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Residual Stress Gradient Built in X40CrMoVN16-2 Austenitic Steel Cube Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

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Abstract

Additive manufacturing processes and especially the family of laser powder bed fusion technologies have a great industrial potential since it enables, from metal powder beds, to produce full density complex monolithic parts. The high-temperature gradient resulting from the locally concentrated energy input leads to strong temperature fields driving non-negligible residual stress gradients, part deformations and crack formation. Resulting stress and texture gradients arise from the interdependent physical phenomena (metallurgical, thermal, mechanical and fluid mechanics) occurring during the process. Present work focuses on the residual stress being built in an austenitic stainless steel cubical shaped part of 1 cm side, prepared by a laser powder bed fusion process from a gas-atomized metallic powder (from martensitic X40CrMoVN16-2 stainless steel), through a full residual stress tensor mapping achieved thanks to neutron diffraction. Stress analyses incorporate morphological and crystallographic textures, as well as elastic anisotropy. Components of the principal stress tensor display compressive values close to the baseplate that develop into low compression, and a tensile stress state at the subsurface (surrounding thermal history effects). Results also underline the strong impact of matter environment (and thus thermal environment) onto stress gradient magnitude and the complex loading origins of the residual stress.

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Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) for granted access to neutron beamtime at the ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source on ENGIN-X (https://doi.org/10.5286/ISIS.E.RB1610144) and GEM (https://doi.org/10.5286/ISIS.E.RB1690381) beamlines, respectively. We thank Dr. S. Khazaie for relevant and fruitful discussions regarding propagation of error calculation concerns. This work has been achieved in the framework of the FUI MOULINNOV project funded by BPI, FEDER, Rhône-Alpes & Pays de la Loire Regions, Loire country, Saint-Etienne urban agglomeration under the supervision of ViaMeca, EMC2 and Plastipolis Clusters. Finally, we would like to thank in particular the CERO company for Dr. P.-Y. Durand’s PhD work financial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nantes Université, Ecole Centrale Nantes, CNRS, GeM, UMR 6183, 44600, Saint-Nazaire, France

    B. Girault, D. Gloaguen, P.-A. Dubos, S. Branchu, M. Girard, P.-Y. Durand, M.-J. Moya & B. Courant

  2. Lyon University, ENISE, LTDS Laboratory UMR 5513, 58 rue Jean Parot, 42023, Saint-Étienne, France

    M. Limousin

  3. Tooling Competencies Center, Global Supply Chain, Schneider Electric Industries, 5 Avenue, Raymond Chanas, 38320, Eybens, France

    M. Limousin

  4. Innovation Plasturgie Composites, 2 rue Pierre & Marie Curie, 01100, Bellignat, France

    L. Van Belle

  5. Centre des Matériaux, Mines Paristech, CNRS, UMR 7633, 63–65 rue Henry-Auguste Desbrueres, 91103, Evry, France

    C. Colin

  6. Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Harwell, OX11 0QX, UK

    S. Kabra & W. Kockelmann

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  1. B. Girault
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Girault, B., Limousin, M., Gloaguen, D. et al. Residual Stress Gradient Built in X40CrMoVN16-2 Austenitic Steel Cube Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion. Metall Mater Trans A 54, 4012–4030 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-023-07148-z

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