电池的正极材料, 水合钒酸铵能够抑制钒溶解、加速电化学动力学, 因此, 其结构工程研究引起了广泛的研究兴趣。本文, 我们提出了一种缺氧(NH4)2V10O25∙xH2O/GO (NVOH@GO)复合材料的制备策略, 并探讨了其电荷存储机制。表征结果表明, 氧化石墨烯(GO)的引入, 不仅扩大了层间距、提高了导电性, 为Zn2+(脱)插层提供了更宽敞的通道、加快了离子扩散动力学; 而且诱导产生了更多氧空位、抑制了钒的溶解、降低了自放电, 为离子存储提供了稳定的活性位点。优化的NVOH@GO电极在5 A·g−1循环2000次、20 A·g−1循环10,000次后, 分别具有334和238 mAh·g−1的稳定容量。此外, 非原位X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱和拉曼结果, 系统地揭示了其电化学机制, 包括相变反应和Zn2+/H2O共(脱)插层过程。本文提供了一种具有较大层间距、丰富缺陷和较强结构稳定性的锌离子电池和其他多价水离子电池用钒基正极的制备策略。
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Zhang N, Chen XY, Yu M, Niu ZQ, Cheng FY, Chen J. Materials chemistry for rechargeable zinc-ion batteries. Chem Soc Rev. 2020;49(13):4203. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cs00349e.
Wang X, Zhang ZCY, Xi BJ, Chen WH, Jia YX, Feng JK, Xiong SL. Advances and perspectives of cathode storage chemistry in aqueous zinc-ion batteries. ACS Nano. 2021;15(6):9244. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c01389.
Guo C, Yi S, Si R, Xi B, An X, Liu J, Li J, Xiong S. Advances on defect engineering of vanadium-based compounds for high-energy aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Adv Energy Mater. 2022;12(40):2202039. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202202039.
Wu B, Luo W, Li M, Zeng L, Mai L. Achieving better aqueous rechargeable zinc ion batteries with heterostructure electrodes. Nano Res. 2021;14(9):3174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-021-3392-1.
Wu HH, Zhuo F, Qiao H, Kodumudi Venkataraman L, Zheng M, Wang S, Huang H, Li B, Mao X, Zhang Q. Polymer-/ceramic-based dielectric composites for energy storage and conversion. Energ Environ Mater. 2022;5(2):486. https://doi.org/10.1002/eem2.12237.
Wang F, Liu Y, Wei HJ, Li TF, Xiong XH, Wei SZ, Ren FZ, Volinsky AA. Recent advances and perspective in metal coordination materials-based electrode materials for potassium-ion batteries. Rare Met. 2021;40(2):448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-020-01649-1.
Song M, Zhong CL. Achieving both high reversible and stable Zn anode by a practical glucose electrolyte additive toward high-performance Zn-ion batteries. Rare Met. 2021;41(2):356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-021-01858-2.
Tao F, Liu Y, Ren X, Wang J, Zhou Y, Miao Y, Ren F, Wei S, Ma J. Different surface modification methods and coating materials of zinc metal anode. J Energy Chem. 2022;66:397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2021.08.022.
Chen X, Zhang H, Liu JH, Gao Y, Cao X, Zhan C, Wang Y, Wang S, Chou SL, Dou SX, Cao D. Vanadium-based cathodes for aqueous zinc-ion batteries: mechanism, design strategies and challenges. Energy Storage Mater. 2022;50:21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2022.04.040.
Li Y, Zhang D, Huang S, Yang HY. Guest-species-incorporation in manganese/vanadium-based oxides: towards high performance aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Nano Energy. 2021;85:105969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.105969.
Zhu QN, Wang ZY, Wang JW, Liu XY, Yang D, Cheng LW, Tang MY, Qin Y, Wang H. Challenges and strategies for ultrafast aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Rare Met. 2021;40(2):309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-020-01588-x.
Geng L, Meng J, Wang X, Han C, Han K, Xiao Z, Huang M, Xu P, Zhang L, Zhou L, Mai L. Eutectic electrolyte with unique solvation structure for high-performance zinc-ion batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2022;61(31):202206717. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202206717.
