Abstract
Achieving a satisfactory energy–power combination in a supercapacitor that is based on all-carbon electrodes and operates in benign aqueous media instead of conventional organic electrolytes is a major challenge. For this purpose, we fabricated carbon nanoflakes (20–100 nm in thickness, 5-μm in width) containing an unparalleled combination of a large surface area (3,000 m2·g−1 range) and mesoporosity (up to 72%). These huge-surface area functionalized carbons (HSAFCs) also had a substantial oxygen and nitrogen content (~10 wt.% combined), with a significant fraction of redox-active carboxyl/phenol groups in an optimized specimen. Their unique structure and chemistry resulted from a tailored single-step carbonization-activation approach employing (2-benzimidazolyl) acetonitrile combined with potassium hydroxide (KOH). The HSAFCs exhibited specific capacitances of 474 F·g−1 at 0.5 A·g−1 and 285 F·g−1 at 100 A·g−1 (charging time < 3 s) in an aqueous 2 M KOH solution. These values are among the highest reported, especially at high currents. When tested with a stable 1.8-V window in a 1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte, a symmetric supercapacitor device using the fabricated nanoflakes as electrodes yielded a normalized active mass of 24.4 Wh·kg−1 at 223 W·kg−1 and 7.3 Wh·kg−1 at 9,360 W·kg−1. The latter value corresponds to a charge time of <3 s. The cyclability of the devices was excellent, with 93% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles. All the electrochemical results were achieved by employing electrodes with near-commercial mass loadings of 8 mg·cm−2.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Simon, P.; Gogotsi, Y. Materials for electrochemical capacitors. Nat. Mater. 2008, 7, 845–854.
Lei, Z. B.; Zhang, J. T.; Zhang, L. L.; Kumar, N. A.; Zhao, X. S. Functionalization of chemically derived graphene for improving its electrocapacitive energy storage properties. Energy Environ. Sci. 2016, 9, 1891–1930.
Zhao, Y.; Ding, Y.; Li, Y. T.; Peng, L. L.; Byon, H. R.; Goodenough, J. B.; Yu, G. H. A chemistry and material perspective on lithium redox flow batteries towards highdensity electrical energy storage. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2015, 44, 7968–7996.
Xu, C. H.; Xu, B. H.; Gu, Y.; Xiong, Z. G.; Sun, J.; Zhao, X. S. Graphene-based electrodes for electrochemical energy storage. Energy Environ. Sci. 2013, 6, 1388–1414.
Candelaria, S. L.; Shao, Y. Y.; Zhou, W.; Li, X. L.; Xiao, J.; Zhang, J. G.; Wang, Y.; Liu, J.; Li, J. H.; Cao, G. Z. Nanostructured carbon for energy storage and conversion. Nano Energy 2012, 1, 195–220.
Yan, J.; Wang, Q.; Wei, T.; Fan, Z. J. Recent advances in design and fabrication of electrochemical supercapacitors with high energy densities. Adv. Energy Mater. 2014, 4, 1300816.
Zhang, Q. F.; Uchaker, E.; Candelaria, S. L.; Cao, G. Z. Nanomaterials for energy conversion and storage. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42, 3127–3171.
Zhong, J.; Yang, Z. Y.; Mukherjee, R.; Thomas, A. V.; Zhu, K.; Sun, P. Z.; Lian, J.; Zhu, H. W.; Koratkar, N. Carbon nanotube sponges as conductive networks for supercapacitor devices. Nano Energy 2013, 2, 1025–1030.
Lin, T. Q.; Chen, I. W.; Liu, F. X.; Yang, C. Y.; Bi, H.; Xu, F. F.; Huang, F. Q. Nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon of extraordinary capacitance for electrochemical energy storage. Science 2015, 350, 1508–1513.
