Abstract
In this work, flake-shaped zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) labeled as (P3) are green synthesized using Azadirachta indica fruit peel extract for antibacterial, supercapacitor, and photocatalytic applications. XRD pattern revealed the hexagonal wurtzite crystalline structure of the green synthesized ZnO NPs while FTIR spectrum confirmed their surface-attached phytochemicals coating. FE-SEM image demonstrated micro to nano-sized flake-shaped ZnO NPs with widths 116–145 nm and lengths 215–398 nm. The surface area of synthesized ZnO NPs was obtained as 22.721 m2/g using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of as-prepared ZnO NPs are determined as 140, 135, and 130 μg/mL against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and both Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae, respectively. Moreover, as-synthesized ZnO NPs showed high specific capacitance and energy density values of 794.96 F/g and 22.34 Wh/kg at 5 mV/s, respectively. Furthermore, as-prepared ZnO NPs showed 88.53% and 83.08% photocatalytic degradation for methylene blue and rhodamine B dye, respectively, after 240 min of sunlight exposure. In summary, green synthesized flake-shaped ZnO NPs are promising candidates for antibacterial, supercapacitor, and photocatalytic applications.
Graphical abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akhavan O (2010) Graphene nanomesh by ZnO nanorod photocatalysts. ACS Nano 4(7):4174–4180. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn1007429
Akhavan O, Ghaderi E (2010) Toxicity of graphene and graphene oxide nanowalls against bacteria. ACS Nano 4(10):5731–5736. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn101390x
Akhavan O, Mehrabian M, Mirabbaszadeh K et al (2009) Hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO nanorod arrays for photocatalytic inactivation of bacteria. J Phys D Appl Phys 42(22):225305. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/42/22/225305
Akhavan O, Ghaderi E, Esfandiar A (2011) Wrapping bacteria by graphene nanosheets for isolation from environment, reactivation by sonication, and inactivation by near-infrared irradiation. J Phys Chem B 115(19):6279–6288. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp200686k
Alotaibi B, Negm WA, Elekhnawy E et al (2022) Antibacterial activity of nano zinc oxide green-synthesised from Gardenia thailandica triveng. Leaves against Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates: in vitro and in vivo study. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 50(1):96–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2022.2056191
Arvanag FM, Bayrami A, Yangjeh AH et al (2019) A comprehensive study on antidiabetic and antibacterial activities of ZnO nanoparticles biosynthesized using Silybum marianum L. seed extract. Mater Sci Eng C 97:397–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2018.12
Asha S, Bessy TC, Sherin JFJ et al (2022) Efficient photocatalytic degradation of industrial contaminants by Piper longum mediated ZnO nanoparticles. Environ Res 208:112686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.112686
Bala N, Saha S, Chakraborty M et al (2015) Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Hibiscus subdariffa leaf extract: effect of temperature on synthesis, anti-bacterial activity and anti-diabetic activity. RSC Adv 5:4993–5003. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA12784F
Basri HH, Talib RA, Sukor R et al (2020) Effect of synthesis temperature on the size of ZnO nanoparticles derived from pineapple peel extract and antibacterial activity of ZnO–starch nanocomposite films. Nanomaterials 10(6):1061. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10061061
Becheri A, Durr M, Nostro PL et al (2008) Synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles: application to textiles as UV-absorbers. J Nanopart Res 10:679–689. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-007-9318-3
Bijanzad K, Tadjarodi A, Akhavan O (2015) Photocatalytic activity of mesoporous microbricks of ZnO nanoparticles prepared by the thermal decomposition of bis (2-aminonicotinato) zinc (II). Chin J Catal 36(5):742–749. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(14)60305-3
Buldu-Akturk M, Toufani M, Tufanic A et al (2022) ZnO and reduced graphene oxide electrodes for all-in-one supercapacitor devices. Nanoscale 14:3269. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2nr00018k
Choubari MS, Mazloom J, Ghodsi FE (2022) Supercapacitive properties, optical band gap, and photoluminescence of CeO2–ZnO nanocomposites prepared by eco-friendly green and citrate sol-gel methods: a comparative study. Ceram Int 48:21344–21354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.04.100
Djurišić AB, Choy WC, Roy VAL et al (2004) Photoluminescence and electron paramagnetic resonance of ZnO tetrapod structures. Adv Funct Mater 14(9):856–864. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200305082
Dobrucka R, Dugaszewsk J (2016) Biosynthesis and antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles using Trifolium pratense flower extract. Saudi J Biol Sci 23:517–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.05.016
