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Dietary Fatty Acid Metabolism is Affected More by Lipid Level than Source in Senegalese Sole Juveniles: Interactions for Optimal Dietary Formulation

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Lipids

Abstract

This study analyses the effects of dietary lipid level and source on lipid absorption and metabolism in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). Juvenile fish were fed 4 experimental diets containing either 100 % fish oil (FO) or 25 % FO and 75 % vegetable oil (VO; rapeseed, linseed and soybean oils) at two lipid levels (~8 or ~18 %). Effects were assessed on fish performance, body proximate composition and lipid accumulation, activity of hepatic lipogenic and fatty acid oxidative enzymes and, finally, on the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in liver and intestine, and to intestinal absorption, both pre- and postprandially. Increased dietary lipid level had no major effects on growth and feeding performance (FCR), although fish fed FO had marginally better growth. Nevertheless, diets induced significant changes in lipid accumulation and metabolism. Hepatic lipid deposits were higher in fish fed VO, associated to increased hepatic ATP citrate lyase activity and up-regulated carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (cpt1) mRNA levels post-prandially. However, lipid level had a larger effect on gene expression of metabolic (lipogenesis and β-oxidation) genes than lipid source, mostly at fasting. High dietary lipid level down-regulated fatty acid synthase expression in liver and intestine, and increased cpt1 mRNA in liver. Large lipid accumulations were observed in the enterocytes of fish fed high lipid diets. This was possibly a result of a poor capacity to adapt to high dietary lipid level, as most genes involved in intestinal absorption were not regulated in response to the diet.

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Abbreviations

ACOX1:

Acyl-CoA oxidase 1

ALA:

α-Linolenic acid

APOA4:

Apolipoprotein A4

ARA:

Arachidonic acid

CD36:

Cluster of differentiation 36 family

CPT1:

Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1

DHA:

Docosahexaenoic acid

EPA:

Eicosapentaenoic acid

FA:

Fatty acid

FABP:

Fatty acid binding protein

FAS:

Fatty acid synthase

FCR:

Food conversion ratio

HSI:

Hepatosomatic index

MTP:

Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein

MUFA:

Monounsaturated fatty acid

LC-PUFA:

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid

LNA:

Linoleic acid

PUFA:

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

SFA:

Saturated fatty acid

VSI:

Viscerosomatic index

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Jorge Dias (Sparos) for formulating the diets and organizing the logistics of the trial. The help of Helena Teixeira (CCMAR) for fish husbandry during the experiment, of Jorge Dias, Vera Rodrigues and Manuel Sardinha (Sparos) for sampling and Almudena Martínez (IRTA) for assisting with RNA extractions was deeply appreciated. KB is the recipient of a PhD grant awarded by the Agència de Gestió d’Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (AGAUR) and SM holds a Ramón y Cajal post-doctoral contract from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO). This study was supported by the European Commission Marie Curie Actions (FP7-PEOPLE-2010-RG, Project No. 274184) and by MINECO (project AGL2011-23502).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. IRTA, Centre de Sant Carles de la Ràpita (SCR), Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540, Tarragona, Spain

    Kruno Bonacic, Alicia Estévez, Olga Bellot, Enric Gisbert & Sofia Morais

  2. CIMAR/CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal

    Marta Conde-Sieira

  3. Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain

    Marta Conde-Sieira

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  1. Kruno Bonacic
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  2. Alicia Estévez
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  3. Olga Bellot
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  4. Marta Conde-Sieira
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Correspondence to Kruno Bonacic.

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Bonacic, K., Estévez, A., Bellot, O. et al. Dietary Fatty Acid Metabolism is Affected More by Lipid Level than Source in Senegalese Sole Juveniles: Interactions for Optimal Dietary Formulation. Lipids 51, 105–122 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-015-4089-6

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