Li, Z.; Xu, Z. W.; Wang, H. L.; Ding, J.; Zahiri, B.; Holt, C. M. B.; Tan, X. H.; Mitlin, D. Colossal pseudocapacitance in a high functionality-high surface area carbon anode doubles the energy of an asymmetric supercapacitor. Energy Environ. Sci. 2014, 7, 1708–1718.
Biswal, M.; Banerjee, A.; Deo, M.; Ogale, S. From dead leaves to high energy density supercapacitors. Energy Environ. Sci. 2013, 6, 1249–1259.
Shao, Y. Y.; Xiao, J.; Wang, W.; Engelhard, M.; Chen, X. L.; Nie, Z. M.; Gu, M.; Saraf, L. V.; Exarhos, G.; Zhang, J. G. et al. Surface-driven sodium ion energy storage in nanocellular carbon foams. Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 3909–3914.
Wei, L.; Sevilla, M.; Fuertes, A. B.; Mokaya, R.; Yushin, G. Polypyrrole-derived activated carbons for high-performance electrical double-layer capacitors with ionic liquid electrolyte. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2012, 22, 827–834.
Wang, D. W.; Li, F.; Liu, M.; Lu, G. Q.; Cheng, H. M. 3D aperiodic hierarchical porous graphitic carbon material for high-rate electrochemical capacitive energy storage. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 373–376.
Bonaccorso, F.; Colombo, L.; Yu, G. H.; Stoller, M.; Tozzini, V.; Ferrari, A. C.; Ruoff, R. S.; Pellegrini, V. Graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems for energy conversion and storage. Science 2015, 347, 1246501.
Zheng, X. Y.; Luo, J. Y.; Lv, W.; Wang, D. W.; Yang, Q. H. Two-dimensional porous carbon: Synthesis and ion-transport properties. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 5388–5395.
Yuan, K.; Xu, Y. Z.; Uihlein, J.; Brunklaus, G.; Shi, L.; Heiderhoff, R.; Que, M. M.; Forster, M.; Chassé, T.; Pichler, T. et al. Straightforward generation of pillared, microporous graphene frameworks for use in supercapacitors. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 6714–6721.
Wang, H. L.; Xu, Z. W.; Kohandehghan, A.; Li, Z.; Cui, K.; Tan, X. H.; Stephenson, T. J.; King' ondu, C. K.; Holt, C. M. B.; Olsen, B. C. et al. Interconnected carbon nanosheets derived from hemp for ultrafast supercapacitors with high energy. ACS Nano 2013, 7, 5131–5141.
Jordan, R. S.; Wang, Y.; McCurdy, R. D.; Yeung, M. T.; Marsh, K. L.; Khan, S. I.; Kaner, R. B.; Rubin, Y. Synthesis of graphene nanoribbons via the topochemical polymerization and subsequent aromatization of a diacetylene precursor. Chem 2016, 1, 78–90.
Xu, Y. X.; Lin, Z. Y.; Zhong, X.; Huang, X. Q.; Weiss, N. O.; Huang, Y.; Duan, X. F. Holey graphene frameworks for highly efficient capacitive energy storage. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 4554.
El-Kady, M. F.; Strong, V.; Dubin, S.; Kaner, R. B. Laser scribing of high-performance and flexible graphene-based electrochemical capacitors. Science 2012, 335, 1326–1330.
Raccichini, R.; Varzi, A.; Passerini, S.; Scrosati, B. The role of graphene for electrochemical energy storage. Nat. Mater. 2015, 14, 271–279.
Qie, L.; Chen, W. M.; Xu, H. H.; Xiong, X. Q.; Jiang, Y.; Zou, F.; Hu, X. L.; Xin, Y.; Zhang, Z. L.; Huang, Y. H. Synthesis of functionalized 3D hierarchical porous carbon for high-performance supercapacitors. Energy Environ. Sci. 2013, 6, 2497–2504.