Sui D, Wu M, Shi K, Li C, Lang J, Yang Y, Zhang X, Yan X, Chen Y. Recent progress of cathode materials for aqueous zinc-ion capacitors: carbon-based materials and beyond. Carbon. 2021;185:126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2021.08.084.
Chen X, Wang L, Li H, Cheng F, Chen J. Porous V2O5 nanofibers as cathode materials for rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries. J Energy Chem. 2019;38:20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2018.12.023.
Pam ME, Yan D, Yu J, Fang D, Guo L, Li XL, Li TC, Lu X, Ang LK, Amal R, Han Z, Yang HY. Microstructural engineering of cathode materials for advanced zinc-ion aqueous batteries. Adv Sci. 2020;8(1):2002722. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202002722.
Li W, Han C, Gu Q, Chou SL, Wang JZ, Liu HK, Dou SX. Electron delocalization and dissolution-restraint in vanadium oxide superlattices to boost electrochemical performance of aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Adv Energy Mater. 2020;10(48):2001852. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202001852.
Cao J, Zhang D, Yue Y, Wang X, Pakornchote T, Bovornratanaraks T, Zhang X, Wu ZS, Qin J. Oxygen defect enriched (NH4)2V10O25·8H2O nanosheets for superior aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Nano Energy. 2021;84:105876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.105876.
He T, Ye Y, Li H, Weng S, Zhang Q, Li M, Liu T, Cheng J, Wang X, Lu J, Wang B. Oxygen-deficient ammonium vanadate for flexible aqueous zinc batteries with high energy density and rate capability at −30 °C. Mater Today. 2021;43:53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2020.11.019.
Sun J, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Jiang H, Huang C, Cui M, Hu T, Meng C, Zhang Y. “Three-in-One” strategy that ensures V2O5·nH2O with superior Zn2+ storage by simultaneous protonated polyaniline intercalation and encapsulation. Small Struct. 2022;3(4):2100212. https://doi.org/10.1002/sstr.202100212.
Zong Q, Du W, Liu C, Yang H, Zhang Q, Zhou Z, Atif M, Alsalhi M, Cao G. Enhanced reversible zinc ion intercalation in deficient ammonium vanadate for high-performance aqueous zinc-ion battery. Nanomicro Lett. 2021;13(1):116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00641-3.
Dong W, Du M, Zhang F, Zhang X, Miao Z, Li H, Sang Y, Wang JJ, Liu H, Wang S. In situ electrochemical transformation reaction of ammonium-anchored heptavanadate cathode for long-life aqueous zinc-ion batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2021;13(4):5034. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c19309.
Li Y, Wang Z, Cai Y, Pam ME, Yang Y, Zhang D, Wang Y, Huang S. Designing advanced aqueous zinc-ion batteries: principles, strategies, and perspectives. Energ Environ Mater. 2022;5(3):823. https://doi.org/10.1002/eem2.12265.
He T, Weng S, Ye Y, Cheng J, Wang X, Wang X, Wang B. Cation- deficient Zn0.3(NH4)0.3V4O10·0.91H2O for rechargeable aqueous zinc battery with superior low-temperature performance. Energy Storage Mater. 2021;38:389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2021.03.025.
Zhang Y, Wan F, Huang S, Wang S, Niu Z, Chen J. A chemically self-charging aqueous zinc-ion battery. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):2199. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16039-5.
Deng W, Zhou Z, Li Y, Zhang M, Yuan X, Hu J, Li Z, Li C, Li R. High-capacity layered magnesium vanadate with concentrated gel electrolyte toward high-performance and wide-temperature zinc-ion battery. ACS Nano. 2020;14(11):15776. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c06834.
Yang Y, Tang Y, Liang S, Wu Z, Fang G, Cao X, Wang C, Lin T, Pan A, Zhou J. Transition metal ion-preintercalated V2O5 as high-performance aqueous zinc-ion battery cathode with broad temperature adaptability. Nano Energy. 2019;61:617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.05.005.