Ehsani A, Bigdeloo M, Alamgholiloo H et al (2022) Ternary nanocomposite of TiO2-ZnO/MCM-41: synthesis and electrochemical performance in supercapacitors. J Energy Storage 50:104633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.104633
Elumalai K, Velmurugan S (2015) Green synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles from the leaf extract of Azadirachta indica (L.). Appl Surf Sci 345:329–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.03.176
Elumalai K, Velmurugan S, Ravi S et al (2015) Bio-fabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles using leaf extract of curry leaf (Murraya koenigii) and its antimicrobial activities. Mater Sci Semicond Process 34:365–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2015.01.048
Fouladi-Fard R, Aali R, Mohammadi-Aghdam S et al (2022) The surface modification of spherical ZnO with Ag nanoparticles: a novel agent, biogenic synthesis, catalytic and antibacterial activities. Arab J Chem 15:103658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103658
Garcia L (2010) Broth microdilution MIC test. In: Clinical microbiology procedures handbook, 3rd edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC, pp 25–41. https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555817435.ch5.2
Golmohammadi M, Honarmand M, Esmaeili A (2022) Biosynthesis of ZnO nanoparticles supported on bentonite and the evaluation of its photocatalytic activity. Mater Res Bull 149:111714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2021.111714
Hamed R, Sawalha S, Assali M et al (2023) Visible light-driven ZnO nanoparticles/carbon nanodots hybrid for broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Surf Interfaces 38:102760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2023.102760
Handayani M, Mulyaningsih Y, Anggoro MA et al (2022) One-pot synthesis of reduced graphene oxide/chitosan/zinc oxide ternary nanocomposites for supercapacitor electrodes with enhanced electrochemical properties. Mater Lett 314:131846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2022.131846
Harun K, Hussain F, Purwanto A et al (2017) Sol–gel synthesized ZnO for optoelectronics applications: a characterization review. Mater Res Express 4(12):122001. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aa9e82
Huang Z, Zheng X, Yan D et al (2008) Toxicological effect of ZnO nanoparticles based on bacteria. Langmuir 24(8):4140–4144. https://doi.org/10.1021/la7035949
Ibrahim OH, Mousa MA, Asiry KA et al (2022) Azadirachta indica A. juss fruit mesocarp and epicarp extracts induce antimicrobial and antiproliferative effects against prostate (PC-3), Breast (MCF-7), and colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cancer cell lines through upregulation of proapoptotic genes. Plants 11(15):1990. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11151990
Imade EE, Ajiboye TO, Fadiji AE et al (2022) Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using plantain peel extracts and the evaluation of their antibacterial activity. Sci Afr 16:e01152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01152
Irimpan L, Nampoori VPN, Radhakrishnan P et al (2007) Size dependent fluorescence spectroscopy of nanocolloids of ZnO. J Appl Phys 102(6):063524. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2778637
Jannesari M, Akhavan O, Madaah Hosseini HR et al (2020) Graphene/CuO2 nanoshuttles with controllable release of oxygen nanobubbles promoting interruption of bacterial respiration. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 12(32):35813–35825. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c05732
Jannesari M, Akhavan O, Hosseini HRM et al (2023) Oxygen-rich graphene/ZnO2-Ag nanoframeworks with pH-switchable catalase/peroxidase activity as O2 nanobubble-self generator for bacterial inactivation. J Colloid Interface Sci 637:237–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2023.01.079
Jayaseelan C, Rahumana AA, Kirthi A et al (2012) Novel microbial route to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles using Aeromonas hydrophila and their activity against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectro 90:78–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2012.01.006
Ji X, Wang A, Li G et al (2016) Controllable synthesis and photocatalytic properties of ZnO hierarchical flower-like porous nanostructures. Micro Nano Lett 11(11):753–757. https://doi.org/10.1049/mnl.2016.0404
Jones N, Ray B, Ranjit KT et al (2008) Antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticle suspensions on a broad spectrum of microorganisms. FEMS Microb Lett 279(1):71–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.01012.x
Kamarajan G, Anburaj DB, Porkalai V et al (2022) Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and their photocatalyst degradation and antibacterial activity. J Water Environ Nanotechnol 7(2):180–193. https://doi.org/10.22090/jwent.2022.02.006
Kandasamy G, Soni S, Sushmita K et al (2019) One-step synthesis of hydrophilic functionalized and cytocompatible SPIONs based aqueous ferrofluids for biomedical applications. J Mol Liq 274:653–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2018.10.161
