Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A comparative study of rhenium coatings prepared on graphite wafers by chemical vapor deposition and electrodeposition in molten salts

  • Published:
Rare Metals Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The purity, preferred orientation, microstructure, microhardness, bonding strength, thickness uniformity and thermal stability of rhenium (Re) coatings prepared on graphite wafers by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and electrodeposition (ED) in molten salts were comparatively studied in this paper. It was found that carbon (0.0140 wt%) and oxygen (0.0067 wt%) were the primary impurities for CVD and ED Re coatings, respectively. The diffusion of carbon into CVD Re coating caused higher microhardness near the substrate and helped to improve the bonding strength at the same time. The preferred orientation, microstructure and microhardness of ED Re coating were all susceptible to oxygen. The coating deposition uniformity of ED Re is obviously better than that of CVD Re coating, due to its intrinsic characteristics. The 〈002〉-oriented, coarse columnar CVD Re coating exhibited better thermal stability compared with that of the 〈110〉-oriented, fiber-like columnar ED Re coating, while the ED Re grains grew remarkably and the microstructure evolved toward the similar structure of CVD Re after annealing treatment. The diversity of Re coatings in microstructure could be attributed to the mobility of grain boundaries (affected by temperature and impurity) during deposition processes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Carlen JC, Bryskin BD. Rhenium a unique rare metal. Mater Manuf Process. 1994;9(6):1087.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Bryskin BD. Rhenium and its alloys. Adv Mater Process. 1992;142:22.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Naor A, Eliaz N. Properties and applications of rhenium and its alloys. Ammtiac Q. 2010;5(1):11.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Dobrzańska-Danikiewicz AD, Wolany W. A rhenium review-from discovery to novel applications. Arch Mater Sci Eng. 2016;82(2):70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Lambert JB, Rausch JJ. ASM Metals Handbook, Volume 2, Properties and Section: Nonferrous Alloys and Special Purpose Materials. 10th ed. Ohio: ASM International; 1990. 557.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Leonhardt T, Hamister M, Carlen J, Biaglow J, Reed B. Near-net shape powder metallurgy rhenium thruster. In: 36th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Jt. Propuls. Conf. Exhib., Huntsville; 2000. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2000-3132.

  7. Mckechnie T, Shchetkovskiy A. High temperature combustion chambers produced by electroforming. In: 4th Space. Propuls. Conf., Cologne, Germany; 2014. 1.

  8. Toenshoff D, Lanam R, Ragaini J, Shchetkovskiy A, Smirnov A. Iridium coated rhenium rocket chambers produced by electroforming. In: 36th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Jt. Propuls. Conf. Exhib., Huntsville; 2000. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2000-3166.

  9. Lanam R, Shchetkovskiy A, Smirnov A, Boland E. Properties and enhanced capabilities for EL-Form rhenium. IZn: 37th Jt. Propuls. Conf. Exhib., Salt Lake City; 2001. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2001-3697.

  10. Vinogradov-Zhabrov ON, Minchenko LM, Esina NO, Pankratov AA. Electrodeposition of rhenium from chloride melts-electrochemical nature, structure and applied aspects. J Min Metall Sect B. 2003;39(1–2):149.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Zhulikov VV, Gamburg YD. Electrodeposition of rhenium and its alloys. Russ J Electrochem. 2016;52(9):847.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Zhu L, Bai SX, Chen K. Chemical vapor deposition of rhenium on a gourd shaped graphite substrate. Surf Coat Technol. 2012;206(23):4940.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Tong YG, Bai SX, Zhang H, Ye YC. Rhenium coating prepared on carbon substrate by chemical vapor deposition. Appl Surf Sci. 2012;261:390.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Singh J, Wolfe DE. Nano-grained net-shaped fabrication of Re components by EB-PVD. Mater Manuf Process. 2003;18(6):915.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Mittendorf D. The effect of manufacturing processes on the mechanical integrity of rhenium. In: 33rd Jt. Propuls. Conf. Exhib., Seattle; 1997. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1997-2675.

  16. Biaglow J. High temperature rhenium material properties. In: 34th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Jt. Propuls. Conf. Exhib., Cleveland; 1998. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1998-3354.

  17. Chazen M. Materials property test results of rhenium. In: 31st Jt. Propuls. Conf. Exhib., San Diego; 1995. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1995-2938.