Kim J, Lee SH, Park C, Kim HS, Park JH, Chung KY, Ahn H. Controlling vanadate nanofiber interlayer via intercalation with conducting polymers: cathode material design for rechargeable aqueous zinc ion batteries. Adv Funct Mater. 2021;31(26):2100005. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202100005.
Su ZH, Wang RH, Huang JH, Sun R, Qin ZX, Zhang YF, Fan HS. Silver vanadate (Ag0.33V2O5) nanorods from Ag intercalated vanadium pentoxide for superior cathode of aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Rare Met. 2022;41(8):2844. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-022-02026-w.
Yu X, Hu F, Guo ZQ, Liu L, Song GH, Zhu K. High-performance Cu0.95V2O5 nanoflowers as cathode materials for aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Rare Met. 2022;41(1):29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-021-01771-8.
Lai J, Tang H, Zhu X, Wang Y. A hydrated NH4V3O8 nanobelt electrode for superior aqueous and quasi-solid-state zinc ion batteries. J Mater Chem A. 2019;7(40):23140. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TA07822C.
Wang X, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Li X, Liu Y, Xiao H, Ma Y, Huang YY, Yuan G. Tailoring ultrahigh energy density and stable dendrite-free flexible anode with Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets and hydrated ammonium vanadate nanobelts for aqueous rocking-chair zinc ion batteries. Adv Funct Mater. 2021;31(35):2103210. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202103210.
Gan Y, Wang C, Li JY, Zheng JJ, Wan HZ, Wang H. Stability optimization strategy of aqueous zinc ion batteries. Chin J Rare Met. 2022;46(6):753. https://doi.org/10.13373/j.cnki.cjrm.XY21100036.
Jiang H, Zhang Y, Pan Z, Xu L, Zheng J, Gao Z, Hu T, Meng C. Facile hydrothermal synthesis and electrochemical properties of (NH4)2V10O25·8H2O nanobelts for high-performance aqueous zinc ion batteries. Electrochim Acta. 2020;332:135506.
Zhang Z, Xi B, Wang X, Ma X, Chen W, Feng J, Xiong S. Oxygen defects engineering of VO2-x·H2O nanosheets via in situ polypyrrole polymerization for efficient aqueous zinc ion storage. Adv Funct Mater. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202103070.
Liu G, Xiao F, Zhang T, Gu Y, Li J, Guo D, Xu M, Wu N, Cao A, Liu X. In-situ growth of MoO2@N doped carbon on Mo2C-MXene for superior lithium storage. Appl Surf Sci. 2022;597:153688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2022.153688.
Xu L, Zhang Y, Jiang H, Zheng J, Dong X, Hu T, Meng C. Facile hydrothermal synthesis and electrochemical properties of (NH4)2V6O16 nanobelts for aqueous rechargeable zinc ion batteries. Colloids Surf Physicochem Eng Aspects. 2020;593:124621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.124621.
Chen K, Zhang G, Xiao L, Li P, Li W, Xu Q, Xu J. Polyaniline encapsulated amorphous V2O5 nanowire-modified multi-functional separators for lithium-sulfur batteries. Small Methods. 2021;5(3):2001056. https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202001056.
Zhang L, Hu J, Zhang B, Liu J, Wan H, Miao L, Jiang J. Suppressing cathode dissolution via guest engineering for durable aqueous zinc-ion batteries. J Mater Chem A. 2021;9(12):7631. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ta00263e.
Zhang Y, Wang Y, Lu L, Sun C, Yu DYW. Vanadium hexacyanoferrate with two redox active sites as cathode material for aqueous Zn-ion batteries. J Power Sources. 2021;484:229263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.229263.
Liu Y, Pan Z, Tian D, Hu T, Jiang H, Yang J, Sun J, Zheng J, Meng C, Zhang Y. Employing, “one for two” strategy to design polyaniline-intercalated hydrated vanadium oxide with expanded interlayer spacing for high-performance aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Chem Eng J. 2020;399:125842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.125842.
Liu C, Neale Z, Zheng J, Jia X, Huang J, Yan M, Tian M, Wang M, Yang J, Cao G. Expanded hydrated vanadate for high-performance aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Energ Environ Sci. 2019;12(7):2273. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ee00956f.
