Abstract
A great preoccupation with replacing the traditional Sn-Pb alloy with a Pb-free alloy (“green alloy”) is recognized. There are industrial sectors that demand metallurgical improvements to attain certain unsoundness and adequate properties as a function of imposed operational parameters. In this experimental investigation, two distinctive centrifuged casting alloys (i.e., Sn-2 wt pct Ag and Sn-22 wt pct Pb) are compared. It is found that centrifuged castings have similar microstructure constituents, although distinctive cooling rates and solute contents are considered. It is also found that Ag3Sn intermetallic particles are responsible for attaining similar tensile strength, since more dislocations between Ag3Sn particles and the Sn-rich phase are provided. In order to replace the Sn-Pb alloys with a successor alloy containing sustainability and environmental aspects associated with castability and to guarantee the desired properties, it seems that a green alloy (Pb free) with intermetallic particles finely and homogeneously distributed provides an interesting benefit to various industrial applications.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
S.P. Yu, H.J. Lin, and M.H. Hon: Mater. Electron., 2000, vol. 11, pp. 461–71.
K. Suganuma: Solid State Mater. Sci., 2001, vol. 5, pp. 55–64.
C. Wei, Y.C. Liu, Y.J. Han, J.B. Wan, and K. Yang: J. Alloys Compd., 2008, vol. 464, pp. 301–05.
ALJ—Associação Limeirense de Joias, Limeira, Brazil, http://www.alj.org.br. Accessed Sept. 2015.
P. Donelan: Mater. Sci. Technol., 2000, vol. 16, pp. 261–69.
J. An, Y.B. Liu, Y. Lu, J. Wang, and B. Ma: J. Mater. Eng. Performance, 2002, vol. 11, pp. 433–43.
C. Leinenbach, R. Transchel, K. Gorgievski, F. Kuster, H.R. Elsener, and K. Wegener: J. Mater. Eng. Performance, 2015, vol. 24, pp. 2042–50.
H. Liao, Y. Wu, and Y. Wang: J. Mater. Eng. Performance, 2015, vol. 24, pp. 2503–10.
S.N. Alam, M.K. Mishra, M. Padhy, A.N.S.S. Swain, P. Mishra, and A. Saha: Trans. Ind. Inst. Met., 2015, vol. 68, pp. 881–96.
X. Wang, Y. Xiu, M.J. Dong, and Y.C. Liu: J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron., 2011, vol. 22, pp. 592–95.
P. Šebo, P.S. Sr., D. Janičkovič, E. Illeková, M. Zemánková, Y. Plevachuk, V. Sidorov, and P. Švec: Mater. Sci. Eng., 2013, vol. 571A, pp. 184–92.
M.J. Dong, Z.M. Gao, Y.C. Liu, X. Wang, and L.M. Yu: Int. J. Min. Metall. Mater., 2012, vol. 19, pp.1029–35.
S.K. Kang: in Handbook of Lead-Free Solder Technology for Microelectronic Assemblies, K.J. Puttlitz and K.A. Stalter, eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, B2004, ch. 9
C.M. Miller, I.E. Anderson, and J.F. Smith: J. Electron. Mater., 1994, vol. 23, pp. 595–601
H. Wang, Z. Gao, Y. Liu, C. Li, Z. Ma, and L. Yu: J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron., 2015, vol. 26, pp. 11–22
L.M. Lee and A.A. Mohamad: Advances in Materials Science and Engineering (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/123697
T.L. Su, L.C. Tsao, S.Y. Chang, and T.H. Chuang: J. Mater. Eng. Performance, 2002, vol. 11, pp. 365–68.
W.R. Osório, D.R. Leiva, L.C. Peixoto, L.R. Garcia, and A. Garcia: J. Alloys Compds., 2013, vol. 562, pp. 194–204.
L.M. Satizabal, E. Poloni, A.D. Bortolozo, and W.R. Osório: Corrosion (Houston), 2016, vol. 72, pp. 1064–80.
A.A. El-Daly, A.E. Hammad, A. Fawzy, and D.A. Nasrallh: Mater. Design, 2013, vol. 43, pp. 40–49.
X. Chen, J. Zhou, F. Xue, J. Bai, and Y. Yao: J. Electron. Mater., 2015, vol. 44, pp. 725–32.
C.H. Cáceres and Q.G. Wang: Int. J. Cast Met. Res., 1996, vol. 9, pp. 157–62.
C.H. Cáceres, C.J. Davidson, and J.R. Griffiths: Mater. Sci. Eng., 1995, vol. 197A, pp. 171–79.
T.B. Massalski, H. Okamoto, P.R. Subramanian, and L. Kacprzak: Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., ASM INTERNATIONAL, Materials Park, OH, 1990, p. 3542.
W. Kurz and D.J. Fisher: Fundamentals of Solidification, Trans Tech Publications, Zurich, Switzerland, 1992.
J. Bath: Lead-Free Soldering. Springer, New York, NY, 2007.
C.A. Handwerker, F.W. Gayle, E. de Kluizenar, and K. Suganuma: major international lead (pb)-free solder studies. In Handbook of Lead-free Solder Technology for Mocroelectronics Assemblies, K.J. Puttlitz K.A. Stalter, and M. Dekker, eds., 2004.
Metals Handbook, 9th ed., vol. 9, Metallography and Microstructures, ASM, Materials Park, OH, 2004.
Metals Handbook, 2nd ed., vol. 2, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials, 1992, p. 3153.
J. McKeown and O. Hudson: J. Inst. Met., 1937, vol. 60, pp. 109–30.
G.V. Samsonov: in Handbook of the Physicochemical Properties of the Elements, 1968, pp. 387–446
P. Chen, X.C. Zhao, Y. Liu, H. Li, and Y. Wang: Rare Metals (in press).
L. Su and L. Zhang: Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2015.
K. Maslinda, A.S. Anasyida, and M.S. Nurulakmal: J. Mater. Sci: Mater Electr. (in press).
L. Kong, B. Yang, B. Xu, and Y. Li: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2014, vol. 45A, pp. 4405–10.
A. Sharma, H.R. Sohn, and J.P. Jung: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2017, vol. 48A.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the financial support provided by FAEPEX-UNICAMP and CNPq (The Brazilian Research Council, Grant No. 446797/2014-6). The authors also recognize the contributions provided by Mr. Luiz Antonio Garcia in metalography and tensile testings procedures.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Manuscript submitted December 13, 2015.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Satizabal, L.M., Costa, D., Hainick, G.O. et al. Microstructural and Hardness Evaluations of a Centrifuged Sn-22Pb Casting Alloy Compared with a Lead-Free SnAg Alloy. Metall Mater Trans A 48, 1880–1892 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-016-3945-1
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-016-3945-1