Zhu, H.; Wang, X. L.; Liu, X. X.; Yang, X. R. Integrated synthesis of poly(o-phenylenediamine)-derived carbon materials for high performance supercapacitors. Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 6524–6529.
Wu, Z. Y.; Liang, H. W.; Li, C.; Hu, B. C.; Xu, X. X.; Wang, Q.; Chen, J. F.; Yu, S. H. Dyeing bacterial cellulose pellicles for energetic heteroatom doped carbon nanofiber aerogels. Nano Res. 2014, 7, 1861–1872.
Li, Y. J.; Wang, G. L.; Wei, T.; Fan, Z. J.; Yan, P. Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped porous carbon nanosheets derived from willow catkin for supercapacitors. Nano Energy 2016, 19, 165–175.
Guo, Z. Y.; Xiao, Z.; Ren, G. Y.; Xiao, G. Z.; Zhu, Y.; Dai, L. M.; Jiang, L. Natural tea-leaf-derived, ternary-doped 3D porous carbon as a high-performance electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction. Nano Res. 2016, 9, 1244–1255.
Jiang, L. L.; Sheng, L. Z.; Chen, X.; Wei, T.; Fan, Z. J. Construction of nitrogen-doped porous carbon buildings using interconnected ultra-small carbon nanosheets for ultra-high rate supercapacitors. J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4, 11388–11396.
Qian, W. J.; Sun, F. X.; Xu, Y. H.; Qiu, L. H.; Liu, C. H.; Wang, S. D.; Yan, F. Human hair-derived carbon flakes for electrochemical supercapacitors. Energy Environ. Sci. 2014, 7, 379–386.
Xu, Z. X.; Zhuang, X. D.; Yang, C. Q.; Cao, J.; Yao, Z. Q.; Tang, Y. P.; Jiang, J. Z.; Wu, D. Q.; Feng, X. L. Nitrogen-doped porous carbon superstructures derived from hierarchical assembly of polyimide nanosheets. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 1981–1987.
Chen, W.; Rakhi, R. B.; Hedhili, M. N.; Alshareef, H. N. Shape-controlled porous nanocarbons for high performance supercapacitors. J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2, 5236–5243.
Tang, J. L.; Etacheri, V.; Pol, V. G. From allergens to battery anodes: Nature-inspired, pollen derived carbon architectures for room- and elevated-temperature Li-ion storage. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 20290.
Pol, V. G.; Shrestha, L. K.; Ariga, K. Tunable, functional carbon spheres derived from rapid synthesis of resorcinolformaldehyde resins. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6, 10649–10655.
Xiang, F.; Zhong, J.; Gu, N. Y.; Mukherjee, R.; Oh, I. K.; Koratkar, N.; Yang, Z. Y. Far-infrared reduced graphene oxide as high performance electrodes for supercapacitors. Carbon 2014, 75, 201–208.
Zhou, Y.; Candelaria, S. L.; Liu, Q.; Huang, Y. X.; Uchaker, E.; Cao, G. Z. Sulfur-rich carbon cryogels for supercapacitors with improved conductivity and wettability. J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2, 8472–8482.
Long, C. L.; Qi, D. P.; Wei, T.; Yan, J.; Jiang, L. L.; Fan, Z. J. Nitrogen-doped carbon networks for high energy density supercapacitors derived from polyaniline coated bacterial cellulose. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2014, 24, 3953–3961.
Zhou, Y.; Candelari, S. L.; Liu, Q.; Uchaker, E.; Cao, G. Z. Porous carbon with high capacitance and graphitization through controlled addition and removal of sulfur-containing compounds. Nano Energy 2015, 12, 567–577.
Lin, R. Y.; Taberna, P. L.; Fantini, S.; Presser, V.; Pérez, C. R.; Malbosc, F.; Rupesinghe, N. L.; Teo, K. B. K.; Gogotsi, Y.; Simon, P. Capacitive energy storage from–50 to 100 °C using an ionic liquid electrolyte. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2011, 2, 2396–2401.