  18. Wang JF, Zhu L, Ye YC, Zhang H, Bai SX. Black rhenium coating prepared on graphite substrate by electrodeposition in NaCl–KCl–CsCl–K2ReCl6 molten salts. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater. 2017;68:54.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Wang JF, Bai SX, Ye YC, Zhang H, Zhu L. Microstructure and mechanical properties of rhenium prepared by electroforming in NaCl–KCl–CsCl–K2ReCl6 molten salts. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater. 2018;72:263.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Wang D, Gao C, Luo HY, Yang YH, Ma Y. Texture evolution behavior and anisotropy of 2A97 Al–Li alloy during recrystallization at elevated temperature. Rare Met. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-018-0997-y.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Thompson CV. Structure evolution during processing of polycrystalline films. Annu Rev Mater Sci. 2000;30(1):159.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Gasmburg YD, Zangari G. Structure and microstructure of electrodeposited metals and alloys. In: Gamburg YD, Zangari G, editors. Theory and Practice of Metal Electrodeposition. New York: Springer; 2011. 317.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  23. Nielsen CB, Horsewell A, Stergard ML. On texture formation of nickel electrodeposits. J Appl Electrochem. 1997;27(7):839.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Schmelzer JW. Kinetic and thermodynamic theories of nucleation. Mater Phys Mech. 2003;6:21.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Vazquez-Arenas J, Cruz R, Mendoza-Huizar LH. The role of temperature in copper electrocrystallization in ammonia–chloride solutions. Electrochim Acta. 2006;52(3):892.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Raeissi K, Saatchi A, Golozar MA, Szpunar JA. Texture and surface morphology in zinc electrodeposits. J Appl Electrochem. 2004;34(12):1249.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Itoh S, Yamazoe N, Seiyama T. Electrocrystallization of various metals onto copper single crystal substrates. Surf Technol. 1977;5(1):27.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Budevski E, Staikov G, Lorenz WJ. Electrocrystallization: nucleation and growth phenomena. Electrochim Acta. 2000;45(15–16):2559.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Fischer H. Aspects of inhibition in electrodeposition of compact metals II. Effects of morphological interface inhibition. Electrodepos Surf Treat. 1973;1(4):319.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Pangarov NA. Preferred orientations in electro-deposited metals. J Electroanal Chem. 1965;9(1):70.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Ralph HZ, Li JL. Diffusion analysis of rhenium in graphite using rutherford backscattering spectroscopy. Defect Diffus Forum. 2001;194–199:85.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Gottstein G, Shvindlerman LS. Grain Boundary Migration in Metals: Thermodynamics, Kinetics, Applications. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1999. 144.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Frost HJ, Hayashi Y, Thompson CV, Walton DT. The effect of variability among grain boundary energies on grain growth in thin film strips. Mater Res Soc Symp Proc. 1994;317:431.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Lucke K, Stuwe HP. Recovery and recrystallization of metals. In: Himmel L, editor. New York: Interscience; 1963. 171.

  35. Mendelev MI, Srolovitz DJ. Impurity effects on grain boundary migration. Model Simul Mater Sci Eng. 2002;10(6):R79.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Guo Y, Xie H, Jiang Z, Xia Z. Mechanical properties and thermal shock resistance of rhenium coating in iridium/rhenium/carbon–carbon composites. Procedia Eng. 2015;99:1407.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Isobe Y, Tanaka M, Yamanaka S, Miyake M. Chemical vapour deposition of rhenium on graphite. J Less Common Met. 1989;152(1):177.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Bengoa LN, SeréP R, Conconi MS, Egli WA. Morphology and texture of zinc deposits formed at the edge of a rotating washer electrode. J Mater Eng Perform. 2016;25(7):2936.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Wei D, Okido M, Oki T. Characteristics of titanium deposits by electrolysis in molten chloride–fluoride mixture. J Appl Electrochem. 1994;24(9):923.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51501224).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China

    Jiang-Fan Wang, Shu-Xin Bai, Yi-Cong Ye, Li-An Zhu & Hong Zhang

Authors
  1. Jiang-Fan Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Shu-Xin Bai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yi-Cong Ye
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Li-An Zhu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Hong Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Li-An Zhu.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wang, JF., Bai, SX., Ye, YC. et al. A comparative study of rhenium coatings prepared on graphite wafers by chemical vapor deposition and electrodeposition in molten salts. Rare Met. 40, 202–211 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-019-01359-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-019-01359-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation