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Preliminary results of a first record of gold and uranium in marble from Central Eastern Desert, Egypt: a witness for (syn- and post-?) metamorphic mineralization in metasediments

نتائج أولية لأول تسجيل للذهب واليورانيوم في صخور الرخام بوسط الصحراء الشرقية، مصر: شواهد على تمعدنات مصاحبة ولاحقة للتحول (؟) بالرسوبيات المتحولة

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Abstract

This paper records, for the first time, the mineralization of gold (0.98–2.76 ppm) and uranium (133–640 ppm) in marbles from the Arabian-Nubian Shield of the Eastern Desert of Egypt. These auriferous and uraniferous marbles are hosted by sheared and altered ophiolitic serpentinized ultramafic rocks of Gebel El-Rukham (ER), Wadi Daghbag (DG), and Wadi Al Barramiyah (BM). They occur as massive or banded in pod-like or bedded shapes. The ER and BM-mineralized marbles are impure calcitic, whereas the DG marble is impure calcitic to impure dolomitic. Their protolith are pure limestones and dolomitic limestones with probable argillaceous components (BM marble), and their metamorphism (Pan-African) was retrograde. Peaks of metamorphism were at granulite-amphibolite facies for the ER and BM marbles, forming diopside (Al2O3 = 0.17–1.07 wt.%) at 600–900°C and augite (Al2O3 = 2.45–9.40 wt.%) at 825–975°C, and at the amphibolite facies for DG marble, recrystallising the carbonate minerals and forming tremolite. The lowest temperatures of metamorphism were at the upper subgreenschist facies as chlorite (ER and BM marbles) and kaolinite (DG marble) were formed. Metamorphic fluids were, most probably, essentially binary H2O–CO2 mixtures with low NaCl and HF concentrations. Gold in the studied mineralized marbles occurs as native nuggets (10–35 μm) having globule, rod, crescent, and streak shapes, in pores, vugs, and fissures. The source of gold in all marbles is mostly the country ultramafic rocks. Timing of gold mineralization relative to the marblization and metamorphism of the country source ultramafic rocks was both syn- and post-metamorphic. Concerning the ER and DG marbles, it was syn-metamorphic, where Au liberation and transportation were mostly by the metamorphic fluids. The composition and temperature of these fluids were most probably inappropriate for formation of the sulfide complexes of gold. The gold mineralization of BM marble, on the other hand, was mostly post-metamorphic. The mineralising fluid was of surficial origin under oxidizing conditions. The encountered uranium minerals are of secondary origin such as autunite, uranophane, and carnotite. These minerals occur as fine oval aggregates and irregular grains (10–50 μm) usually filling fissures and vugs. The uranium mineralization can be classified as surficial of ages <1.5 Ma. It is proposed that the U was transported from its source (might be flesite and trachyte dikes for the ER and DG marbles and granite rocks for BM marble) to the marble rocks by surface and/or underground water related to the pluvial periods in Egypt. In BM marble, U and Au have mutual mineralizing fluid but different paragenesis.