Karthik KV, Raghu AV, Reddy KR et al (2022) Green synthesis of Cu-doped ZnO nanoparticles and its application for the photocatalytic degradation of hazardous organic pollutants. Chemosphere 287:132081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132081
Khan M, Ware P, Shimpi N (2021) Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using peels of Passiflora foetida and study of its activity as an efficient catalyst for the degradation of hazardous organic dye. SN Appl Sci 3:528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-021-04436-4.K
Khara G, Padalia H, Moteriya P et al (2018) Peltophorum pterocarpum flower-mediated synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of ZnO nanoparticles. Arab J Sci Eng 43:3393–3401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-017-2875-6
Kilani-Morakchi S, Morakchi-Goudjil H, Sifi K (2021) Azadirachtin-based insecticide: overview, risk assessments, and future directions. Front Agron 3:676208. https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2021.676208
Koumaglo K, Akogo Y, Dotse K et al (2004) Évaluation de la teneur en gédunine dans différents organes d’Azadirachta indica A. Juss C R Chim 7:1047–1050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crci.2003.12.032
Kumar A, Pandey AK, Singh SS et al (2011) Engineered ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles induce oxidative stress and DNA damage leading to reduced viability of Escherichia coli. Free Radic Biol Med 51(10):1872–1881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.08.025
Li J, Li Y, Wu H et al (2021) Facile synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles by Actinidia deliciosa fruit peel extract: bactericidal, anticancer and detoxification properties. Environ Res 200:111433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111433
Liang Y, Guo N, Li L et al (2015) Preparation of porous 3D Ce-doped ZnO microflowers with enhanced photocatalytic performance. RSC Adv 5:59887. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra08519e
Liu S, Zeng TH, Hofmann M et al (2011) Antibacterial activity of graphite, graphite oxide, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide: membrane and oxidative stress. ACS Nano 5(9):6971–6980. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn202451x
Madan HR, Sharma SC, Udayabhanu et al (2016) Facile green fabrication of nanostructure ZnO plates, bullets, flower, prismatic tip, closed pine cone: their antibacterial, antioxidant, photoluminescent and photocatalytic properties. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 152:404–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2015.07.067
Maity D, Agrawal DC (2007) Synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles under oxidizing environment and their stabilization in aqueous and non-aqueous media. J Magn Magn Mater 308(1):46–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2006.05.001
Mashentseva AA, Aimanova NA, Parmanbek N et al (2022) Serratula coronata L. mediated synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and their application for the removal of Alizarin yellow R by photocatalytic degradation and adsorption. Nanomaterials 12:3293. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12193293
Moghadam MTT, Seif M (2022) Fabrication and investigation of ZnO-CNT@Fe3O4/NF as supercapacitor electrode by using a novel preparation method of CNT. Diam Relat Mater 125:108962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2022.108962
Mohammadi-Aloucheh R, Habibi-Yangjeh A, Bayrami A et al (2018) Green synthesis of ZnO and ZnO/CuO nanocomposites in Mentha longifolia leaf extract: characterization and their application as anti-bacterial agents. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 29:13596–13605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-018-9487-0
Mohan A, Manikandan V, Devanesan S et al (2022) Nanostructured nickel doped zinc oxide material suitable for magnetic, supercapacitor applications and theoretical investigation. Chemosphere 299:134366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134366
Muniyan A, Ravi K, Mohan U et al (2017) Characterization and in vitro antibacterial activity of saponin-conjugated silver nanoparticles that cause burn wound infection. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 33(7):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-017-2309-3
Nagarani S, Sasikala G, Yuvaraj M et al (2022) ZnO–CuO nanoparticles enamelled on reduced graphene nanosheets as electrode materials for supercapacitors applications. J Energy Storage 52:104969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.104969
Nethaji P, Kumar PS (2022) V–Ag doped ZnO nanorod as high-performance electrode material for supercapacitors with enhanced specific capacitance and cycling stability. Chem Eng Res Des 178:356–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2021.12.039
Noohpisheha Z, Amiri H, Farhadi S et al (2020) Green synthesis of Ag–ZnO nanocomposites using Trigonella foenum-graecum leaf extract and their antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and photocatalytic properties. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 240:118595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2020.118595