Ahmed, B.; Xia, C.; Alshareef, H. N. Electrode surface engineering by atomic layer deposition: A promising pathway toward better energy storage. Nano Today 2016, 11, 250–271.
Wang, H. L.; Gao, Q. M.; Hu, J. High hydrogen storage capacity of porous carbons prepared by using activated carbon. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 7016–7022.
Zheng, X. Y.; Lv, W.; Tao, Y.; Shao, J. J.; Zhang, C.; Liu, D. H.; Luo, J. Y.; Wang, D. W.; Yang, Q. H. Oriented and interlinked porous carbon nanosheets with an extraordinary capacitive performance. Chem. Mater. 2014, 26, 6896–6903.
Sun, L.; Tian, C. G.; Li, M. T.; Meng, X. Y.; Wang, L.; Wang, R. H.; Yin, J.; Fu, H. G. From coconut shell to porous graphene-like nanosheets for high-power supercapacitors. J. Mater. Chem. A 2013, 1, 6462–6470.
Wang, H. L.; Mitlin, D.; Ding, J.; Li, Z.; Cui, K. Excellent energy-power characteristics from a hybrid sodium ion capacitor based on identical carbon nanosheets in both electrodes. J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4, 5149–5158.
Hou, J. H.; Cao, C. B.; Idrees, F.; Ma, X. L. Hierarchical porous nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets derived from silk for ultrahigh-capacity battery anodes and supercapacitors. ACS Nano 2015, 9, 2556–2564.
Lotfabad, E. M.; Ding, J.; Cui, K.; Kohandehghan, A.; Kalisvaart, W. P.; Hazelton, M.; Mitlin, D. High-density sodium and lithium ion battery anodes from banana peels. ACS Nano 2014, 8, 7115–7129.
Lotfabad, E. M.; Kalisvaart, P.; Kohandehghan, A.; Karpuzov, D.; Mitlin, D. Origin of non-SEI related coulombic efficiency loss in carbons tested against Na and Li. J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2, 19685–19695.
Ding, J.; Wang, H. L.; Li, Z.; Kohandehghan, A.; Cui, K.; Xu, Z. W.; Zahiri, B.; Tan, X. H.; Lotfabad, E. M.; Olsen, B. C. et al. Carbon nanosheet frameworks derived from peat moss as high performance sodium ion battery anodes. ACS Nano 2013, 7, 11004–11015.
Qian, W. J.; Zhu, J. Y.; Zhang, Y.; Wu, X.; Yan, F. Condiment-derived 3D architecture porous carbon for electrochemical supercapacitors. Small 2015, 11, 4959–4969.
Long, C. L.; Jiang, L. L.; Wu, X. L.; Jiang, Y. T.; Yang, D. R.; Wang, C. K.; Wei, T.; Fan, Z. J. Facile synthesis of functionalized porous carbon with three-dimensional interconnected pore structure for high volumetric performance supercapacitors. Carbon 2015, 93, 412–420.
Xu, J. T.; Wang, M.; Wickramaratne, N. P.; Jaroniec, M.; Dou, S. X.; Dai, L. M. High-performance sodium ion batteries based on a 3D anode from nitrogen-doped graphene foams. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 2042–2048.
Hulicova-Jurcakova, D.; Seredych, M.; Lu, G. Q.; Bandosz, T. J. Combined effect of nitrogen- and oxygen-containing functional groups of microporous activated carbon on its electrochemical performance in supercapacitors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2009, 19, 438–447.
Li, Z.; Xu, Z. W.; Tan, X. H.; Wang, H. L.; Holt, C. M. B.; Stephenson, T.; Olsen, B. C.; Mitlin, D. Mesoporous nitrogen-rich carbons derived from protein for ultra-high capacity battery anodes and supercapacitors. Energy Environ. Sci. 2013, 6, 871–878.
