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Comparison of the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties in the Overlapping Region of Low Carbon Steel Additive Bead Fabricated by WAAM and FSP

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Abstract

The periodic structural characteristics of the grains in the overlapping region of the WAAM deposited additive bead translate into spatially dependent local anisotropic mechanical properties. At the fusion boundary, the epitaxial growth causes the formation of columnar grains due to the high temperature gradient (G)/growth rate (R) ratio. As the solidification progresses to the centre of the overlapping region, the cooling rate decreases/or has a low value of G/R ratio. The grain structure changes to irregular lath-type morphology. After friction stir processing (FSP), the solidification microstructures are refined and have equiaxed grain morphology. The presence of \(\mathrm{E}, \, \overline{\mathrm{E} } , \, \mathrm{ J}, \, \overline{\mathrm{J} }, \, \mathrm{ and \, F}\) shear components have been observed along with the cube and \(\upgamma\)—fiber texture components. The presence of the two major components {111} < 112 > and {111} < 110 > of the \(\upgamma\)—fiber confirms the improvement in the percent elongation/formability of the overlapping region. The geometric necessary dislocations (GNDs) appearing around ferrite/cementite interface and near to the grain boundaries (GBs), the dislocation pinning by the sub-micron/nanoscale cementite particles via Orowan looping, and dynamic recovery associated networks/or subgrain boundaries formation are the main reasons for the three stages of work hardening rate \(\left(\theta =\frac{{\text{d}}\sigma }{{\text{d}}\varepsilon } \right)\).

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Acknowledgments

The authors sincerely acknowledge the funding support under the Early Career Research (ECR) Grant by the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India, for carrying out the research reported in this manuscript.

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  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, 801103, India

    Md Anwar Ali Anshari, Rajnish Mishra, Murshid Imam, Dewanand Pandit, Kishor Kumar Jha & Rahul Kesharwani

  2. Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Patna, 801103, India

    Manoranjan Kar

  3. Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 502285, India

    Viswanath Chinthapenta

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Anshari, M.A.A., Mishra, R., Imam, M. et al. Comparison of the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties in the Overlapping Region of Low Carbon Steel Additive Bead Fabricated by WAAM and FSP. Metall Mater Trans A 54, 869–895 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-022-06934-5

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