Padalia H, Chanda S (2017) Characterization, antifungal and cytotoxic evaluation of green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles using Ziziphus nummularia leaf extract. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 45(8):1751–1761. https://doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2017.1282868
Padalia H, Moteriya P, Chanda S (2018) Synergistic antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using Cassia auriculata leaf extract. BioNanoScience 8(1):196–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12668-017-0463-6
Prasanna VL, Vijayaraghavan R (2015) Insight into the mechanism of antibacterial activity of ZnO: surface defects mediated reactive oxygen species even in the dark. Langmuir 31(33):9155–9162. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b02266
Prashanth GK, Prashanth PA, Bora U et al (2015) In vitro antibacterial and cytotoxicity studies of ZnO nanopowders prepared by combustion assisted facile green synthesis. Karbala Int J Mod Sci 1:67–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kijoms.2015.10.007
Rabiee N, Akhavan O, Fatahi Y et al (2022) CaZnO-based nanoghosts for the detection of ssDNA, pCRISPR and recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen and targeted delivery of doxorubicin. Chemosphere 306:135578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135578
Rajendrachari S, Taslimi P, Karaoglanli AC et al (2021) Photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) dye in waste water and enzymatic inhibition study using cauliflower shaped ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by a novel one-pot green synthesis method. Arab J Chem 14:103180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103180
Ramesh M, Anbuvannan M, Viruthagiri G (2015) Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using Solanum nigrum leaf extract and their antibacterial activity. Spectrochim Acta a Mol Biomol Spectrosc 136:864–870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.09.105
Rani N, Saini M, Yadav S et al (2020) High performance Supercapacitor based on rod shaped ZnO Nanostructure electrode. AIP Conf Proc 2276:020042. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0026084
Rani N, Goswami N, Maity D et al (2022a) Biosynthesis of hydrophilic Zinc oxide nanoparticles using Plumeria Obtusa and Tabernaemontana divaricate flower extract for antidiabetic treatment. Chem Pap. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-022-02239-4
Rani N, Rawat K, Saini M et al (2022b) Azadirachta indica leaf extract mediated biosynthesized rod-shaped zinc oxide nanoparticles for in vitro lung cancer treatment. Mater Sci Eng B 284:115851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2022.115851
Rani N, Rawat K, Saini M et al (2022c) Rod-shaped ZnO nanoparticles: synthesis, comparison and in vitro evaluation of their apoptotic activity in lung cancer cells. Chem Pap 76:1225–1238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-021-01942-y
Rani N, Rani S, Patel H et al (2023) Characterization and investigation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles prepared using leaves extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis. Inorg Chem Commun 150:110516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2023.110516
Ray PG, Biswas S, Roy T et al (2019) Sonication assisted hierarchical decoration of Ag-NP on zinc oxide nanoflower impregnated eggshell membrane: evaluation of antibacterial activity and in vitro cytocompatibility. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 7(16):13717–13733. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b01185
Rokhsat E, Akhavan O (2016) Improving the photocatalytic activity of graphene oxide/ZnO nanorod films by UV irradiation. Appl Surf Sci 371:590–595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.02.222
Sadiq H, Sher F, Sehar S et al (2021) Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles from Syzygium cumini leaves extract with robust photocatalysis applications. J Mol Liq 335:116567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116567
Saini M, Mushtaq A, Yadav S et al (2022) Green synthesis of rod shaped ZnO using Origanum majorana leaf extract and their study for antibacterial applications. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 1225:012048. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1225/1/012048
Saini M, Yadav S, Rani N et al (2022b) Antibacterial study of nanosized zinc oxide (F1) against various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Mater Today Proc 67(6):852–857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.07.208
Saini M, Yadav S, Rani N et al (2022c) Biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles using seed and bark extract of Azadirachta indica for antibacterial, photocatalytic and supercapacitor applications. Mater Sci Eng B 282:115789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2022.115789
Sana SS, Kumbhakar DV, Pasha A et al (2020) Crotalaria verrucosa leaf extract mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles: assessment of antimicrobial and anticancer activity. Molecules 25(21):4896. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25214896