Li, Z.; Zhang, L.; Amirkhiz, B. S.; Tan, X. H.; Xu, Z. W.; Wang, H. L.; Olsen, B. C.; Holt, C. M. B.; Mitlin, D. Carbonized chicken eggshell membranes with 3D architectures as high-performance electrode materials for supercapacitors. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2012, 2, 431–437.
Hulicova-Jurcakova, D.; Kodama, M.; Shiraishi, S.; Hatori, H.; Zhu, Z. H.; Lu, G. Q. Nitrogen-enriched nonporous carbon electrodes with extraordinary supercapacitance. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2009, 19, 1800–1809.
Oh, Y. J.; Yoo, J. J.; Kim, Y. I.; Yoon, J. K.; Yoon, H. N.; Kim, J. H.; Park, S. B. Oxygen functional groups and electrochemical capacitive behavior of incompletely reduced graphene oxides as a thin-film electrode of supercapacitor. Electrochim. Acta 2014, 116, 118–128.
Bichat, M. P.; Raymundo-Piñ ero, E.; Bé guin, F. High voltage supercapacitor built with seaweed carbons in neutral aqueous electrolyte. Carbon 2010, 48, 4351–4361.
Gao, Q.; Demarconnay, L.; Raymundo-Piñ ero, E.; Bé guin, F. Exploring the large voltage range of carbon/carbon supercapacitors in aqueous lithium sulfate electrolyte. Energy Environ. Sci. 2012, 5, 9611–9617.
Wang, H. L.; Li, Z.; Tak, J. K.; Holt, C. M. B.; Tan, X. H.; Xu, Z. W.; Amirkhiz, B. S.; Hayfield, D.; Anyia, A.; Stephenson, T. et al. Supercapacitors based on carbons with tuned porosity derived from paper pulp mill sludge biowaste. Carbon 2013, 57, 317–328.
Wang, D. W.; Li, F.; Liu, M.; Lu, G. Q.; Cheng, H. M. Mesopore-aspect-ratio dependence of ion transport in rodtype ordered mesoporous carbon. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 9950–9955.
Tian, W. Q.; Gao, Q. M.; Tan, Y. L.; Yang, K.; Zhu, L. H.; Yang, C. X.; Zhang, H. Bio-inspired beehive-like hierarchical nanoporous carbon derived from bamboo-based industrial by-product as a high performance supercapacitor electrode material. J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 5656–5664.
Chen, C.; Xu, G. B.; Wei, X. L.; Yang, L. W. A macroscopic three-dimensional tetrapod-separated graphene-like oxygenated N-doped carbon nanosheet architecture for use in supercapacitors. J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4, 9900–9909.
Zhang, Y. Q.; Liu, X.; Wang, S. L.; Dou, S. X.; Li, L. Interconnected honeycomb-like porous carbon derived from plane tree fluff for high performance supercapacitors. J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4, 10869–10877.
Zhang, Y.; Tao, B. L.; Xing, W.; Zhang, L.; Xue, Q. Z.; Yan, Z. F. Sandwich-like nitrogen-doped porous carbon/ graphene nanoflakes with high-rate capacitive performance. Nanoscale 2016, 8, 7889–7898.
Zhang, X. M.; Jiao, Y. Q.; Sun, L.; Wang, L.; Wu, A. P.; Yan, H. J.; Meng, M. C.; Tian, C. G.; Jiang, B. J.; Fu, H. G. GO-induced assembly of gelatin toward stacked layer-like porous carbon for advanced supercapacitors. Nanoscale 2016, 8, 2418–2427.
Song, S. J.; Ma, F. W.; Wu, G.; Ma, D.; Geng, W. D.; Wan, J. F. Facile self-templating large scale preparation of biomass-derived 3D hierarchical porous carbon for advanced supercapacitors. J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 18154–18162.
