Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pitting Corrosion Initiated by Al2O3–CaO–CaS Inclusions in a 304 Stainless Steel

  • Original Research Article
  • Published:
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The effect of the calcium treatment on the pitting corrosion of a 304 stainless steel (SS) was investigated. The number density, the area fraction, the composition, and the size of non-metallic inclusions in the SS after calcium treatment were analyzed. When the total calcium content in the SS increased from 3 to 54 ppm, the evolution route of inclusions was Al2O3 → (Ca, Al)O → (Ca, Al, S)O. The corrosion index of the single Al2O3 inclusion, the clustered Al2O3 inclusion, the (Ca, Al)O inclusion, and the (Ca, Al, S)O inclusion was 0, 0.59, 0.74, and 1.09 pct min−1 after immersion for 120 min, respectively, indicating that the severity of the pitting corrosion of the SS induced by inclusions was (Ca, Al, S)O > (Ca, Al)O > clustered Al2O3 > single Al2O3. When the T.Ca content in the SS was 3, 8, 46, and 54 ppm, the pitting potential of the SS was 0.39, 0.31, 0.21, and 0.12 V, respectively. The transient current density and the transient current lifetime increased with varied T.Ca contents of steel samples, indicating the metastable pitting corrosion resistance of the SS decreased with more calcium in the steel.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. L. Zhang: Non-metallic Inclusions in Steels: Industrial Practice (in Chinese), Metallurgical Industry Press, Beijing, 2020.