Liu G, Xu L, Li Y, Guo D, Wu N, Yuan C, Qin A, Cao A, Liu X. Metal-organic frameworks derived anatase/rutile heterostructures with enhanced reaction kinetics for lithium and sodium storage. Chem Eng J. 2022;430:132689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.132689.
Tao F, Liu Y, Ren X, Jiang A, Wei H, Zhai X, Wang F, Stock HR, Wen S, Ren F. Carbon nanotube-based nanomaterials for high-performance sodium-ion batteries: recent advances and perspectives. J Alloys Compd. 2021;873:159742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.159742.
Sui D, Xu L, Zhang H, Sun Z, Kan B, Ma Y, Chen Y. A 3D cross-linked graphene-based honeycomb carbon composite with excellent confinement effect of organic cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. Carbon. 2020;157:656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.10.106.
Li J, Huang H, Cao X, Wu HH, Pan K, Zhang Q, Wu N, Liu X. Template-free fabrication of MoP nanoparticles encapsulated in N-doped hollow carbon spheres for efficient alkaline hydrogen evolution. Chem Eng J. 2021;416:127677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.127677.
He D, Peng Y, Ding Y, Xu X, Huang Y, Li Z, Zhang X, Hu L. Suppressing the skeleton decomposition in Ti-doped NH4V4O10 for durable aqueous zinc ion battery. J Power Sources. 2021;484:229284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.229284.
Huang C, Liu S, Feng J, Wang Y, Fan Q, Kuang Q, Dong Y, Zhao Y. Optimizing engineering of rechargeable aqueous zinc ion batteries to enhance the zinc ions storage properties of cathode material. J Power Sources. 2021;490:229528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.229528.
Luo H, Wang B, Wu F, Jian J, Yang K, Jin F, Cong B, Ning Y, Zhou Y, Wang D, Liu H, Dou S. Synergistic nanostructure and heterointerface design propelled ultra-efficient in-situ self-transformation of zinc-ion battery cathodes with favorable kinetics. Nano Energy. 2021;81:105601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105601.
Cao H, Zheng Z, Norby P, Xiao X, Mossin S. Electrochemically induced phase transition in V3O7·H2O nanobelts/reduced graphene oxide composites for aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Small. 2021;17(24):2100558. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202100558.
Jiang H, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Yang J, Xu L, Wang P, Gao Z, Zheng J, Meng C, Pan Z. In situ grown 2D hydrated ammonium vanadate nanosheets on carbon cloth as a free-standing cathode for high-performance rechargeable Zn-ion batteries. J Mater Chem A. 2020;8(30):15130. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ta05065b.
Bin D, Huo W, Yuan Y, Huang J, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Dong F, Wang Y, Xia Y. Organic-inorganic-induced polymer intercalation into layered composites for aqueous zinc-ion battery. Chem. 2020;6(4):968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2020.02.001.
Guo D, Yang M, Yang M, Yang T, Hu G, Liu H, Liu G, Wu N, Qin A, Liu X. Stabilized covalent interfacial coupling design of Li3V2(PO4)3 with carbon framework for boosting lithium storage kinetics. CrystEngComm. 2021;23:8506. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1CE01254A.
Yu D, Wei Z, Zhang X, Zeng Y, Wang C, Chen G, Shen ZX, Du F. Boosting Zn2+ and NH4+ storage in aqueous media via in-situ electrochemical induced VS2/VOx heterostructures. Adv Funct Mater. 2020;31(11):2008743. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202008743.
Guo D, Wang F, Yang M, Hu G, Liu G, Wu N, Qin A, Liu X. Constructing abundant oxygen vacancies in NaVPO4F@C for boosting sodium storage kinetics. Electrochim Acta. 2022;424:140695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140695.
Zhu T, Mai B, Hu P, Liu Z, Cai C, Wang X, Zhou L. Ammonium ion and structural water Co-assisted Zn2+ intercalation/de-intercalation in NH4V4O10·0.28H2O. Chin J Chem. 2021;39(7):1885.