Ma, F. W.; Ma, D.; Wu, G.; Geng, W. D.; Shao, J. Q.; Song, S. J.; Wan, J. F.; Qiu, J. S. Construction of 3D nanostructure hierarchical porous graphitic carbons by chargeinduced self-assembly and nanocrystal-assisted catalytic graphitization for supercapacitors. Chem. Commun. 2016, 52, 6673–6676.
Cheng, P.; Gao, S. Y.; Zang, P. Y.; Yang, X. F.; Bai, Y. L.; Xu, H.; Liu, Z. H.; Lei, Z. B. Hierarchically porous carbon by activation of shiitake mushroom for capacitive energy storage. Carbon 2015, 93, 315–324.
Xu, J.; Tan, Z. Q.; Zeng, W. C.; Chen, G. X.; Wu, S. L.; Zhao, Y.; Ni, K.; Tao, Z. C.; Ikram, M.; Ji, H. X. et al. A hierarchical carbon derived from sponge-templated activation of graphene oxide for high-performance supercapacitor electrodes. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 5222–5228.
Zhu, S.; Li, J. J.; Ma, L. Y.; Guo, L. C.; Li, Q. Y.; He, C. N.; Liu, E. Z.; He, F.; She, C. S.; Zhao, N. Q. Three-dimensional network of N-doped carbon ultrathin nanosheets with closely packed mesopores: Controllable synthesis and application in electrochemical energy storage. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 11720–11728.
Cheng, P.; Li, T.; Yu, H.; Zhi, L.; Liu, Z. H.; Lei, Z. B. Biomass-derived carbon fiber aerogel as a binder-free electrode for high-rate supercapacitors. J. Phys. Chem. C 2016, 120, 2079–2086.
Liu, X. R.; Zheng, M. T.; Xiao, Y.; Yang, Y. H.; Yang, L. F.; Liu, Y. L.; Lei, B. F.; Dong, H. W.; Zhang, H. R.; Fu, H. G. Microtube bundle carbon derived from paulownia sawdust for hybrid supercapacitor electrodes. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2013, 5, 4667–4677.
Li, M. J.; Liu, C. M.; Cao, H. B.; Zhao, H.; Zhang, Y.; Fan, Z. J. KOH self-templating synthesis of three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon materials for high performance supercapacitors. J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2, 14844–14851.
Hao, P.; Zhao, Z. H.; Leng, Y. H.; Tian, J.; Sang, Y. H.; Boughton, R. I.; Wong, C. P.; Liu, H.; Yang, B. Graphenebased nitrogen self-doped hierarchical porous carbon aerogels derived from chitosan for high performance supercapacitors. Nano Energy 2015, 15, 9–23.
Huang, Y. X.; Peng, L. L.; Liu, Y.; Zhao, G. J.; Chen, J. Y.; Yu, G. H. Biobased nano porous active carbon fibers for high-performance supercapacitors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 15205–15215.
Sun, F.; Wu, H. B.; Liu, X.; Liu, F.; Zhou, H. H.; Gao, J. H.; Lu, Y. F. Nitrogen-rich carbon spheres made by a continuous spraying process for high-performance supercapacitors. Nano Res. 2016, 9, 3209–3221.
Zhang, F.; Liu, T. Y.; Hou, G. H.; Kou, T. Y.; Yue, L.; Guan, R. F.; Li, Y. Hierarchically porous carbon foams for electric double layer capacitors. Nano Res. 2016, 9, 2875–2888.
Li, P. X.; Shi, E. Z.; Yang, Y. B.; Shang, Y. Y.; Peng, Q. Y.; Wu, S. T.; Wei, J. Q.; Wang, K. L.; Zhu, H. W.; Yuan, Q. et al. Carbon nanotube-polypyrrole core–shell sponge and its application as highly compressible supercapacitor electrode. Nano Res. 2014, 7, 209–218.
Ding, Y.; Yu, G. H. A bio-inspired, heavy-metal-free, dualelectrolyte liquid battery towards sustainable energy storage. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 4772–4776.