يسجل

هذا البحث لأول مرة تمعدنات الذهب واليورانيوم في صخور الرخام المتواجدة ضمن الدرع العربي النوبي بالصحراء الشرقية بمصر. ويتراوح تركيز الذهب في هذه الصخور من 0.98 إلي 2.76 جزء من المليون أما تركيز اليورانيوم فيتراوح من 133 الي 640 جزء من المليون. وتعطي هذه التركيزات مع تواجد معادنها في صورة محررة كما سيذكر لاحقا بالإضافة للانتشار السطحي الواسع لصخور الرخام الحاوية لها إمكانية لتمعدنات اقتصادية كبيرة. وتتواجد صخور الرخام الحاوية للذهب واليورانيوم مع الصخور الفوق مافية المسربنتنة والمتحللة بثلاثة مناطق وهي جبل الرخام ووادي دغبج ووادي البراميه وذلك على شكل كتل أو شرائط طبقية أو أخدودية. وتركيب الرخام الممعدن بمناطق جبل الرخام ووادي دغبج كالسيتي غير نقى أما الرخام الممعدن بوادي البراميه فيتراوح من الكالسيتى الغير نقي إلى الدولوميتي الغير نقي. ويرجع تكوين صخور الرخام موضوع الدراسة لتحول تراجعي لصخور جيرية وجيرية دولوميتية محتوية على مكونات طينية بالأخص صخور وادي البراميه. ووصل التحول بصخور جبل الرخام ووادي البراميه في قمته في سحنة الجرانيولايت-أمفيبولايت حيث تكون الديوبسيد في درجات حرارة من 600 إلي 900 درجة مئوية والأوجيت (والذي يحتوي على أكسيد الومنيوم حتى 9.40 نسبة وزنيه) في درجات حرارة تراوحت من 825 إلي 975 درجة مئوية، أما رخام وادي دغبج فقمة تحوله كانت في سحنة الأمفيبولايت حيث تم إعادة تبلور معادن الكربونات وتكوين للتريمولايت. أما أدنى درجات التحول فكانت في سحنة الشيست الأخضر العلوية حيث يتكون الكلوريت في رخام جبل الرخام والبراميه والكاولينيت في رخام وادي دغبج. وسوائل التحول كانت غالبا خليطا من الماء وثاني أكسيد الكربون مع القليل من كلوريد الصوديوم و فلوريد الهيدروجين.والجدير بالذكر أن معدن الذهب في صخور الرخام يتواجد كشزرات صافية غير مصاحبة لمعادن أخري (أقطارها تتراوح من 10 إلي 35 ميكرون) ذات أشكال كروية، عصوية، هلالية، شرائطية وذلك في مسامها وفجواتها وشقوقها. يعتقد أن مصدر الذهب هو الصخور الفوق مافية المصاحبة لصخور الرخام أما توقيت تحرر الذهب وتمعدنه في رخام جبل الرخام ووادي دغبج فكان مزامنا للتحول في فترة الحمى الأفريقي حيث تحرر الذهب واستقر بصخور الرخام بفعل محاليل التحول. وكانت للحرارة العالية وتركيب هذه المحاليل السبب في أنها لم تسمح بانتقال وترسيب الذهب في متراكبات كبريتيدية. وعلى النقيض فتمعدن الذهب برخام البراميه غالبا حدث بعد عمليات التحول حيث سوائل تمعدن غنية بالأكسجين وذات أصل سطحي.أما معادن اليورانيوم في صخور الرخام والتي تشتمل على الأتونيت، اليورانوفين، الكارنوتيت فهي غالبا ذات أصل ثانوي. تتواجد كتجمعات من حبيبات بيضاوية الشكل أو غير منتظمة ذات أقطار تتراوح من 10 إلي 50 ميكرون بداخل المسام والفجوات والشقوق. وتصنف تمعدنات اليورانيوم بصخور الرخام على أنها سطحية ذات أعمار أقل من 1.5 مليون سنة. ويعتقد أن مصدر اليورانيوم هو قواطع الفلسيت والتراكيت بالنسبة لرخام جبل الرخام ووادي دغبج وصخور الجرانيت لرخام البراميه حيث انتقل اليورانيوم بالماء السطحي أو التحت السطحي المرتبط بالفترات المطيرة بمصر. كما أن معادن اليورانيوم والذهب برخام البراميه تكونت بنفس المحاليل ولكن في صحب مختلفة.

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Acknowledgments

We acknowledge Profs. I. El-Aassy and M. A. Ibrahim, NMA of Egypt, for help with whole-rock chemical analyses and Mr. T. Abu Alam, Karl Franzens University of Graz, for help with EMP analyses. We express our gratitude to Profs. Hassan Harraz and Ahmed El-Kammar and two anonymous reviewers for their critical reviews and for suggestions on improvement of the manuscript. Chief Editor Prof. A. Al-Amri is thanked for handling the manuscript.

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Hamdy, M.M., Aly, G.A. Preliminary results of a first record of gold and uranium in marble from Central Eastern Desert, Egypt: a witness for (syn- and post-?) metamorphic mineralization in metasediments. Arab J Geosci 4, 25–43 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-009-0054-0

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