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Using In Situ Neutron Diffraction to Isolate Specific Features of Additively Manufactured Microstructures in 304L Stainless Steel and Identify Their Effects on Macroscopic Strength

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Abstract

Additive manufacturing of metal components results in unique microstructures with, necessarily, mechanical properties that are distinct from conventionally produced components. In this work, four distinct microstructural features associated with directed energy deposition of 304L stainless steels, their stability, and their influences on flow strength were examined. These were (1) high dislocation density comparable with deformed materials, (2) increased ferrite content, (3) local chemical heterogeneity, and (4) tortuous grain morphology. In situ neutron diffraction measurements were used to monitor the evolution of the as-built microstructure during post-build heat treatment and relate the specific microstructural features to the strength behavior of the material following the heat treatment. The increased flow strength of the additively manufactured material relative to wrought counterparts is found to be due primarily to an increased dislocation density in the as-built material. However, the increased dislocation density does not completely account for the increased strength and it is hypothesized that some of the additional strength is related to the unique AM grain structure.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the US Department of Energy through the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Los Alamos National Laboratory is operated by Triad National Security, LLC, for the National Nuclear Security Administration of U.S. Department of Energy (Contract No. 89233218CNA000001). This work has benefited from the use of the Lujan Neutron Scattering Center at LANSCE which offers a user program supported by the National Nuclear Security Agency of the DOE. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-mission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International, Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA

    D. W. Brown, J. S. Carpenter, B. Clausen, V. Livescu, R. M. Martinez, B. M. Morrow, R. Pokharel, M. Strantza & S. C. Vogel

  2. Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87123, USA

    D. P. Adams

  3. Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada

    L. Balogh

  4. Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA

    T. A. Palmer

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Manuscript submitted August 6, 2018.

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Brown, D.W., Adams, D.P., Balogh, L. et al. Using In Situ Neutron Diffraction to Isolate Specific Features of Additively Manufactured Microstructures in 304L Stainless Steel and Identify Their Effects on Macroscopic Strength. Metall Mater Trans A 50, 3399–3413 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-019-05240-x

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