Sinha R, Roy N, Mandal TK (2022) SWCNT/ZnO nanocomposite decorated with carbon dots for photoresponsive supercapacitor applications. Chem Eng J 431:133915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.133915
Soltanian S, Sheikhbahaei M, Mohamadi N et al (2021) Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Hertia intermedia and evaluation of its cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities. BioNanoScience 11(2):245–255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12668-020-00816-z
Srivastava SK, Agrawal B, Kumar A et al (2020) Phytochemicals of Azadirachta indica source of active medicinal constituent used for cure of various diseases: a review. J Sci Res 64(1):385–390. https://doi.org/10.37398/JSR.2020.640153
Subramanian H, Krishnan M, Mahalingam A (2022) Photocatalytic dye degradation and photoexcited anti-microbial activities of green zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized via Sargassum muticum extracts. RSC Adv 12:985. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ra08196a
Umar A, Rahman MM, Al-Hajry A et al (2009) Highly-sensitive cholesterol biosensor based on well-crystallized flower-shaped ZnO nanostructures. Talanta 78:284–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2008.11.018
Velsankar K, Venkatesan A, Muthumari P et al (2022) Green inspired synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and its characterizations with biofilm, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic activities. J Mol Struct 1255:132420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132420
Vijayakumar S, Vinoj G, Malaikozhundan B et al (2015) Plectranthus amboinicus leaf extract mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and its control of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm and blood sucking mosquito larvae. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 137:886–891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.08.064
Vinayagam R, Sharma G, Murugesan G et al (2022) Rapid photocatalytic degradation of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid by ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using the leaf extract of Muntingiacalabura. J Mol Struct 1263:133127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133127
Visinescu D, Hussien MD, Moreno JC et al (2018) Zinc oxide spherical-shaped nanostructures: investigation of surface reactivity and interactions with microbial and mammalian cells. Langmuir 34(45):13638–13651. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02528
Wang YW, Cao A, Jiang Y et al (2014) Superior antibacterial activity of zinc oxide/graphene oxide composites originating from high zinc concentration localized around bacteria. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6(4):2791–2798. https://doi.org/10.1021/am4053317
Yadav S, Rani N, Saini K (2022a) Green synthesis of ZnO and CuO NPs using Ficus benghalensis leaf extract and their comparative study for electrode materials for high performance supercapacitor application. Mater Today Proc 49:2124–2130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.08.323
Yadav S, Yadav J, Kumar M et al (2022b) Synthesis and characterization of nickel oxide/cobalt oxide nanocomposite for effective degradation of methylene blue and their comparative electrochemical study as electrode material for supercapacitor application. Int J Hydrog Energy 47:41684–41697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.02.011
Yadav S, Rani N, Saini K (2023a) Coupling ZnO with CuO for efficient organic pollutant removal. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30:71984–72008. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24139-6
Yadav S, Shakya K, Gupta A et al (2023b) A review on degradation of organic dyes by using metal oxide semiconductors. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30:71912–71932. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20818-6
Yadav S, Rani N, Saini K (2023c) Synthesis and characterization of NiO/Cr2O3 nanocomposite with effective sunlight driven photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30:71957–71969. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22746-x
Acknowledgements
Kalawati Saini thanks Principal, Miranda House, University of Delhi for providing a laboratory to carry out the research work. The authors also thank USIC, University of Delhi, India for getting FE-SEM, EDS, and PXRD facilities. Kalawati Saini and Mona Saini thankful to DBT, GOVT. of India, New Delhi for providing fund (Ref. No. BT/IN/Indo/Foldscope/39/2015 dated: 20.03.2018). Sapna Yadav is grateful to CSIR, New Delhi for providing SRF (Ref. No. 08/700(0004)/2019-EMR-1). Kalawati Saini is grateful to Dr. Amrita Tripathi Sheikh, Associate Professor, Miranda House, University of Delhi for her constant encouragement and support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Rani, N., Yadav, S., Mushtaq, A. et al. Azadirachta indica peel extract-mediated synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles for antimicrobial, supercapacitor and photocatalytic applications. Chem. Pap. 78, 3687–3704 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-024-03340-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-024-03340-6