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Exploring the Variation of Sonication Amplitude and Time Parameters on the Ultrasonic Disperse Dyeing of Polyacrylonitrile Fibers

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Abstract

Disperse dyeing of synthetic textile substrates is conventionally an energy- and chemically intensive process. Alternative treatment methods that alleviate the environmental and energy burden of the process are required. In this study, the effects of variable ultrasonic sonication amplitude and sonication reaction time parameters, on the discontinuous batch stock dyeing efficacy of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers using a disperse dye were investigated. All other experimental input variables (dye concentrations, temperature, etc.) were kept constant, in order to best explore main effects and interaction effects of orthogonal dyeing time and sonication amplitude contributions. The efficacy of coloration and the attendant changes in the structure of the PAN fibrous substrates were explored at 50% (61 ± 1.6 W/cm2), 60% (77 ± 2.3 W/cm2), 65% (84 ± 1.5 W/cm2), 70% (90 ± 4.2 W/cm2), 75% (98 ± 3.4 W/cm2), and 80% (112 ± 3.1 W/cm2) sonication amplitude and during 20, 30, 40, 45, and 60 min immersion periods for dyeing. Dyed PAN fiber samples were subsequently characterized by SEM imaging, optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, as well as CIELAB L*a*b* values and K/S color measurement. Results indicate excellent dyeing outcomes, with a generally improved dye uptake trend with both increasing sonication amplitude and time, although differences between outputs exist. A two-way ANOVA statistical analysis (α = 0.05), with Tukey HSD, of the different dyeing parameters indicates that the sonication amplitude plays the more important and statistically significant role in dye uptake, although deposition time is also a significant factor. Optimal dyeing conditions, considering color uptake efficacy without meaningful fiber damage, were identified as sonication at 400 kHz for 30 min with a sonication amplitude of 70%. These findings will support routes toward greener, cleaner dyeing of synthetic textile fibers.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank The Hong Kong Polytechnic University for funding support; CKL and MWY for an undergraduate summer internship, the results of which are presented in this manuscript, MWY and NN (1-ZVK4), and HX and NN the Hong Kong Environment and Conservation Fund (ECF 107/2020).

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  1. Wai Yan Ma and Ka Ling Choi have contributed equally to this work.

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  1. School of Fashion and Textiles, Materials Synthesis and Processing Lab, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China

    Wai Yan Ma, Ka Ling Choi, Muhammad Waseem Younas, Hu Xin & Nuruzzaman Noor

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Ma, W.Y., Choi, K.L., Younas, M.W. et al. Exploring the Variation of Sonication Amplitude and Time Parameters on the Ultrasonic Disperse Dyeing of Polyacrylonitrile Fibers. Fibers Polym 24, 1093–1106 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-023-00115-w

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