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Current approaches in glioblastoma multiforme immunotherapy

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Abstract

Glioblastoma multiform (GBM) is the most prevalent CNS (central nervous system) tumor in adults, with an average survival length shorter than 2 years and rare metastasis to organs other than CNS. Despite extensive attempts at surgical resecting, the inherently permeable nature of this disease has rendered relapse nearly unavoidable. Thus, immunotherapy is a feasible alternative, as stimulated immune cells can enter into the remote and inaccessible tumor cells. Immunotherapy has revolutionized patient upshots in various malignancies and might introduce different effective ways for GBM patients. Currently, researchers are exploring various immunotherapeutic strategies in patients with GBM to target both the innate and acquired immune responses. These approaches include reprogrammed tumor-associated macrophages, the use of specific antibodies to inhibit tumor progression and metastasis, modifying tumor-associated macrophages with antibodies, vaccines that utilize tumor-specific dendritic cells to activate anti-tumor T cells, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and enhanced T cells that function against tumor cells. Despite these findings, there is still room for improving the response faults of the many currently tested immunotherapies. This study aims to review the currently used immunotherapy approaches with their molecular mechanisms and clinical application in GBM.

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Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by Immunology Research Center at Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Marjan Aghajani, Nazila Jalilzadeh, Amirhossein Yari, Peyman Tabnak, Amirhossein Mardi, Hossein Saeedi, Leili Aghebati-Maleki & Behzad Baradaran

  2. Molecular Medicine Department, Faculty of Modern Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Ali Aghebati-Maleki

  3. Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran

    Amirhossein Yari

  4. Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Peyman Tabnak & Amirhossein Mardi

  5. Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Amirhossein Mardi, Leili Aghebati-Maleki & Behzad Baradaran

Authors
  1. Marjan Aghajani
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  2. Nazila Jalilzadeh
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  3. Ali Aghebati-Maleki
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  4. Amirhossein Yari
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  8. Leili Aghebati-Maleki
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Contributions

MA, NJ, and PT have made contributions to the writing of the manuscript, participated in literature survey. PT contributed to the study design and revised of the manuscript. HS and AA-M participated in design of Tables and Figures. AM participated in answering the reviewer's comments and revising the manuscript. LA-M, PT, and BB contributed to the revised of the manuscript. All authors have approved the submitted version of the article and have agreed to be personally accountable for the author’s own contributions and to ensure that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Leili Aghebati-Maleki or Behzad Baradaran.

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Aghajani, M., Jalilzadeh, N., Aghebati-Maleki, A. et al. Current approaches in glioblastoma multiforme immunotherapy. Clin Transl Oncol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094-024-03395-7

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