Subramanian, V.; Luo, C.; Stephan, A. M.; Nahm, K. S.; Thomas, S.; Wei, B. Q. Supercapacitors from activated carbon derived from banana fibers. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 7527–7531.
Bello, A.; Manyala, N.; Barzegar, F.; Khaleed, A. A.; Momodu, D. Y.; Dangbegnon, J. K. Renewable pine cone biomass derived carbon materials for supercapacitor application. RSC Adv. 2016, 6, 1800–1809.
Wang, S. G.; Ren, Z. H.; Li, J. P.; Ren, Y. Q.; Zhao, L.; Yu, J. Cotton-based hollow carbon fibers with high specific surface area prepared by ammonia etching for supercapacitor application. RSC Adv. 2014, 4, 31300–31307.
Li, J. P.; Ren, Z. H.; Ren, Y. Q.; Zhao, L.; Wang, S. G.; Yu, J. Activated carbon with micrometer-scale channels prepared from luffa sponge fibers and their application for supercapacitors. RSC Adv. 2014, 4, 35789–35796.
Fic, K.; Lota, G.; Meller, M.; Frackowiak, E. Novel insight into neutral medium as electrolyte for high-voltage supercapacitors. Energy Environ. Sci. 2012, 5, 5842–5850.
Jin, H. Y.; Peng, Z. H.; Tang, W. M.; Chan, H. L. W. Controllable functionalized carbon fabric for highperformance all-carbon-based supercapacitors. RSC Adv. 2014, 4, 33022–33028.
Yuan, S. J.; Dai, X. H. Heteroatom-doped porous carbon derived from “all-in-one” precursor sewage sludge for electrochemical energy storage. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 45827–45835.
Wang, L. Q.; Wang, J. Z.; Jia, F.; Wang, C. Y.; Chen, M. M. Nanoporous carbon synthesised with coal tar pitch and its capacitive performance. J. Mater. Chem. A 2013, 1, 9498–9507.
Lee, J. S. M.; Wu, T. H.; Alston, B. M.; Briggs, M. E.; Hasell, T.; Hu, C. C.; Cooper, A. I. Porosity-engineered carbons for supercapacitive energy storage using conjugated microporous polymer precursors. J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4, 7665–7673.
Lang, J. W.; Yan, X. B.; Liu, W. W.; Wang, R. T.; Xue, Q. J. Influence of nitric acid modification of ordered mesoporous carbon materials on their capacitive performances in different aqueous electrolytes. J. Power Sources 2012, 204, 220–229.
Fan, Z. J.; Yan, J.; Wei, T.; Zhi, L. J.; Ning, G. Q.; Li, T. Y.; Wei, F. A symmetric supercapacitors based on graphene/ MnO2 and activated carbon nanofiber electrodes with high power and energy density. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2011, 21, 2366–2375.
Khomenko, V.; Raymundo-Piñero, E.; Béguin, F. Optimisation of an asymmetric manganese oxide/activated carbon capacitor working at 2 V in aqueous medium. J. Power Sources 2006, 153, 183–190.
Gogotsi, Y.; Simon, P. True performance metrics in electrochemical energy storage. Science 2011, 334, 917–918.
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51402272 and 21471139), Shandong Province Outstanding Youth Scientist Foundation Plan (No. BS2014CL024), Seed Fund from Ocean University of China, and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Electronic supplementary material
12274_2017_1486_MOESM1_ESM.pdf
Extremely high-rate aqueous supercapacitor fabricated using doped carbon nanoflakes with large surface area and mesopores at near-commercial mass loading
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mao, N., Wang, H., Sui, Y. et al. Extremely high-rate aqueous supercapacitor fabricated using doped carbon nanoflakes with large surface area and mesopores at near-commercial mass loading. Nano Res. 10, 1767–1783 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-017-1486-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-017-1486-6