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Formation Mechanism of Abnormal Martensite in the Welded Joint of the Bainitic Rail

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Abstract

This investigation aims to explore the formation mechanism of abnormal martensite in the bainitic rail welding process by combining numerical simulation and physical experiment. For this purpose, the continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagram of bainitic steel was measured to determine the transformation temperature and cooling rate range of bainite and martensite during phase transformation. Besides, the Eulerian multiphase solidification model was also used to accurately design the experimental plan of the thermosimulated test. The higher cooling rate and microsegregation of the welded joint are important factors affecting the formation of abnormal martensite. The effects of cooling rate and microsegregation on the microstructure during the welding process of the bainitic rail were examined against the martensite fraction and bainite fraction. When the cooling rate is greater than or equal to 1 K/s, abnormal martensite will appear in bainite after the thermosimulated test, regardless of whether there is microsegregation in the sample. The cooling rate, not the microsegregation, is the main factor promoting the formation of abnormal martensite. The reasonable postwelding treatment process has excellent potential for improving the mechanical properties of the welded joint of the bainitic rail.

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Abbreviations

ρ l, ρ e, ρ c :

Density, kg/m3

f l, f e, f c :

Volume fraction

f ie , f ic :

Volume fraction of interdendritic melt phase

t :

Time, s

\( \vec{v}_{l} \), \( \vec{v}_{e} \), \( \vec{v}_{c} \) :

Velocity vector, m/s

S le :

The liquid-equiaxed net mass transfer rate, kg/s/m3

S lc :

The liquid-columnar net mass transfer rate, kg/s/m3

S ce :

Columnar-equiaxed net mass transfer rate, kg/s/m3

S sc , S se :

Interdendritic net mass transfer rate, kg/s/m3

P:

Pressure, Pa

μ l :

Viscosity, kg/m/s

μ t,k :

Turbulent viscosity, kg/m/s

\( \vec{F}_{T}^{l} \), \( \vec{F}_{T}^{e} \) :

Stress–strain tensors caused by thermal buoyancy, kg/m/s2

\( \vec{F}_{C}^{l} \), \( \vec{F}_{C}^{e} \) :

Stress–strain tensors caused by solutal buoyancy, kg/m/s2

\( \vec{F}_{u} \) :

Discriminatory function

\( \vec{V}_{cl} \) :

The liquid-columnar momentum exchange rate, kg/m2/s2

\( \vec{V}_{ce} \) :

The columnar-equiaxed momentum exchange rate, kg/m2/s2

\( \vec{V}_{el} \) :

The liquid-equiaxed momentum exchange rate, kg/m2/s2

H l, H e, H c :

Enthalpy, J/kg

k * :

Effective thermal conductivity, W/m/K

T l, T e, T c :

Temperature, K

H :

Phase transition enthalpy, J/kg

H * :

Diffusional heat exchange coefficient

c l, c e, c c :

Solute concentration

c ie , c ic :

The solute concentration of interdendritic melt phase

C Ple , C Plc , C Pce , C sPc , C sPe :

Solute transfer rates with respect to phase change, kg/m3/s

C Dle , C Dlc , C Dce , C sDc , C sDe :

Solute transfer rates with respect to diffusion, kg/m3/s

c 0 :

Initial concentration

c mix :

Concentration of the liquid-columnar-equiaxed mixture

\( \Delta T \) :

Undercooling, K

l :

Columnar dendrite length, m

a 1, a 2 :

Fitting coefficient

n e :

Nucleation density of the equiaxed crystal, m−3

n max :

Maximum nucleation density of the equiaxed crystal, m−3

∆T σ :

Standard deviation, K

∆T N :

Average nucleation undercooling, K

l :

Mark liquid

c :

Columnar dendrite

e :

Equiaxed crystal

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Acknowledgments

The present work was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFB0304502-01), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51974078), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (Grant Nos. N2025012 and N2125018), and Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program (Grant Nos. XLYC1802032 and XLYC1907176). Special thanks are due to the instrumental or data analysis from the Analytical and Testing Center, Northeastern University. We also acknowledge financial support from the China Scholarship Council (Grant No. 201906080127).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory for Ecological Metallurgy of Multimetallic Mineral (Ministry of Education), Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P.R. China

    Rui Guan, Cheng Ji, Tianci Chen & Miaoyong Zhu

  2. School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110816, P.R. China

    Rui Guan, Cheng Ji, Tianci Chen & Miaoyong Zhu

  3. Pangang Group Research Institute Co., Ltd, Panzhihua, 617000, P.R. China

    Hongguang Li

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  1. Rui Guan
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  2. Cheng Ji
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  3. Tianci Chen
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Correspondence to Cheng Ji or Miaoyong Zhu.

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Manuscript submitted January 23, 2021; accepted June 3, 2021.

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Guan, R., Ji, C., Chen, T. et al. Formation Mechanism of Abnormal Martensite in the Welded Joint of the Bainitic Rail. Metall Mater Trans B 52, 3220–3234 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-021-02250-2

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