Yang W, Dong L, Yang W, Xu C, Shao G, Wang G. 3D oxygen-defective potassium vanadate/carbon nanoribbon networks as high-performance cathodes for aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Small Methods. 2019;4(1):1900670. https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.201900670.
Du Y, Wang X, Sun J. Tunable oxygen vacancy concentration in vanadium oxide as mass-produced cathode for aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Nano Res. 2020;14(3):754. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-020-3109-x.
Luo H, Wang B, Wang C, Wu F, Jin F, Cong B, Ning Y, Zhou Y, Wang D, Liu H, Dou S. Synergistic deficiency and heterojunction engineering boosted VO2 redox kinetics for aqueous zinc-ion batteries with superior comprehensive performance. Energy Storage Mater. 2020;33:390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2020.08.011.
Yang Z, Wang B, Chen Y, Zhou W, Li H, Zhao R, Li X, Zhang T, Bu F, Zhao Z, Li W, Chao D, Zhao D. Activating sulfur oxidation reaction via six-electron-redox mesocrystal NiS2 for sulfur-based aqueous battery. Natl Sci Rev. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwac268.
Hou Z, Zhang T, Liu X, Xu Z, Liu J, Zhou W, Qian Y, Fan HJ, Chao D, Zhao D. A solid-to-solid metallic conversion electrochemistry toward 91% zinc utilization for sustainable aqueous batteries. Sci Adv. 2022;8(41):eapb8960. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abp8960.
Zheng J, Liu C, Tian M, Jia X, Jahrman EP, Seidler GT, Zhang S, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Meng C, Cao G. Fast and reversible zinc ion intercalation in Al-ion modified hydrated vanadate. Nano Energy. 2020;70:104519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.104519.
Zhao J, Xu Z, Zhou Z, Xi S, Xia Y, Zhang Q, Huang L, Mei L, Jiang Y, Gao J, Zeng Z, Tan C. A safe flexible self-powered wristband system by integrating defective MnO2-x nanosheet-based zinc-ion batteries with perovskite solar cells. ACS Nano. 2021;15(6):10597. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c03341.
Zhu K, Wu T, Huang K. Understanding the dissolution and phase transformation mechanisms in aqueous Zn/α-V2O5 batteries. Chem Mater. 2021;33(11):4089. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c00715.
Ding J, Gao H, Zhao K, Zheng H, Zhang H, Han L, Wang S, Wu S, Fang S, Cheng F. In-situ electrochemical conversion of vanadium dioxide for enhanced zinc-ion storage with large voltage range. J Power Sources. 2021;487:229369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.229369.
Zhu M, Wang H, Lin W, Chan D, Li H, Wang K, Tang Y, Hao T, Chen S, Malyi OI, Tang Y, Zhang Y. Amphipathic molecules endowing highly structure robust and fast kinetic vanadium-based cathode for high-performance zinc-ion batteries. Small Struct. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/sstr.202200016.
Chen H, Chen L, Meng J, Yang Z, Wu J, Rong Y, Deng L, Shi Y. Synergistic effects in V3O7/V2O5 composite material for high capacity and long cycling life aqueous rechargeable zinc ion batteries. J Power Sources. 2020;474:228569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228569.
Chen Q, Jin J, Kou Z, Liao C, Liu Z, Zhou L, Wang J, Mai L. Zn2+ pre-intercalation stabilizes the tunnel structure of MnO2 nanowires and enables zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitor of battery-level energy density. Small. 2020;16(14):2000091. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202000091.
Acknowledgements
This study was financially supported by the Natural Science Foundations of China (Nos. 51904152 and 42002040), Natural Science Foundations of Henan Province (No. 222300420502), Key Science and Technology Program of Henan Province (No. 222102240044), and Key Scientific Research Projects in Colleges and Universities of Henan Province (No. 21B610010).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interests
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, GL., Zhang, T., Li, XJ. et al. Oxygen-deficient ammonium vanadate/GO composites with suppressed vanadium dissolution for ultra-stable high-rate aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Rare Met. 42, 3729–3740 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-023-02364-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-023-02364-3