    Google Scholar 

  2. L. Zhang: Non-metallic Inclusions in Steels: Fundamentals (in Chinese), Metallurgical Industry Press, Beijing, 2019.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Y. Ren, L. Zhang, and H. Duan: Nonmetallic Inclusions in Stainless Steel (in Chinese), Metallurgical Industry Press, Beijing, 2020.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Y. Ren, L. Zhang, and P.C. Pistorius: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2017, vol. 48B, pp. 1–2.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Y. Ren and L. Zhang: ISIJ Int., 2016, vol. 57, pp. 68–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. L. Zhang and B.G. Thomas: ISIJ Int., 2003, vol. 43, pp. 271–91.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. J. Guo and T. Chen: J. Iron. Steel Res. Int., 2022, vol. 29, pp. 819–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Z. Wang, Y. Guan, and H. Luo: J. Iron. Steel Res. Int., 2022, vol. 29, pp. 1153–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. R. Ke and R. Alkire: J. Electrochem. Soc., 1995, vol. 142, pp. 4056–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. A. Chiba, S. Shibukawa, I. Muto, T. Doi, K. Kawano, Y. Sugawara, and N. Hara: J. Electrochem. Soc., 2015, vol. 162, pp. C270–78.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. L. Wang, C. Dong, C. Man, Y. Hu, Q. Yu, and X. Li: Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 2021, vol. 28, pp. 754–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. P. Wang, L. Ma, X. Cheng, and X. Li: Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 2021, vol. 28, pp. 1112–26.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. X. He, X. Lü, Z. Wu, S. Li, Q. Yong, J. Liang, J. Su, L. Zhou, J. Li, and K. Zhao: J. Iron. Steel Res. Int., 2021, vol. 28, pp. 629–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Y. Li, C. Ge, Y. Liu, G. Li, X. Dong, Z. Gu, and Y. Zhang: Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 2022, vol. 29, pp. 586–98.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. A. Pardo, M.C. Merino, A.E. Coy, F. Viejo, R. Arrabal, and E. Matykina: Corros. Sci., 2008, vol. 50, pp. 1796–806.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. D.E. Williams and Y.Y. Zhu: J. Electrochem. Soc., 2000, vol. 147, pp. 1763–66.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. H. Tao, C. Zhou, Y. Zheng, Y. Hong, J. Zheng, and L. Zhang: Corros. Sci., 2019, vol. 154, pp. 268–76.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. N. Shimahashi, I. Muto, Y. Sugawara, and N. Hara: J. Electrochem. Soc., 2014, vol. 161, pp. C494-500.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. W. Wei, K. Wu, J. Liu, L. Cheng, and X. Zhang: J. Iron. Steel Res. Int., 2021, vol. 28, pp. 453–63.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. S. Tokuda, I. Muto, Y. Sugawara, and N. Hara: Corros. Sci., 2021, vol. 183, 109312.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. S. Zheng, Y. Wang, B. Zhang, Y. Zhu, C. Liu, P. Hu, and X. Ma: Acta Mater., 2010, vol. 58, pp. 5070–85.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. S.H. Jeon, S.T. Kim, M.S. Choi, J.S. Kim, K.T. Kim, and Y.S. Park: Corros. Sci., 2013, vol. 75, pp. 367–75.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. X. Li, C. Liu, B. He, C. Lv, Z. Gao, and Y. Liu: J. Iron. Steel Res. Int., 2022, vol. 29, pp. 1836–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. W. Shi, S. Yang, and J. Li: Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 2021, vol. 28, pp. 390–97.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. S.E. Lott and R.C. Alkire: J. Electrochem. Soc., 1989, vol. 20, pp. 973–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. G.S. Eklund: J. Electrochem. Soc., 1974, vol. 121, pp. 467–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. D.E. Williams, T.F. Mohiuddin, and Y. Zhu: J. Electrochem. Soc., 1998, vol. 145, pp. 2664–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. M.P. Ryan, D.E. Williams, R.J. Chater, B.M. Hutton, and D.S. Mcphail: Nature, 2002, vol. 415, pp. 770–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. C. Wang, R. Ma, Y. Zhou, Y. Liu, and W. Ke: J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, vol. 93, pp. 232–43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. M. Nishimoto, I. Muto, Y. Sugawara, and N. Hara: J. Electrochem. Soc., 2019, vol. 166, pp. C3081–89.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. S. Zheng, C. Li, Y. Qi, L. Chen, and C. Chen: Corros. Sci., 2013, vol. 67, pp. 20–31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. S.J. Kim, S.G. Hong, and M.S. Oh: J. Mater. Res., 2017, vol. 32, pp. 1343–50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. I. Muto, D. Ito, and N. Hara: J. Electrochem. Soc., 2009, vol. 156, pp. C55–61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. W. Yang, L. Zhang, X. Wang, Y. Ren, X. Liu, and Q. Shan: ISIJ Int., 2013, vol. 53, pp. 1401–10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. K. Tayyab, A. Farooq, A. Alvi, A. Nadeem, and K. Deen: Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 2021, vol. 28, pp. 440–49.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Y. Ren, L. Zhang, and L. Shusen: ISIJ Int., 2014, vol. 54, pp. 2772–79.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. L. Zhang, L. Cheng, Y. Ren, and J. Zhang: Ceram. Int., 2020, vol. 46, pp. 15674–85.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. J. Zhang, C. Su, X. Chen, H. Liu, and L. Zhang: Mater. Today Commun., 2021, vol. 27, 102204.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. C. Liu, R.I. Revilla, D. Zhang, Z. Liu, A. Lutz, F. Zhang, T. Zhao, H. Ma, X. Li, and H. Terryn: Corros. Sci., 2018, vol. 138, pp. 96–104.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. S. Tokuda, I. Muto, Y. Sugawara, and N. Hara: Corros. Sci., 2020, vol. 167, 108506.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. L. Wang, Y. Li, S. Yang, J. Li, C. Chen, C. Li, and B. Tuo: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2022, vol. 53B, pp. 1212–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. B.S. Yano, K. Nakanishi, H. Ooi, K. Fujimoto, Y. Mihara, and S. Iwaoka: Trans. Iron. Steel. Ins. J., 1976, vol. 16, pp. 258–67.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. K. Mariko, M. Izumi, S. Yu, D. Takashi, K. Kaori, and H. Nobuyoshi: J. Electrochem. Soc., 2018, vol. 165, pp. C711–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. M. Nishimoto, I. Muto, S. Yu, and N. Hara: Corros. Sci., 2021, vol. 180, 109222.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. L. Wang, J. Xin, L. Cheng, K. Zhao, B. Sun, J. Li, X. Wang, and Z. Cui: Corros. Sci., 2019, vol. 147, pp. 108–27.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. C. Gabrielli, F. Huet, and M. Keddam: Electrochim. Acta, 1986, vol. 31, pp. 1025–39.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. P. Pistorius and G. Burstein: Corros. Sci., 1992, vol. 33, pp. 1885–97.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. T. Shibata and T. Takeyama: Corrosion, 2013, vol. 33, pp. 243–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. C. Dong, H. Luo, K. Xiao, T. Sun, and X. Li: J. Wuhan Univ. Technol., 2011, vol. 26, pp. 641–47.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. A. Chiba, I. Muto, Y. Sugawara, and N. Hara: J. Electrochem. Soc., 2013, vol. 160, pp. C511–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful for support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. U22A20171), the High Steel Center (HSC) at North China University of Technology and University of Science and Technology Beijing, China.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Mechanical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, Hebei, P.R. China

    Shi Li

  2. Stainless Steel R&D Center, Central R&D Institute, Baoshan Iron and Steel Co., Ltd., Shanghai, P.R. China

    Shi Li

  3. School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing, 100083, P.R. China

    Jinzhen Hu, Ji Zhang & Ying Ren

  4. School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing, 100144, P.R. China

    Lifeng Zhang

Authors
  1. Shi Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jinzhen Hu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ji Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ying Ren
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Lifeng Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Jinzhen Hu, Ying Ren or Lifeng Zhang.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Li, S., Hu, J., Zhang, J. et al. Pitting Corrosion Initiated by Al2O3–CaO–CaS Inclusions in a 304 Stainless Steel. Metall Mater Trans B 54, 1784–1797 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-023-02793-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-023-02793-6

Search

Navigation