Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) was covalently attached to glassy carbon (GC) electrode (GC–O–GO) for fabricating nanosensors to determine trace Pb2+ and Cd2+ using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). Surface characterization of the nanofilm-covered electrode was performed via electrochemical cyclic voltammetry (CV), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. Surface pKa of the GO covalent attached GC (GC–O–GO) was calculated via CV. Under optimal conditions, a linear response was found for Pb2+ and Cd2+ in the range from 1 × 10−8 to 1 × 10−12 M. The limit of detections (LODs) of Pb2+ and Cd2+ were 0.25 pM and 0.28 pM, respectively. The method shows good reproducibility, and stability was successfully applied to measure Pb2+ and Cd2+ levels in rice, soya, milk, and tap water samples, with good agreement with those obtained by the standard inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) method. The method was evaluated by application with the simultaneous determination of the ions in food samples (n = 6) using the standard addition method. The recoveries of the Pb2+ and Cd2+ were up to 98 %.
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Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the Research Foundation of Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya-Turkey, (BAP-131210012) for the financial support of this work.
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Samet Yavuz, Asli Erkal, İshak Afşin Kariper, Ali Osman Solak, Seungwon Jeon, İbrahim Ender Mülazımoğlu, and Zafer Üstündağ have received research grants from Research Foundation of Dumlupınar University (Kütahya, Turkey) and Research Foundation of Necmettin Erbakan University (Konya, Turkey).
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Yavuz, S., Erkal, A., Kariper, İ.A. et al. Carbonaceous Materials-12: a Novel Highly Sensitive Graphene Oxide-Based Carbon Electrode: Preparation, Characterization, and Heavy Metal Analysis in Food Samples. Food Anal. Methods 9, 322–331 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-015-0198-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-015-0198-3